贫困的生存状态对农村环境的影响——云南某山村的案例研究

"贫困是最大的污染者",贫困与环境恶化之间存在着显著的相互作用关系.为了进一步了解和认识贫困的环境影响,文章在理论分析的基础上进行了实证研究.首先提出了对农村环境的新定义:对农户而言,农村环境就是他们的生存环境,包括生产环境和生活环境.在此基础上,提出了表征农村环境的两个基本要素土地和农居环境和相应的表征指标.指出在农村环境问题的形成过程中,农户贫困的生存状态起着重要的作用,并且用具体的案例研究说明,在贫困山区,农户的贫困对于农户的生产与生活进步都产生了很大的限制,因此对于农村环境问题的研究和探讨应该从改善农户的经济行为开始,并且以摆脱贫困,改善农户的生存状态为目标,才可能最终达到改善农村环境,实现农村可持续发展的根本目标.     

基于遥感技术的太湖放养凤眼莲的生长模型

根据从卫星遥感影像或全球定位系统获得的凤眼莲面积变化数据,对在开放水域中大面积放养凤眼莲面积变化的研究,建立了放养凤眼莲生长的Logistic动力学模型来估算凤眼莲面积。在太湖竺山湾凤眼莲放养试验表明：从2009年8月4日到10月15日,凤眼莲面积从54 250.34 m2增加到135 525.66 m2,建立的估计凤眼莲面积的Logistic模型的环境容量k s为2 697 210.03,面积增长率rs为0.012 4,对试验数据的拟合优度检验R 2为0.975 3,F检验为78.93,均方根误差RMSE为2 705.55,表明该模型准确模拟了凤眼莲生长的动力学特征。     

基于连续发酵驯化的高耐盐性酿酒酵母的育种

耐盐酿酒酵母菌株的育种对降低燃料乙醇生产成本具有重要意义.以具有优秀乙醇发酵能力的工业酿酒母菌株KF-7为出发菌株,通过连续发酵、产孢子及孢子培育、交配等获取稳定耐盐菌株.在盐胁迫条件下利用连续乙醇发酵驯化获得了耐盐突变菌株KF-7(4).在此基础上,通过孢子分离、培养、评价和交配,获得两株耐盐二倍体菌株KF-7(4)-3与KF-7-D1.这3株耐盐菌株在50次转接过程中保持着稳定的耐盐性.并且在9%KCl浓度下,3株耐盐菌株的乙醇发酵能力显著优于出发菌株KF-7:在15%YPD培养基中,发酵36 h时的乙醇浓度比出发菌株KF-7提高了21%.有盐和无盐条件下发酵过程中胞内海藻糖含量分析表明,突变菌株KF-7(4)和菌株KF-7(4)-3即使在无盐条件下的海藻糖积累能力明显高于出发菌株KF-7.本研究获得的变异酿酒酵母菌株具有较高的耐盐性和稳定性,耐盐性与胞内海藻糖积累能力提高相关.因此,基于连续发酵的进化工程手段可以有效地用于培育具有某种稳定性状的酿酒酵母菌株.     

壳聚糖的化学改性及其吸附性能的研究

以脱乙酰度90%的壳聚糖(CTS)与硫氰酸铵和氯乙酸反应,合成了一种带有硫脲基和羧基双官能团的水溶性中间产物,再经戊二醛交联,制备了水不溶性的可用于处理含重金属废水的颗粒状树脂.用FTIR,SEM及比表面法对中间产物及颗粒状树脂进行了表征,表明—HN—C(S)—NH—CH2—COOH基团接枝到CTS链上并进行了交联.吸附实验表明,该化合物对Cu2 的吸附量(248mmol·g-1)比Ni2 (135mmol·g-1)高得多,这可能与离子的核电荷数和螯合体的配位相关.在两种金属离子的混合液中,该化合物对Cu2 的初始吸附选择性更强.吸附金属离子的树脂经3次盐酸洗脱再生后,吸附性能几乎没有下降.     

生物炭的环境效应及其应用的研究进展

作为新型环境功能材料,生物炭以其优良的环境效应和生态效应成为环境科学等学科研究的前沿热点.本文介绍了生物炭结构和基本特性,对其在土壤肥力改良、碳的增汇减排以及受污染环境修复的应用和机理方面的研究进展进行了综述,并扼要分析了生物炭研究的前景和方向,为生物炭技术的应用和推广提供一定的思路.     

基于斑马鱼的水生生态毒理学实验教学体系的构建

在我国现有的生态毒理学教学体系中,相对于理论教学,其实验教学体系的构建和实践相对滞后,阻碍了相关领域的人才培养。斑马鱼是国际上广受瞩目的小型模式鱼,本文在目前已成功开发并应用于科研的一系列斑马鱼毒性测试策略和方法的基础上,初步构建较为完整的水生生态毒理学实验内容和案例。虽然仅基于斑马鱼这一实验物种,但包括了致死效应、致畸效应、神经毒性、内分泌干扰效应、免疫毒性、遗传毒性等,涵盖不同生物学层面的多个毒理学终点,有助于充分训练学生的实验技能,巩固所学的理论知识。此外,在学生初步掌握上述实验手段的基础上,设置综合性或者设计性实验,可进一步培养学生的创造性思维和科研能力。本文对于现有的生态毒理学实验教学有一定的参考和借鉴意义。     

双氰胺对施氮肥引起的红壤酸化的抑制作用

通过室内培养试验,研究双氰胺(DCD)对采自安徽郎溪和江西鹰潭的2种红壤中硝化反应的抑制作用,以及对氮肥引起的土壤酸化的抑制效果.结果表明,当不添加氮肥时,DCD抑制了土壤残留铵态氮的硝化作用及由此引起的土壤酸化,培养结束时添加DCD处理的安徽郎溪和江西鹰潭红壤pH值分别比不添加DCD处理高0.37和0.40.当添加尿素和碳酸氢铵时,DCD抑制了来自氮肥的铵态氮的硝化作用以及由此引起的土壤酸化;同时由于尿素水解和碳酸氢根与H+的缔合消耗质子,添加DCD还使2种氮肥对红壤酸度起到一定程度的改良作用.培养结束时,DCD+尿素和DCD+碳酸氢铵处理的安徽郎溪红壤pH值分别比单加尿素和碳酸氢铵处理提高0.62和0.46,江西红壤pH值分别比单加尿素和碳酸氢铵处理提高0.82和0.69.添加DCD处理土壤交换性酸含量也显著低于不添加DCD处理.因此,氮肥与DCD配合施用可以有效缓解氮肥引起的红壤酸化.     

植物类脂的提取及对菲吸附的影响

讨论了有机溶剂极性对植物类脂提取的影响,分别采用(Ⅰ)非极性正己烷和(Ⅱ)极性三氯甲烷∶甲醇(2∶1)溶液从青椒和油麦菜干样中索氏提取植物类脂,进一步研究了上述植物干样、提取类脂和去类脂组分对菲的吸附.实验结果表明,两种方法提取得到的类脂含量不同,方法(Ⅰ)从青椒和油麦菜中提取得到类脂含量为(1.9±0.1)%和(5.0±0.4)%;而方法 (Ⅱ)提取得到的相应值分别为(2.6±0.2)%和(9.5±0.5)%.两种方法得到提取类脂对菲的吸附贡献无显著性差异(P>0.05),均约占整个青椒干样对菲吸附的20%,而油麦菜的这一比例约为60%.但采用正己烷提取可避免极性物质的析出而更好地分离类脂和去类脂组分.去类脂组分在青椒和油麦菜中对菲的吸附贡献分别约为80%和40%,即去类脂组分对菲仍有较强的吸附能力,因此不能简单视为碳水化合物.     

基于jQuery框架的AJAX网站设计模式的研究

从AJAX技术出发,对实现AJAX技术常用框架ASP.NET AJAX、Dojo、DWR、Prototype、jQuery、YahooUser Interface进行讨论,重点介绍了其中较为优秀的jQuery框架,并用具体实例证明jQuery可以非常方便快捷的开发网站,并将WEB设计由原来的三层变为四层,即页面设计、前台逻辑设计、业务逻辑设计和数据库设计,它们之间相对独立,网站设计结构清晰、维护容易.图1,表1,参6.     

长沙对外贸易发展的现状及其对经济发展的影响

利用1998年到2006年长沙对外贸易的数据分析了长沙对外贸易发展的现状,结果表明长沙近几年对外贸易总体上呈不断增长趋势、贸易结构不断优化;同时对外贸易推动了长沙经济增长、技术进步、结构调整和竞争力的提升,但长沙对外贸易的规模偏小、增长速度偏低、对长沙经济增长的拉动作用小.长沙作为中部省会城市,其外贸发展情况必然带有整个中西部地区外贸的一些共性,对其他中部地区外贸研究具有一定参考价值.表2,参5.     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.