金华典型中药材产地环境地球化学研究

在金华市主要中药材种植区采集耕作层土壤和中药材样品,分析其重金属含量,并从环境地球化学角度分析中药材重金属超标的原因.结果表明,白术（Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae）、玄参（Radix Scrophulariae）和浙贝母（Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii）中Cd超标率分别为64.3％、40.0％和47.2％,白术、玄参和元胡（Rhizoma Corydalis）中Cu超标率分别为35.7％、10.0％和5.9％.从中药材对重金属的选择性吸收、种植区的土壤环境、地形地貌和气候条件等方面研究发现,气候温暖湿润,地形陡峭,岩石在风化成土过程中淋溶作用强烈,从土壤母质、淋溶层到土壤表层pH值逐渐降低,土壤酸化是导致中药材Cd和Cu含量超标的主要原因.     

绿色食品产地土壤中PAHs测定方法研究

对绿色食品产地土壤中多环芳烃的气相色谱质谱联用分析法进行了研究。样品经索氏提取后硅胶氧化铝复合柱净化,最后用GC/MS内标法进行定性定量分析。方法相关系数除苯并(a,h)蒽的相关系数R2=0.9970外,其余目标化合物的相关系数R2均大于0.9991,各化合物线性关系良好。方法加标回收率大多在70%至90%间,各目标化合物的方法检测限为2.2～40ng/kg。     

江苏蔬菜产地土壤重金属污染现状调查与评价

江苏苏南、苏中、苏北蔬菜产地土壤Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr含量的检测结果表明,该省蔬菜地土壤5种重金属平均含量除Cd略高于20世纪80年代背景值外,其他4种均未超出,总体质量较好,然而各检测点间差异较大,特别是苏南部分地区污染较重,且部分点Cd、Hg、As远超过国家无公害蔬菜产地环境标准值(GB/T18407.1—2001),表明苏南部分产地已不适宜生产无公害蔬菜。以GB/T18407.1—2001为评价标准,采用Nemerow指数法进行评价,全省土壤重金属平均综合污染指数为0.54,属1级安全。苏北、苏中、苏南分别为0.30、0.29、1.20,即苏南为3级土,属轻污染,苏北、苏中为1级土,属安全。苏中、苏北明显好于苏南。全省有15%蔬菜地土壤已受不同程度重金属污染,主要分布在苏南,且Cd、Hg分担率较高。     

绿色食品产地灌溉水中多环芳烃测定方法的研究

对绿色食品产地的灌溉水中6种多环芳烃的高效液相色谱分析法进行了研究。对前处理使用的萃取溶剂做了对比,从加标回收率方面,得出了环己烷最好;其次是正己烷;再其次是二氯甲烷。检测采用甲醇和水(V∶V=90∶10)做流动相,恒度洗脱,只设置两段程序波长即可得到很好响应值。6种PAHs的浓度与其色谱峰面积的线性良好(r在0.9976～0.9999之间),方法精密度RSD的平均值为1.33%(n=5)。本方法参考国标、国际标准对流动相的组成、洗脱条件及荧光波长的设置都做了相应的改进,使得6种PAHs的分离比国标好,基线更平稳,方法更简便,操作也更容易,是测定绿色食品产地灌溉水中PAHs的较好方法。     

基于WebGIS的农产品产地安全信息管理系统设计与实现

以江苏省高风险农产品产地安全信息管理为例,针对农产品产地安全信息的数据特征以及管理决策需要,提出了一种基于WebGIS技术的农产品产地安全信息管理系统设计方案,对系统的设计目标、主要任务、系统结构、数据库结构和主要功能进行探讨.根据系统的主要任务设计了地图浏览、数据查询、数据统计、产地监测信息管理和产地适宜性信息管理5类功能;系统采用客户层、中间业务处理层和服务器数据层3层体系结构;系统数据库设计为索引表、属性表和数据表3层结构;采用C#程序语言和MapXtreme开发平台对系统进行了初步开发与实施.     

亳州中药材及产地土壤和地下水中氟化物含量

分析了毫州典型中药材及产地土壤和地下水中氟化物的含量.结果表明,中药材基地表层土壤全氟平均和水溶性氟含量分别在278.4-625.6 mg·kg-1和5.02-16.3 mg·kg-1之间,均值分别为532.8 mg·kg-1和9.88 mg·kg-1.表层土壤全氟平均含量高于全国土壤总氟背景值(478 mg·kg-1...     

三七中药材种植产地土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

对云南省主要三七(Panax notoginseng)种植地耕层土壤(0～20 cm)、表下层土壤(>20～40 cm)和三七植株中的8种重金属污染状况进行评价分析,为三七药材安全性评价与土壤重金属污染治理提供理论依据。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)检测土壤和植株中重金属含量,采用单项污染指数(P_i)、内梅罗综合污染指数(NIPI)和潜在生态风险指数(PERI)评估土壤重金属污染状况,采用估计每日摄入量(EDI)、目标危害商(THQ)和危害指数(HI)评估植株各部位重金属人体健康风险,采用生物富集系数(BCF)和转运系数(TF)评估重金属在植株中的富集和转运能力。结果表明,三七种植土壤重金属污染程度由高到低依次为Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、As、Hg和Zn;三七种植土壤属于中度污染,且有中度生态风险。三七主根、芦头、须根、茎和叶5个部位均呈不同程度重金属超标现象,尤其是Hg在地上部超标严重,但均无人体健康风险。植株各个部位重金属富集系数均小于1,其中,主根、须根、芦头和茎Cd富集能力最强,Pb富集能力最弱,叶Hg富集能力最强,Cr富集能力最弱;...     

我国不同产品认证体系农产品产地环境标准的比较

产地环境对农产品质量具有重要而直接的作用,不同作物类型、不同质量管理体系都对农产品的产地环境提出了不同要求。应用比较研究的方法,从标准的分布状况、环境要素检测指标体系以及检测指标的限值3个方面入手,系统分析了我国国家标准以及行业标准中对普通农产品、绿色食品、无公害食品和有机产品产地环境的要求,明确了3种体系农产品产地环境检测指标的异同。结果表明:无公害食品产地环境标准数量最多,涉及农作物门类齐全,标准级别系列完备,绿色食品标准较少,有机产品尚无专门针对产地环境的标准,而是采用一般农产品标准;对产地环境要求的严格程度比较而言,绿色食品最高,无公害食品次之,有机产品/一般农产品最低;进一步对环境3要素的比较结果显示,3种体系对土壤质量的要求差异最大,灌溉水质量次之,对空气质量的要求差异最小。探讨了当前标准制定中存在的检测指标名称和单位不统一、不同标准间的衔接性差以及有机产品产地环境等问题,以期为我国正在进行的有机产品产地环境优势区域划分以及各类农产品产地环境标准的修订提供参考。     

江苏蔬菜产地土壤重金属污染现状调查与评价

江苏苏南、苏中、苏北蔬菜产地土壤Cd、Hg、As、Ph、Cr含量的检测结果表明，该省蔬菜地土壤5种重金属平均含量除Cd略高于20世纪80年代背景值外，其他4种均未超出，总体质量较好，然而各检测点间差异较大，特别是苏南部分地区污染较重，且部分点Cd、Hg、As远超过国家无公害蔬菜产地环境标准值(GB／T18407．1—2001)，表明苏南部分产地已不适宜生产无公害蔬菜。以GB／T18407．1—2001为评价标准，采用Nemerow指数法进行评价，全省土壤重金属平均综合污染指数为0．54，属1级安全。苏北、苏中、苏南分别为0．30、0．29、1．20，即苏南为3级土，属轻污染，苏北、苏中为1级土，属安全。苏中、苏北明显好于苏南。全省有15％蔬菜地土壤已受不同程度重金属污染，主要分布在苏南，且Cd、Hg分担率较高。     

《绿色食品产地环境质量现状评价纲要（试行）》刍议

绿色食品产地生态环境质量评价中优化监测方案和评价标准与方法的合理确定尤为重要。现行的《评价纲要》中监测布点偏多、所选取的某些评价标准与方法欠佳，需加以修订和改进，以提高我国绿色食品产地生态环境质量评价的科学性与实用性。     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Stimulation of fat-body production in the polyps of the coralPocillopora damicornis by the presence of mutualistic crabs of the genusTrapezia

A mutualism exists between the xanthid crabs of the genusTrapezia and their host corals,Pocillopora damicornis. It has previously been established that these obligate coral residents benefit the coral hosts by defending them against echinoderm predators and by increasing the survival of polyps located deep between the coral branches. In turn, the corals apparently benefit the crabs by producing lipid-filled structures on which the trapezid crabs feed; these fat bodies may contain some of the lipid which in previous studies of coral metabolism has been termed excess. It was determined by experiments conducted at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology that the presence of crabs in colonies ofP. damicornis stimulates the polyps to produce the lipid-filled fat bodies; removal of crabs causes corals to cease producing fat bodies. A structure very similar to the fat bodies ofP. damicornis has been reported inAcropora durvillei. Both of these coral genera ordinarily possess xanthid-crab mutualists. This association between branching corals and crustaceans may have evolved because corals of these genera provide shelter among their branches and because these shallow-water corals are evidently capable of releasing lipid which is excess to the corals' metabolic needs, but which can be utilized by the crabs.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.