硫醇的嗅阈值与分子结构之间的关系

以恶臭污染物硫醇为研究对象,应用minitab软件选取两组描述符建立了两个不同的定量构效关系模型来反映硫醇的嗅阈值与分子结构之间的关系,模型一表明,分子的嗅阈值主要与巯基在分子中所处的环境有关,巯基所处的分子环境越复杂,嗅阈值越高;模型二表明,分子的嗅阈值主要与碳原子数有关,碳原子数越多,嗅阈值越小.经检验,该模型具有稳健性,计算值与实验值比较吻合,能够较好地根据硫醇的分子结构来预测其嗅阈值.对于未来研究硫醇对环境所带来的影响具有很好的参考作用.     

饮用水中两种硫醚类嗅味物质的氧化去除

本文针对KMnO_4、ClO_2、NaClO、O_3、H_2O_2去除饮用水中戊基硫醚(diamyl sulfide,DAS)和丙基硫醚(dipropyl sulfide,DPS)进行了研究.在中性室温条件下选取KMnO_4、ClO_2、NaClO、O_3、H_2O_(2 )5种氧化方式氧化2000 ng·L~(-1) DPS、DAS,并探究其去除效果、氧化动力学及氧化机理.实验结果表明,5种氧化方式氧化2000 ng·L~(-1)的DPS、DAS 2 h后,DPS、DAS去除率大多数都达到了90%以上,DPS、DAS氧化后剩余浓度大多低于其嗅阈值;根据动力学常数计算,高锰酸钾与DPS、DAS的二级反应动力学常数分别为2.30×10~4、1.74×10~4 L·mol~(-1)·min~(-1);O_3、H_2O_2氧化结果表明,O_3氧化效果明显高于其他氧化方式,但单独使用H_2O_2效果不及其他氧化剂;ClO_2、NaClO在硫醚的氧化中效果显著,去除率接近100%;高锰酸钾在氧化中存在色度问题,当水体中DPS、DAS浓度水平较高时高锰酸钾适用性不强;高锰酸钾、次氯酸钠、二氧化氯等氧化剂会使DPS、DAS氧化成砜类物质,本研究中识别出二戊基砜(diamyl sulfone)、二丙基砜(dipropyl sulfone).     

高铁酸钾降解嗅味物质异佛尔酮的效能及机理

采用高铁酸钾降解水中典型嗅味物质异佛尔酮(IPO),考察了高铁酸钾投加量、溶液初始pH、IPO浓度、温度和反应时间等因素对IPO降解率的影响.采用响应面法进行多因素实验设计,利用二次多项式和逐步回归法拟合了IPO降解率、Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)与降解条件之间的关系,对降解条件进行了优化.采用GC-MS分析IPO的降解产物,探讨了IPO的降解机理.结果表明,高铁酸钾可以在1 min内迅速降解IPO. IPO降解率与高铁酸钾投加量正相关,与溶液初始pH负相关.在IPO初始浓度为6.0 mg·L~(-1)、溶液初始pH值为4.0、高铁酸钾投加量为0.9 g·L~(-1)、反应时间为5 min时,IPO降解率可达100%. Mn~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、NH~+_4和HCO~-_3等共存离子会抑制高铁酸钾对IPO的降解.高铁酸钾对IPO的氧化降解作用大于吸附、混凝的去除作用. GC-MS检测到的降解产物有4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮、5-异丙基-5-甲基二氢-2(3H)-呋喃酮和4-甲基-4-戊烯-2-酮等物质,推测高铁酸钾对IPO的降解途径主要是氧化、加氢和脱碳等.     

高锰酸钾氧化饮用水中醛类嗅味物质的效果及动力学研究

我国北方呼和浩特市以黄河为水源的JH饮用水厂近年来冬季经常有醛类嗅味物质检出,常规处理工艺如混凝、沉淀等对其去除效果有限,需要对其进行其它处理工艺的探究.本文选择高锰酸钾对水厂检出频率和浓度均较高的反,反-2,4-庚二烯醛(tt24hept)、反-2-辛烯醛(t2oa)、反,反-2,4-辛二烯醛(tt24oda)、反,反-2,4-癸二烯醛(tt24dda)和β-环柠檬醛(β-cyclo)5种醛类嗅味物质进行氧化控制研究,探究其去除效果、氧化动力学和氧化机理.结果表明,20℃,pH=7时,2 mg·L^-1高锰酸钾氧化5种醛类嗅味物质30 min后,去除率达75%以上.根据动力学分析可知,高锰酸钾氧化5种醛类嗅味物质属于伪二级动力学过程,其伪二级反应速率常数分别为5.25×10⁴、2.66×10⁴、4.50×10⁴、2.71×10⁴、5.37×10³ L·mol^-1·min^-1,醛类嗅味物质结构中含碳碳双键数目越多、...     

高外源性藻类输入的城市河道嗅味物质分布特征及影响因素

利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用（HS-SPME-GC/MS）技术测定梁溪河干流及支浜8个点位水体及沉积物中6种嗅味物质浓度（二甲基二硫醚、二甲基三硫醚、2-甲基异茨醇、土臭素、β-环柠檬醛和β-紫罗兰酮）,结合环境因子分析了6种嗅味物质的空间分布特征及其主要影响因素.研究结果表明,梁溪河水体及沉积物中嗅味物质以β-环柠檬醛和2-甲基异茨醇为主,其浓度最高值分别为342.70 ng·L^-1和2664.58 ng·kg^-1.梁溪河水体及沉积物中嗅味物质浓度在干流和支浜中的分布不一致,干流水体高于支浜水体,支浜沉积物高于干流沉积物.影响嗅味物质分布的主要原因可能是蓝藻水华大量输入引起的水体及沉积物营养物质增加及微环境的改变,表现为多种嗅味物质浓度与叶绿素浓度及TOC、TN和N/P呈正相关.由此,本研究为高外源性藻类输入城市河道的治理及异味问题防范提供理论支持.     

水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena aquae)不同生长阶段的产嗅特征和藻源有机物特性

水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena aquae)是一种水体中常见的优势蓝藻,为水中嗅味的重要来源,且生长过程中释放的藻源有机物(AOM)对于水质有较大的影响。研究水华鱼腥藻不同生长阶段的产嗅特征和AOM特性对于藻污染控制有重要意义。建立水华鱼腥藻生长曲线,提取不同生长阶段的胞内与胞外有机物,通过气质联用分析、三维荧光扫描和液相-有机碳测试(liquid chromatography coupled with organic carbon detection, LC-OCD)等表征手段,对水华鱼腥藻生长过程中的胞内外嗅味物质和有机物的变化情况进行多维度解析。结果表明,本实验培养条件下水华鱼腥藻所产的嗅味物质主要是β-紫罗兰酮和β-环柠檬醛,主要存在于胞内有机物,平均浓度为2.90μg·L^-1和1.53μg·L^-1。其产嗅能力随着藻细胞的生长而减弱。AOM呈现出低分子亲水性的特征。三维荧光分析结果表明,胞外有机物主要含有类腐殖质物质和溶解性微生物代谢产物,胞内有机物内主要含有溶解性微生物代谢物质、络氨酸和色氨酸。生长过程中胞内有机物和嗅味物质随藻细胞的...     

去除致嗅物质的不同填料曝气生物滤池的启动特性与去除效果比较

搭建了填料分别为生物陶粒(CPs)和颗粒活性炭(GAC)的2个曝气生物滤池(BAF)反应器,通过考察土嗅素和2-甲基异崁醇(2-MIB)这2种致嗅物质的去除效果和稳定周期,研究不同填料BAF的启动与挂膜特性。结果表明,在相同进水条件下,2种填料BAF去除溶解性总有机碳(DOC)的效率无明显差异,均在24 d时达到稳定,且DOC去除率均基本稳定在70%以上。2种填料BAF去除土嗅素和2-MIB所需的启动时间有较大差异,CPs-BAF启动时间分别为30和26 d,而GAC-BAF启动时间分别为62和43 d。GAC-BAF和CPs-BAF对土嗅素的去除率分别稳定在约95%和69%,前者的去除率和稳定性明显高于后者;GAC-BAF和CPs-BAF对2-MIB的去除率分别稳定在约75%和73%,两者相差不大,但前者的稳定性强于后者。     

基于嗅觉的臭气浓度测定方法综述

畜禽养殖、垃圾填埋、化工、市政等活动产生的大量臭气，不仅会影响居民的日常生活，甚至可能会影响人体的健康.世界上很多国家制定了臭气的排放标准，将臭气浓度作为评价臭气的重要指标，并制定了臭气浓度测定的标准化方法，但现行的方法存在耗时长、测定结果不准确等问题，使得臭气排放难以获得有效监管.本文介绍了基于嗅觉的臭气浓度测定方法，分析了各方法的适用范围及优劣势，指出了测定方法中存在的问题并提出可能的解决途径，为进一步完善测定方法提供了参考.     

恶臭污染物的排放与监测

概括介绍恶臭污染源的形成、排放特征及恶臭污染物的监测技术,重点介绍了我国测定恶臭的国家标准方法“三点比较式臭袋法”及其实际操作中若干问题解析。     

Behavioural responses of competent lobster postlarvae to odor plumes

We determined the ability of competent laboratory-reared Homarus americanus postlarvae to use odor plumes as a potential mechanism of orientation during the habitat selection process at settlement. In a Y-maze apparatus, both swimming direction (upstream or downstream) and arm selection (control or experimental) were strongly influenced by the nature of the chemical stimulus tested. In control conditions (unconditioned water in both proximal arms of the experimental device), postlarvae swam predominantly upstream (61:39) but displayed no arm preference (48:52). When submitted to a metabolite solution of adult conspecifics or macroalgae, postlarvae swam consistently upstream (73%) and showed a significant preference for the arm providing these stimuli (69%). In contrast, postlarvae submitted to cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) metabolites swam predominantly downstream (68:32), and those that did swim upstream significantly avoided the experimental arm (30:70). In repeated trials with the same individuals, postlarvae behaved similarly in 80% of the assays, suggesting a low intra-individual variability in behavioural responses. It is concluded that distance chemoreception may play a role in habitat selection by lobster postlarvae at settlement.     

Comparative electrophysiological analysis of plant odor perception in females of threePapilio species

Summary Antennae of femalePapilio butterflies perceive many volatile plant constituents with widely differing, constituent-specific sensitivities. We compared the responses of threePapilio species to volatiles from host and non-host plants to assess species-specificity and the degree of evolutionary conservatism in olfactory responses.Since previous studies had demonstrated that the polar constituents in odor fromDaucus carota stimulate oviposition behavior inPapilio polyxenes, we collected headspace volatiles fromD. carota, Pastinaca sativa (both Apiaceae) andArtemisia dracunculus (Asteraceae) and separated the polar fraction of these volatiles by gas chromatography. GC-coupled electroantennograms (GC-EAG) were recorded from the speciesPapilio polyxenes, P. machaon hippocrates andP. troilus. In addition, the responses of the three species to five compounds known as generally occurring constituents of plant odor were recorded. The relative sensitivities for these compounds were nearly identical in all threePapilio species. The response spectra to the separated plant volatiles also showed considerable similarities among the species.From the limited set of GC peaks evoking a response in one of the species, 64% (D. carota), 44% (P. sativa) and 29% (A. dracunculus) also evoked a response in both of the other species. The responses of the two closely related Apiaceae feeders (P. polyxenes, P. m. hippocrates) to volatiles fromD. carota were more similar to each other than was either to the response ofP. troilus, which feeds on Lauraceae. However, this was not true for the responses to volatiles fromP. sativa. The least congruence among the three species was found in the responses to volatiles fromA. dracunculus, a non-host for all of them. The differences and similarities found in the response profiles of the threePapilio species are discussed with respect to evolutionary adaptation to host odor versus evolutionary conservatism in adaptation of olfactory receptors.     

Occurrence of odor problems in drinking water of major cities across China

A comprehensive investigation into the occur-rence of odor problem at 111 drinking water treatment plants （DWTPs） in major cities across China was undertaken using both flavor profile analysis （FPA） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Eighty percent of source water samples exhibited odor problems, characterized by earthy/musty （41%） and swampy/septic （36%） odors, while the occurrence rate was lower （45%） in the finished water. Source water from rivers exhibited more pollution-origin odors, such as the swampy/septic odor, while that from lakes and reservoirs exhibited more algae- origin odors, such as earthy/musty odors. The occurrence rate of 2-methylisoborneol （2-MIB） in the surface source water samples was 75%, with 7% of samples containing 2- MIB concentrations of over 10 ng.L-1. The earthy/musty odor in the lake/reservoir water samples was mainly caused by 2-MIB （linear regression coefficient, R2= 0.69）, while the correlation between 2-MIB concentration and the earthy/musty odor intensity samples was weak （R2= 0.35） in the river-source water These results will be useful for the management of odor-quality problems in drinking water of China.     

异味阈值与分子结构特征关系的研究进展

异味阈值和分子结构间的关系,受到阈值准确识别和嗅觉产生机制研究的制约,是一个非常复杂的问题.本文简要介绍了多元线性回归、拓扑指数、神经网络和分子生物学等几种研究异味阈值和分子结构关系的方法,探讨了目前存在的问题以及未来的发展趋势.     

微生物制剂EM控制鸡粪堆制过程恶臭的研究

以上海阿妮优美容保健品有限公司提供的微生物制剂──环境有用微生物群（简称ＥＭ）作为添加剂进行鸡粪堆肥腐熟对比试验，结果差异明显。ＥＭ处理的堆肥中ＮＨ－Ｎ含量比对照下降４１．８６％（１０ｄ）～５６．７１％（２０ｄ），ＮＨ－Ｎ散发量明显减少，且在后期有较强酿酒芳香味逸出，除臭效果显著。ＥＭ处理能加速堆肥腐熟，减少氮的气态损失，并可将无害化处理时间缩短到２０ｄ。这些作用是由ＥＭ引入的外源微生物所引起的。     

Prey odor discrimination by ingestively naive coachwhip snakes(Masticophis flagellum)

Summary Ingestively naive hatchling coachwhip snakes(Masticophis flagellum) detected integumentary chemicals from several potential prey species and discriminated them from chemical stimuli from other animals and from distilled water, strongly suggesting a genetic basis for these abilities. The strongest responses were to lizard and snake stimuli, which form a major part of the diet. Variable responses to chemical cues from other taxa are discussed. Responses by coachwhip snakes to prey chemicals appear to be highly specific, as suggested by the stronger reaction to vomodors of sympatric than of allopatric lizard species. The highly developed use of chemical cues by the diurnal, visually oriented coachwhip snake emphasizes the general importance of chemical senses to predation by nonvenomous snakes, regardless of the involvement of vision.     

Artificial neural network modeling of caste odor discrimination based on cuticular hydrocarbons in termites

Summary. Individuals in an insect colony need to identify one another according to caste. Nothing is known about the sensory process allowing nestmates to discriminate minute variations in the cuticular hydrocarbon mixture. The purpose of this study was to attempt to model caste odors discrimination in four species of Reticulitermes termites for the first time by a non-linear mathematical approach using an "artificial neural network" (ANN). Several rounds of testing were carried out using 1 – the whole hydrocarbon mixtures 2 – mixtures containing the hydrocarbons selected by principal component analysis (PCA) as the most implicated in caste discrimination. Discrimination between worker and soldier castes was tested in all four species. For two species we tested discrimination of four castes (workers, soldiers, nymphs, neotenics). To test cuticular pattern similarity in two sibling species (R. santonensis and R. flavipes), we performed two experiments using one species for training and the other for query. Using whole hydrocarbons mixtures, worker/soldier discrimination was always successful in all species. Network performance decreased with the number of hydrocarbons used as inputs. Four-caste discrimination was less successful. In the experiment with the sibling species, the ANN was able to distinguish soldiers but not workers. The results of this study suggest that non-linear mathematical analysis is a good tool for classification of castes based on cuticular hydrocarbon mixture. In addition this study confirms that hydrocarbon mixtures observed are real chemical entities and constitute a true chemical signature or odor. Whole mixtures are not always necessary for discrimination. Received 23 July 1998; accepted 9 October 1998.     

Shaving of axillary hair has only a transient effect on perceived body odor pleasantness

In contrast to other apes, humans have relatively greater amounts of armpit hair, which is thought to retain signaling molecules. Although armpit shaving is widespread cross-culturally, its effect on body odor has been little investigated. In four experiments, we tested the effect of shaving and the subsequent regrowth of axillary hair. Armpit odors were collected from men who regularly shaved (group S) or who had never shaved (group N) their armpits before. The samples were subsequently rated by women for intensity, pleasantness, and attractiveness. In Experiments I, II (group N) and III, subjects firstly shaved one armpit and then let the hair regrow over 6 or 10 weeks. In Experiments I, II (group S) and IV, subjects shaved both armpits before the sampling and subsequently shaved one armpit during the same period, leaving the second armpit unshaved. Odors of the shaved armpits were rated more pleasant, attractive, and less intense compared to the unshaved armpits (Experiment I (group N)). However, no significant differences found in Experiments II and III (group N) suggest the effect of shaving is relatively minor. Moreover, there were no significant differences in odor comparing unshaved armpits with armpits after 1 week of regrowth (Experiments I, II (group N) and III) or comparing regularly shaved armpits with armpits after 1 or 3 weeks of regrowth (Experiments I, II (group S) and IV). The odor of shaved armpits was rated significantly more attractive compared to the armpits where hair had been regrowing for 6 or 10 weeks.     

Foraging responses of wild house mice to accumulations of conspecific odor as a predation risk

Many predators hunt using the social and waste odors of their prey. It is unknown, however, whether potential prey modify their behavior in response to the risks of predation associated with accumulations of conspecific odor. We examined this question by measuring foraging trade-offs of wild house mice (Mus domesticus) in the field where we increased both predation risk and conspecific odor at artificial food patches in a two-factor design. Mouse giving-up densities (GUDs) were significantly higher in open habitats than in closed habitats but did not differ with the addition of mouse odors. Fine-scale behavioral observations of captive mice confirmed their attraction to the conspecific odor in an enclosure experiment, without any change to the GUD. These results indicate that house mice continue to visit and forage at food patches despite accumulations of predator-attracting odors. This most likely occurs for the social benefits obtained from conspecific odor exploration; however, such behavior may cause mice to become vulnerable to considerable olfactory exploitation by their predators. Future work must therefore focus on how mice trade off the social benefits of investigating odors that also attract their enemies.     

Analysis of two genetic models for the innate components of colony odor in social Hymenoptera

Summary We propose two models for the inheritance of the innate components of colony odor in social Hymenoptera. Under the Individualistic model, individuals are hostile unless they share at least one allele at all colony-odor loci. Under the Gestalt model, colony-odor pheromones are transferred between individuals, resulting in a gestalt colony odor; colonies will not fuse unless they have the same genetic mix of workers. We analyze these models for the case of colonies founded by single, once-mated queens. The Gestalt model seems generally favored for most species, although some evidence suggests the Individualistic model may operate in some primitive ants. A single colony-odor locus is possible in the Gestalt model, but seems improbable in the Individualistic case. We propose a general inbreeding test to estimate the number of loci involved in colony odor.