"绿水青山就是金山银山"的转化机制与路径选择

党的十八大以来,探索"绿水青山就是金山银山"的实现机制成为生态文明建设中的重要议题。本文对"绿水青山就是金山银山"的核心内涵进行了梳理,从效用论的视角分析了经济发展各阶段对"绿水青山"和"金山银山"两种财富的认识转变,指明了"绿水青山"向"金山银山"转化的条件,对"绿水青山"向"金山银山"转化存在的障碍进行剖析,提出了实现"绿水青山"向"金山银山"转化的对策建议。     

推动生态产品价值实现是践行“两山”理念的时代任务与优先行动

探索生态产品价值实现机制是践行"绿水青山就是金山银山"理念的重要举措,是实现经济高质量发展的重要新动能,是讲好生态文明建设"中国故事"的重要素材。本文提出,建立生态产品价值实现机制是一项系统工程,既要补齐当前认识不统一、转化不完全、通道未打开的短板,又要谋划长远,做好战略设计,加强制度供给,提高生态产品价值实现机制"融合性"、价值实现通道"灵活性"、价值转化能力"有效性"、价值实现渠道"多样性"以及优质生态产品生产供给"广泛性",全面建立"绿水青山"与"金山银山"转化通道,以更多更优质的生态产品满足人民群众日益增长的美好生活需要,让生态产品价值实现成为现代化美丽中国建设的一张亮丽名片。     

打通“两山”转化通道的绿色金融机制创新研究

绿水青山既是自然生态财富,又是经济社会财富。践行"绿水青山就是金山银山"(以下简称"两山")的关键是将绿水青山的自然生态财富转化为经济社会财富。"两山"转化一方面由利用绿水青山自然生态财富发展生态农业、生态工业、生态旅游等实现,另一方面依托良好自然生态环境吸引经济发展要素实现。绿色金融具有筹措资本、配置资源、强化激励约束等功能,应该在"两山"转化中发挥举足轻重的作用。为更有效助力打通"两山"转化通道,建议推进绿色金融2.0改革、建立长效法律政策机制、鼓励各地因地制宜创新绿色金融产品与服务、高度重视完善绿色金融基础设施建设等,更好地发挥绿色金融在"两山"转化中的作用。     

“绿水青山就是金山银山”对发展生态经济的新启示——以甘肃省为例

"绿水青山就是金山银山"的科学论断凝炼概述了习近平生态文明思想的精髓,蕴含着新时代马克思主义世界观、价值观和发展观,是处理好新时代人与自然关系的原则依据,也为化"绿水青山"为"金山银山",走出一条区域经济特征与资源禀赋相适应的、高质量发展的生态经济之路提供了有力的思想武器和行动指南。本文从生态哲学的视角追本溯源,对"绿水青山就是金山银山"的深刻内涵及其对发展生态经济的指导意义进行了分析,并结合甘肃省的实际,对如何更好地发展生态经济、推进生态文明建设提出了建议。     

“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理论内涵及其实现机制创新

习近平总书记提出的"绿水青山就是金山银山"理论,其精神实质就是要大力建设社会主义生态文明、实现国家可持续发展。本文梳理了该理论的阐述与发展历程,剖析了"绿水青山就是金山银山"的理论内涵,并从特色产业体系、生态环境体系、区域合作体系、制度创新体系、生态支付体系五方面提出了实现绿水青山就是金山银山的发展机制。     

基于绿色全要素生产率的“两山”转化效率测度方法

为探讨“绿水青山”转化为“金山银山”的转化途径,评估不同地区“两山”转化效率,通过在以资本、劳动力测算TFP（全要素生产率,Total Factor Productivity）的过程中,加入“绿水青山资源”作为生产要素投入,界定了体现环境资本的GTFP（绿色全要素生产率,Green Total Factor Productivity）概念,构建了基于Malmquist-DEA模型的GTFP测算方法.以拥有全国最多“两山”实践基地称号的浙江省为研究对象,构建基于2005—2016年面板数据,具有地表水达到或优于Ⅲ类（GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》）的断面比例、环境空气优良天数比例、森林覆盖率等7项投入以及地区生产总值1项产出的“两山”转化效率测度评估指标体系.计算对比2005—2016年浙江省全省及其各地市TFP和GTFP的结果表明:12年间浙江省全省TFP平均技术效率变动值为0.980,总体处于下降趋势,考虑GTFP后的平均技术效率变动值为0.976.“两山”实践创新基地——衢州市、湖州市的平均GTFP分别为0.980和0.962,“绿水青山资源”与资本、劳动力资源效率相当,相对稳定;杭州市、宁波市、金华市的平均GTFP分别为1.006、0.992、0.983,在浙江省位居前列.从技术效率变动角度来看,2005—2016年衢州市、金华市、丽水市历年GTFP稳定、技术效率持续增长,“绿水青山资源”作为要素投入可推动技术效率提升与经济增长,佐证了“绿水青山就是金山银山”的论断;嘉兴市GTFP累计下降了37%,“绿水青山资源”匮乏成为其短板.研究显示,在“绿水青山资源”供给水平较高的浙江省,良好的生态资源能够推动经济发展,在GTFP指数累积上升的地市中能够发挥比传统的劳动力与资本更高的资源配置效率.      

Review of water-energy-food Nexus tools to improve the Nexus modelling approach for integrated policy making

The synergies and trade-offs between the water, energy, and food sectors are represented by the Water-Energy-Food Nexus. The Nexus Approach is an integrated decision making practice that can be used by policy makers to optimize these synergies and manage trade-offs. In this paper, the direction of the Nexus Approach regarding the development of modelling tools is explored. The objective of this paper is to review the existing Nexus modelling tools used for integrated policy making to determine and to help policy makers, practitioners, and agencies trying to implement the Nexus Approach to identify a tool that is most suited to their modelling needs. The predominant capabilities of the current tools lie in the understanding of Nexus complexity, consideration of financial elements in the tools, recognition of the importance of multiple Nexus Approach directions, incorporation of different time scales, and enhanced tool accessibility. The main limitations are the extensive data requirements of current tools, and the poor synergy between tools assessing individual Nexus areas. This enhanced overview of the existing tools allows policy makers to maximize the synergies between the Nexus areas, to avoid consumption dilemmas, and to facilitate sustainable development.     

A review on analytical methods for pharmaceutical and personal care products and their transformation products

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and corresponding transformation products have caused widespread concern due to their persistent emissions and potential toxicity. They have wide octanol-water partition coefficients (K_ow) and different ionization constants (pK_a) resulting in a poor analysis accuracy and efficiency. A suitable analytical method is the first prerequisite for further research on their environmental behavior to prioritize the substances. This study reviewed a full-scale analytical protocol for environmental samples in the recent ten years: from sampling to instrumental methods. Passive sampling techniques were compared and recommended for long-term continuous and scientific observation. A quick and effective sample extraction and clean-up method are highly required. Chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for determining PPCPs with a wide range of logK_ow (?7.53 to 10.80) were summed up. High-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed to be a promising strategy for screening unknown transformation products, which would provide a nanogram level of detection limits and more accurate mass resolution. Screening strategies and mass change principles were summarized in detail. The recovery rate was important in multiple contaminants analysis identification and factors affecting the recovery rate of PPCPs were also discussed in this review, including sample matrix, target compounds characteristics, extraction method and solid-phase adsorbent. This review provides useful information for the selection of appropriate analytical methods and future development directions.     

土壤中钒的化学结合形态与转化条件的研究

为了利用和控制土壤条件,改善土壤供钒特征,为农业生产和环境保护服务,综合参考国内外对土壤中其他微量元素形态划分的方法,初步区分出土壤中的钒以５种主要的化学结合形态存在。其含量多少依次为残留态＞无定形氧化铁结合态＞有机质结合态＞易还原锰结合态＞可溶态。通常,残留态钒占土壤全钒含量的90％以上,而可溶态钒的含量常低于1μg/g。一般而言,在较高的温度,较强的还原条件以及酸性土壤条件下,土壤中其它化学结合态钒更多地向可溶态钒转化;除有机质结合态钒外,其它形态钒的含量都与土壤全铁含量间有着显著或极显著的正相关。外源钒在酸性红壤中的形态转化速率较慢,在石灰性的栗钙土中的形态转化速率较快。酸性土壤对钒的缓冲能力强,缓冲容量大,不容易产生钒污染。     

陕西秦巴山区地域功能转型与高质量发展路径

以高质量发展为导向的地域功能转型是实现区域可持续发展必然要求。采用熵权-TOPSIS法和改进的耦合协调度模型,定量分析了陕西秦巴山区地域功能转型格局演进阶段性及其空间差异性,探究了地域功能转型机制及其高质量发展路径。结果表明：西部大开发政策实施以来,秦巴山区地域功能趋向优化,其中经济发展和社会保障功能提升快速,农业生产和生态服务功能经过短暂调整后逐步提升。地域各系统功能耦合协调度呈现从低水平平衡向高水平耦合的递进式演进规律,地域功能经过了由农业生产主导型向生态保护主导型,再向各功能均衡协调渐进转型的过程。不同县域单元地域功能耦合协调度差异明显,呈现“西北高、东南低”的特征,高值区集中在秦岭北麓地带和汉江沿岸。研究认为陕西秦岭山区实现高质量发展路径包括：创新区域协调发展战略,促进地区之间互动,提升地域功能协同度;构筑绿色发展体系,促进各系统功能互补,提升地域功能耦合度;探索高质量发展模式,补齐地区发展短板,积极融入新一轮西部大开发新格局;搭建科技创新智库平台,创建秦岭综合研究示范区,提升区域系统创新能力。     

Evaluating catchment-scale models for diffuse pollution policy support: some results from the EUROHARP project

The EU Framework V EUROHARP project evaluated the performance of a representative range of nutrient pollution tools used for policy support across a network of six representative catchments covering a north–south gradient in climate, hydrology, soils, and land use. The main objective was a detailed evaluation of model performance, strengths and weaknesses, and ranges of applicability. Model performance was assessed against measured data by an expert group. A range of models was tested and compared, including the EveNFlow model of daily flow and nitrate concentrations, and the PSYCHIC model of monthly total phosphorus loads.The outputs from the EUROHARP project have a number of important implications for the use of models to support diffuse pollution policy in the EU. The outcomes suggested that the policy support tools tested are capable of acceptable performance in modelling flows, nutrient concentrations and loads in five out of the six test catchments considered by the study. Results also demonstrated that diffuse pollution tools can be successfully applied to catchments where agricultural practices contrast markedly from those characterising the study areas underpinning the development of individual models. Such adaptability conveys significant benefits by demonstrating that some diffuse pollution tools have the flexibility required for demanding and strategic policy support purposes.