Genetic caste polymorphism and the evolution of polyandry in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Atta</Emphasis> leaf-cutting ants

Multiple mating by females with different males (polyandry) is difficult to explain in many taxa because it carries significant costs to females, yet benefits are often hard to identify. Polyandry is a derived trait in social insects, the evolutionary origins of which remain unclear. One of several leading hypotheses for its evolution is that it improves division of labour by increasing intra-colonial genetic diversity. Division of labour is a key player in the ecological success of social insects, and in many successful species of ants is based on morphologically distinct castes of workers, each with their own task specialisations. Atta leaf-cutting ants exhibit one of the most extreme and complicated forms of morphologically specialised worker castes and have been reported to be polyandrous but with relatively low mating frequencies (~2.5 on average). Here, we show for the first time that there is a significant genetic influence on worker size in Atta colombica leaf-cutting ants. We also provide the first estimate of the mating frequency of Atta cephalotes (four matings) and, by analysing much higher within-colony sample sizes, find that Atta are more polyandrous than previously thought (approximately six to seven matings). The results show that high polyandry and a genetic influence on worker caste are present in both genera of leaf-cutting ants and add weight to the hypothesis that division of labour is a potential driver of the evolution of polyandry in this clade of ants.     

溶藻细菌YZ对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻特性研究

为了进一步研究本实验室前期从青岛一池塘分离出的溶藻细菌YZ的溶藻效应.考察了不同量的YZ无菌滤液对铜绿微囊藻生长量、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性、PSⅡ实际光能转化效率、最大相对电子传递效率、光能利用效率的影响.结果表明,在一定范围内,YZ溶藻效果与加入的无菌滤液的量成正比.当100mL中加入超过10mL的基础柠檬酸培养基时,铜绿微囊藻的生长即受到抑制.YZ无菌滤液使其丙二醛含量显著上升,微藻的SOD活力在处理6,72h时显著上升,溶藻细菌YZ滤液可以在72h内使藻细胞的PSⅡ实际光能转化效率、最大相对电子传递效率、光能利用效率等显著下降.YZ无菌滤液主要是通过降低保护酶活性、加大膜脂过氧化、显著抑制光合能力,起到对铜绿微囊藻的溶解作用.     

转炉钢渣对赤潮异弯藻生长的影响

研究了废料转炉钢渣对海洋微藻——赤潮异弯藻生长的影响,探讨其作为"铁肥"材料的可行性.以海水为培养液,考察了不同浓度的转炉钢渣浸出物对赤潮异弯藻生长的影响.结果表明,随着钢渣浓度的增加,对赤潮异弯藻的生长呈现先促进后抑制的趋势.这种作用在无营养盐限制﹑不添加任何微量元素的大洋水中要比在相同条件的近岸海水中表现得更加明显.当大洋水中钢渣浓度约为248mg/L,近岸海水中约为62mg/L时,微藻生物量相对于空白对照组均有显著提高.     

一株溶藻细菌对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响及其鉴定

从山东黄岛边某富营养化池塘中分离得到1株具有溶藻作用的菌株(J1),研究了其对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的抑制效果、作用方式以及细菌培养基、菌株与铜绿微囊藻不同生长阶段等因素对溶藻效果的影响,并对该菌株进行了生理生化鉴定.结果表明,将牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基加入藻液,培养基与藻液的投放体积比为6%时,9d内对藻的生长无影响.将初始浓度为6×107 cfu/mL的菌液加入藻液,共培养第9d,铜绿微囊藻的去除率达87%以上.对数期的J1细菌具有较好的溶藻效果,作用于稳定期铜绿微囊藻的实验组,藻的去除率较低.J1通过分泌溶藻物质的间接作用方式抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,且溶藻活性物质具有一定的热稳定性.根据生理生化及16S rDNA序列分析鉴定,菌株J1属于芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus).     

The influence of the physical environment on the self-organised foraging patterns of ants

Among social insects such as ants, scouts that modulate their recruiting behaviour, following simple rules based on local information, generate collective patterns of foraging. Here we demonstrate that features of the abiotic environment, specifically the foraging substrate, may also be influential in the emergence of group-level decisions such as the choice of one foraging path. Experimental data and theoretical analyses show that the collective patterns can arise independently of behavioural changes of individual scouts and can result, through self-organising processes, from the physico-chemical properties of the environment that alter the dynamics of information transfer by chemical trails.     

锰尾矿区有机菌肥-速生树种的生态修复效应

在锰尾矿区建立了4.5hm²生态修复工程区，以速生树种泡桐（Paulownia tomentosa）和栾树（Koelreuteriapaniclata）作为建群植物，采用有机菌肥改良其根际环境，利用土壤库存耐性植物种子的自然萌发力来丰富物种多样性.结果表明，工程实施后第6a，有机菌肥处理植物群落干物质生物总量达到33498.7kg/hm²，Mn吸收积累量达到5532.6g/hm²，植物种类数达到51种，分别为无机化肥对照的22.8、2.6和3.4倍；有机菌肥处理的植物群落Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的总积累量、根际微生物种类及其数量也显著大于对照.有机菌肥的改良机制可归结于其与植物根系、根际微生物对基质的共同作用.有机菌肥处理区泡桐和栾树的总株数不到该区植物总株数的0.2%，但其干物质生物量、锰吸收量与盖度分别为该区的88%、73%和55.2%.速生树种泡桐和栾树对该区生态修复起到了"主导"作用.     

一株丁草胺降解菌的分离鉴定及培养条件优化

利用富集培养技术从长期施用丁草胺的稻田土壤中分离得到1株能够降解丁草胺的细菌,标记为LYC-2.经形态特征、生理生化特征和16SrDNA序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为钩杆菌属(Ancylobacter sp.).同时,为探索菌株LYC-2的生长特性和最佳培养条件,利用正交试验设计法考察了接种量、温度、pH值3个因素对菌株LYC-2生长的影响.结果表明,菌株LYC-2的最适生长温度为35℃,最适pH值为7.5.当接种量为6%(体积分数,下同)时,该菌株在含100mg.L-1的丁草胺无机盐基础培养液中培养5d后,可使丁草胺降解率达90.85%以上.     

Effect of alginic acid decomposing bacterium on the growth of Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyceae)

We collected the diseased blades of Larninaria japonica from Yantai Sea Farm from October to December 2002, and the alginic acid decomposing bacterium on the diseased blade was isolated and purified, and was identified as A lteromonas espejiana. This bacterium was applied as the causative pathogen to infect the blades of L. japonica under laboratory conditions. The aim of the present study was to identify the effects of the bacterium on the growth of L. japonica, and to find the possibly effective mechanism. Results showed that： （1）The blades of L.japonica exhibited symptoms of lesion,bleaching and deteriortion when infected by the bacterium. and their growth and photosynthesis were dramatically suppressed. At the same time, the reactive oxygen species （ROS） generation enhanced obviously, and the relative membrane permeability increased significantly. The contents of malonaldehyde （MDA） and free fatty acid in the microsomol membrane greatly elevated, but the phospholipid content decreased. Result suggested an obvious peroxidation and deesterrification in the blades of L. japonica when infected by the bacterium. （2） The simultaneous assay on the antioxidant enzyme activities demonstrated that superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） increased greatly when infected by the bacterium, but glutathione peroxidase （Gpx） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） did not exhibit active responses to the bacterium throughout the experiment. （3） The histomorphological observations gave a distinctive evidence of the severity of the lesions as well as the relative abundance in the bacterial population on the blades after infection. The bacterium firstly invaded into the endodermis of L. japonica and gathered around there, and then resulted in the membrane damage, cells corruption and ultimately, the death of L. japonica.     

创新驱动我国省域绿色增长的空间效应

利用全局主成分分析法测度中国大陆地区30个省市自治区(不含西藏)2003～2016年的绿色增长水平,并构建空间面板杜宾模型,实证考察了知识创新、技术创新、制度创新、文化创新驱动省际绿色增长的空间效应.结果表明,知识创新对绿色增长水平产生显著的正向空间影响,直接效应为2.35×10-5,间接效应为3.75×10-5;本地...     

Optical properties of the uropygial gland secretion: no evidence for UV cosmetics in birds

Ultraviolet (UV) reflectance of the plumage is common in birds and plays an important role in sexual signalling. Recently, it has been proposed that birds are able to modify plumage UV reflectance by the application of uropygial gland secretion. Based on a survey of the optical properties of this secretion from 51 species belonging to 12 avian orders, we show that two main types of uropygial secretions exist, one predominantly found in passerines and one in non-passerines, both reducing relative UV reflectance of a white background (Teflon™ tape). We quantified how each type of secretion (exemplified by blue tit and mallard) affected feather UV reflectance. Both secretions reduced overall brightness and relative UV reflectance of white mallard feathers but hardly affected the reflectance of UV/blue blue tit crown feathers. According to models of avian colour vision, changes in reflectance due to application of the secretion were at or below the discrimination threshold of most birds. We conclude that the uropygial secretion is unlikely to play a major role in modifying plumage UV reflectance. However, the optical properties of the uropygial secretion may have been selected to interfere as little as possible with visual signaling through plumage reflectance. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

阿特拉津降解菌BTAH1的分离与鉴定

从除草剂污染的土壤中,驯化分离得到 1株能够以阿特拉津为唯一碳源氮源生长的革兰氏阳性细菌 BTAH1,该菌株能够在 126h内完全降解1000mg/L的阿特拉津.通过生理生化鉴定,结合16S rDNA聚类分析,将该菌株鉴定为微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium sp.).外加碳源不会促进该菌株对阿特拉津的降解,该菌株的最适降解温度为 25～30℃,最适降解 pH 值在 7～9 之间.该菌株具有 2 个大质粒, pBTAH11 和pBTAH12,大小分别为 20kb 和 100kb,基因定位发现有 2 个参与阿特拉津降解的基因位于其中一个较小的质粒(pBTAH11)上.     

地钱浸提液对小球藻的生长抑制效应

研究地钱对小球藻生长的抑制效应,筛选出廉价、高效、低毒的抑藻剂,对比分析了地钱与研究较为广泛的大麦秸秆对小球藻生长抑制效果的差异.结果显示,在0.5g/L地钱浸提液中培养120h后小球藻生长的抑制率达到88.17%,而0.5g/L大麦秸秆浸提液的抑制率只有66.28%.可见,在相同浓度条件下地钱浸提液的抑藻效果优于大麦秸秆浸提液;高浓度的25g/L地钱浸提液降低了小球藻的光合活性,而低浓度的1g/L浸提液对小球藻光合活性的影响不显著;通过对比乙醇和去离子水浸提液对小球藻抑制效果,说明对小球藻的生长起抑制作用的是地钱浸提液中的有机化感组分;地钱浸提液的抑藻效果与杨梅素、芹菜素和木犀草素这3种单一黄酮类化感物质相似.     

甲基异噻唑琳酮对MBR出水微生物生长分泌特性及群落结构的影响

污水再生处理反渗透(RO)工艺已在国内外获得广泛应用,但膜污堵问题阻碍RO工艺的进一步推广.投加非氧化性抑菌剂是控制RO膜生物污堵的常用手段,能够抑制细菌生长,但对细菌代谢产物分泌特性的影响尚不清楚.本课题的前期研究表明,细菌的胞外多聚物(EPS)是导致反渗透膜生物污堵的重要因素,细菌数量并非导致RO膜污堵的主要原因.针对上述问题,本文系统考察了典型非氧化性抑菌剂——甲基异噻唑啉酮(MIT)对RO系统进水(MBR出水)微生物的生长特性、群落结构及分泌特性的影响.研究发现,随MIT浓度增加,微生物生长迟滞期明显增长,但稳定期生物量增加;放线菌门、放线菌纲、类节杆菌属相对丰度明显增加;微生物分泌产物胞外多聚物(EPS)浓度增加,可能加重RO膜污堵潜势.上述结果表明,在污水再生处理反渗透系统中,MIT高浓度、长时间间隔的冲击式投加可能不利于膜污堵控制.     

AHLs群体感应信号分子对硝化污泥附着生长及硝化效果的影响

污水生物脱氮系统中的硝化菌生长慢、易流失,人为添加N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯类(AHLs)群体感应信号分子,可能会强化硝化菌生物膜的形成,从而有助于富集硝化菌,提高硝化效率.本研究以采用低碳氮比(C∶N=8)人工配置废水驯化100 d后的硝化活性污泥为菌源,人为外加2μmol·L-1的AHLs信号分子(C8-HSL或OHHL),分析了两种信号分子对硝化污泥静态附着、氨氮动态降解及微生物生长速率的影响.研究结果表明,信号分子OHHL能快速强化微生物附着生长,且能在一定时间内持续发挥作用,有助于硝化生物膜的形成;而信号分子C8-HSL则能明显提高硝化污泥的氨氮降解速率;两种信号分子都能促进硝化污泥生长,提高微生物生长速率,增强硝化污泥活性,加速硝化污泥生物量累积.人为添加C8-HSL或OHHL信号分子,不仅能保证氨氮降解效率还能降低出水硝氮浓度,减轻氮污染.