石家庄市PM2.5时空特征及其对土地利用变化的响应

针对石家庄市大气环境污染问题,基于PM2.5浓度空间分布数据和遥感数据,分析了石家庄市PM2.5时空变化特征和土地利用变化特征,并通过GIS空间分析、广义相加模型和地理加权回归分析等方法探究了PM2.5浓度变化对土地利用变化的响应,为石家庄市土地资源配置、大气环境污染治理与改善提供科学依据.结果表明,2000—2017...     

南京北郊一次重污染事件期间PM2.5理化特性及其对大气消光的影响

为了解南京地区重度污染下PM2.5污染特征及其对消光的影响,于2013年12月5日至12月15日在南京北郊进行了PM2.5采样分析,利用离子色谱分析了其中SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、Cl-、Na+、K+、Mg2+和Ca2+的含量,采用扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪(SMPS)测量细粒子的粒径谱分布,运用Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪对PM2.5中OC、EC进行了分析,同时采用三波长光声黑碳光度计(PASS-3)实时在线测量细粒子的吸收和散射系数,并同步获得了痕量气体SO2、NOxx浓度.结果表明,观测期间PM2.5平均浓度为161.8±51.2μg·m-3,主要的水溶性无机离子为SO42-、NO3-和NH4+;气溶胶在532 nm处平均吸收、散射系数分别为98.00±42.91 Mm-1、630.00±308.52 Mm-1.(NH4)2SO4和OM是南京北郊冬季大气气溶胶中的主要消光物质,积聚模态颗粒物体积浓度和表面积浓度与总消光系数呈较好的正相关,与能见度则呈明显的负相关.重度污染期间SOR、NOR平均值分别是轻度污染期间的1.26倍和1.81倍.除较低风速条件下污染物的物理积聚,较高的相对湿度条件下污染物的二次转化是造成此次重度污染的主要原因.     

PM2.5中多环芳烃的地球化学特征及健康风险—以呼和浩特市、包头市、巴彦淖尔市为例

细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的环境效应在很大程度上受控于其化学组分和丰度。本文以煤炭供能为主的资源依赖型城市呼和浩特市、包头市、巴彦淖尔市为研究对象,开展了不同季节不同大气环境质量条件下PM_2.5中多环芳烃（PAHs）的地球化学特征及其健康风险研究。结果表明,采暖季3个城市PM_2.5中的PAHs以Phe（10.00—14.74 ng·m⁻³）、Fla（8.00—15.33 ng·m⁻³）、Pyr（9.22—16.33ng·m⁻³）为主,非采暖季呼和浩特市和巴彦淖尔市以BkF（2.02—2.44 ng·m⁻³）、DBA（4.54—4.78 ng·m⁻³）为主,而包头则以Pyr（0.88 ng·m⁻³）、BbF（0.97 ng·m⁻³）、DBA（1.94 ng·m⁻³）、BPE（0.85 ng·m⁻³）为主;3个城市PM_2.5中PAHs的含量均具有采暖季高于非采暖季的季节性特征,采暖季PM_2.5中PAHs的昼夜变化特征表现为“夜晚>白天”;PM_2.5中PAHs的浓度则遵循“污染天>沙尘天>清洁天”的规律;采暖季PAHs的主导物种是4环PAHs,非采暖季PAHs的主导物种是5环PAHs。研究区3个城市采暖季PM_2.5中PAHs主要来源于煤炭燃烧、机动车尾气排放,非采暖季机动车尾气排放和工业源等则成为主导源;呼和浩特市和巴彦淖尔市非采暖季PAHs来自天然气燃烧和机动车尾气的混合源,而煤炭燃烧对包头非采暖季PAHs的贡献仍然重要,生物质燃烧源对巴彦淖尔市非采暖季PAHs影响显著;研究区PM_2.5中PAHs源谱既存在显著的季节差异,也存在因城市功能和发展而导致城市差异。研究区3个城市采暖季和非采暖季PM_2.5中PAHs经呼吸吸入途径对人体产生的致癌风险和非致癌风险均处于可接受水平。本研究对典型燃煤供能主导的城市大气PM_2.5中PAHs的环境地球化学行为效应研究具有重要的资料价值,也可为区域大气污染防治提供了一定科学依据.     

高山地区夏季大气PM2.5中元素的污染特征、生态风险及健康风险评估——以武当山为例

为了解华中高山地区夏季大气PM_2.5中元素的污染特征,于2018年6月在湖北省十堰市武当山国家空气质量监测站采集PM_2.5样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定样品中18种元素（Na、K、Ca、Mg、Al、Fe、V、Cr、Mo、Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni、As、Se、Cd、Ba和Pb）的浓度,并探讨了其来源、生态风险和健康风险. 结果表明,武当山PM_2.5的日均浓度范围为5.00—33.65 μg·m^-3,平均浓度为(16.84±7.07) μg·m^-3;元素K、Na、Fe、Ca、Al、Mg和Zn的浓度较高,7种元素占所分析元素的97.68%以上;富集因子结果表明,Mo、Zn、Pb、Cd和Se的EF值高于100,可能受周边人为活动排放污染物的区域或长距离传输影响;主成分-多元线性回归（PCA-MLR）结果表明,PM_2.5中元素主要来自于燃煤和机动车(57.57%)、工业源(22.52%)和地壳(19.91%);武当山PM_2.5重金属的生态风险指数极高,其中Cd、Se和Mo的潜在生态危害程度极强;健康风险评估显示,综合非致癌风险（HI）在儿童和成人中分别为2.28×10^-2和3.04×10^-2,均在可接受水平内,综合致癌风险（CRT）在儿童和成人中分别为4.45×10^-7和2.37×10^-6,说明成人存在潜在的致癌风险;Cr在成人中的致癌风险为1.88×10^-6,说明Cr在成人中存在潜在的致癌风险,同种金属对人体的非致癌风险和致癌风险均表现为成人>儿童.     

俄罗斯森林火灾对中国华北地区PM2.5的影响：以呼和浩特为例

利用地基观测、卫星遥感和MERRA-2等多源数据,结合特征比值法和潜在源分析等方法,对呼和浩特市2021年8月PM2.5浓度异常升高进行了分析。结果显示,俄罗斯雅库茨克市森林火灾排放的污染物远距离传输是呼和浩特市8月中上旬PM_2.5高值的主要来源,区域传输对PM_2.5的贡献约为59.1%。MERRA-2黑碳气溶胶柱浓度与MODIS卫星火点数量相关系数r=0.80,其作为森林火灾示踪物对火灾产生烟尘传输路径的分析具有较好的指示意义。除了呼和浩特市,内蒙古、东北三省的其他城市也受到传输的影响,影响程度自西向东呈减弱趋势。本次过程的两条主要传输通道为“俄罗斯—蒙古国—内蒙古”以及“俄罗斯—蒙古国北部—内蒙古东北部-东北地区西部”。本研究为采用多源数据探讨国外污染物远距离传输对中国的影响提供了一定的参考。     

城市化对绿地植物组成特征的影响——以深圳为例

随着对保护生物多样性与消除城市化过程不利影响的日益重视,城市森林结构功能和发展变化已经引起广泛关注。本文基于对深圳特区城市森林详细大量的样方调查,对城市森林植物科属种的成分和地理分布进行了研究。结果表明特区共有植物106科289属445种;其中大戟科、棕榈科、桑科、樟科、桃金娘科、蝶形花科、茜草科、山茶科、禾本科、含羞草科和木兰科11科的属种数占多数,共占101属182种,占总属数的34．95％和总种数的40．9％;在289属中,种数最多的是榕属（18种）,其次是冬青属（9种）,木槿属（6种）,蒲桃属（6种）和润楠属（6种）,共占总属数的1．73％,总种数的10．11％。特区种子植物可戈Ⅱ分为13个分布区类型和14个变型。深圳特区城市森林中的热带成分共有220属,357种,分别占特区植物区系地理成分的80％和83．2％,可以看出,特区较发达的经济水平和快速城市化过程并没有改变其强烈的热带性质。城市森林作为城市生态系统中具有自净功能的重要组分受到了城市化的强烈干扰,不仅表现在景观水平上的生境破碎化,更重要的是在小尺度的物种组成结构中有明显反映,为生物多样性保护和城市森林后期更新与维护带来问题。     

基于道路网络特征的建设用地扩张及其对林地景观的影响——以深圳市为例

道路作为景观廊道,与建设用地景观、林地景观之间存在着复杂的生态学联系。在道路网络迅猛扩展的同时,深圳市建设用地迅速扩张,并对林地景观产生了一定影响。基于土地利用变更调查数据,对1996-2008年快速城市化地区深圳市道路密度与建设用地扩张强度、道路密度与建设用地-林地边界动态的相互关系进行了研究。结果表明,建设用地规模与道路密度、建设用地扩张强度与道路拓展强度呈相关关系,道路网络对城市的社会经济发展有着重要的支撑能力。另一方面,研究期间深圳市林地退化严重,与建设用地接触的单个林地斑块的平均边界长度（林建边界长度）增加,建设用地-林地边界呈现出复杂化的趋势。林建边界长度与道路密度成相关关系,道路密度小于2.5 km.km-2时,道路密度越大,林建边界长度越大,建设用地景观和林地景观的生态学作用越剧烈。     

基于Voronoi图的农村居民点空间分布特征及其影响因素研究——以北京市昌平区为例

采用GIS查询统计与Voronoi图CV值相结合的分析方法,研究了地形、公路及河流等环境因素对北京市昌平区农村居民点空间分布特征的影响.结果表明:地形是影响农村居民点空间分布的主导因素,平原地区农村居民点用地比例较高,规模较大,密度较高;山区农村居民点用地比例较低,规模相对较小,密度也较低.公路交通是影响农村居民点空间分布的重要因素,91.19%的农村居民点分布在距离主要公路距离小于1 500 m的范围内;河流对农村居民点分布也有一定影响,距离河流越远,农村居民点密度越低.     

Environmental quality and its impact on the local economy: A case study from Dongguan,South China

Industries that pollute the environment developed in the early 1990s in Dongguan City, especially those in the middle and lower valley of the Dongjiang River (waterside area) have seriously affected water and air quality and hence have affected soil quality through polluted water irrigation and precipitation. Investigation of the economic growth and environmental pollution in the 32 township units in the City from 1990 to 2000 also reveals that environmental pollution has affected the history of the development of the towns or townships in the waterside region in the delta of the River Dongjiang, especially the towns near the river mouth, and has prevented their industry from upgrading and hence has slowed down their economic growth. The impact of environmental pollution on economic growth is most severe in the towns along the lower valley, or in down-wind regions. In contrast, economic development in the protected area of the upper valley of the waterside region indicates that environmental protection that strictly controls the discharge of pollutants does not restrict the development of the local economy.     

半干旱黄土区退耕还林十年植被恢复变化分析——以陕西吴起县为例

黄土高原退耕还林（草）政策实施已逾10 a,了解植被恢复变化状况及存在的问题,对于制定和完善生态环境治理方略具有重要意义。以吴起县为例,基于实地调查及遥感等数据,对退耕还林（草）以来植被覆盖度、主要植被类型变化及不同立地条件下植被恢复变化的差异进行了定量分析。结果表明：2000年至2009年,植被覆盖度大于30%的面积在全县总面积中的比例由不足1%上升至91.96%;其中缓坡立地类型上的乔灌林地类型面积增长最为显著,而阳向陡坡等恶劣生境下的植被恢复缓慢;有林地、灌木林地及疏林地均呈现规模增大趋势,属扩张状态;中覆盖度草地、低覆盖度草地、坡耕地及耕地呈现规模减少趋势,属缩减状态。     

Spectral characteristics of plant communities from salt marshes: A case study from Chongming Dongtan, Yangtze estuary, China

The spectral reflectance of recently formed salt marshes at the mouth of the Yangtze River, which are undergoing invasion by Spartina alterniflora, were assessed to determine the potential utility of remotely sensed data in assessing future invasion and changes in species composition. Following a review of published research on remote sensing of salt marshes, 53 locations along three transects were sampled for paired data on plant species composition and spectral reflectance using a FieldSpec? Pro JR Field Portable Spectroradiometer. Spectral data were processed concerning reflectance, and the averaged reflectance values for each sample were reanalysed to correspond to a 12-waveband bandset of the Compact Airborne Spectral Imager. The spectral data were summarised using principal components analysis (PCA) and the relationships between the vegetation composition, and the PCA axes of spectral data were examined. The first PCA axis of the reflectance data showed a strong correlation with variability in near infrared reflectance and ‘brightness’, while the second axis was correlated with visible reflectance and ‘greenness’. Total vegetation cover, vegetation height, and mudflat cover were all significantly related to the first axis. The implications of this in terms of the ability of remote sensing to distinguish the various salt marsh species and in particular the invasive species S. alterniflora were discussed. Major differences in species with various physiognomies could be recognised but problems occurred in separating early colonising S. alterniflora from other species at that stage. Further work using multi-seasonal hyperspectral data might assist in solving these problems.     

Particle size distributions, PM2.5 concentrations and water-soluble inorganic ions in different public indoor environments: a case study in Jinan, China

In this study, we collected particles with aerodynamic diameter ?2.5 μm (PM_2.5) from three different public indoor places (a supermarket, a commercial office, and a university dining hall) in Jinan, a medium-sized city located in northern China. Water-soluble inorganic ions of PM_2.5 and particle size distributions were also measured. Both indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 levels (102.3–143.8 μg·m^?3 and 160.2–301.3 μg·m^?3, respectively) were substantially higher than the value recommended by the World Health Organization (25 μg·m^?3), and outdoor sources were found to be the major contributors to indoor pollutants. Diurnal particle number size distributions were different, while the maximum volume concentrations all appeared to be approximately 300 nm in the three indoor locations. Concentrations of indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 were shown to exhibit the same variation trends for the supermarket and dining hall. For the office, PM_2.5 concentrations during nighttime were observed to decrease sharply. Among others, SO ₄ ^2? , NH ₄ ⁺ and NO ₃ ^? were found to be the dominant water-soluble ions of both indoor and outdoor particles. Concentrations of NO ₃ ^? in the supermarket and office during the daytime were observed to decrease sharply, which might be attributed to the fact that the indoor temperature was much higher than the outdoor temperature. In addition, domestic activities such as cleaning, water usage, cooking, and smoking also played roles in degraded indoor air quality. However, the results obtained here might be negatively impacted by the small number of samples and short sampling durations.     

Energy and Economic flow in homegardens in Subtropical Yunnan,SW China: A case study on Sanjia village

We studied the energy and economic flow of six types of homegardens in Sanjia village, SW China. Our study showed that the energy input of six types of homegardens averaged 99.11-175.65 x 10¹⁰J/ha, the energy output was 102.30-159.83 x 10¹⁰J/ha and the ratio of input/output ranged between 1:0.880-1:1.416. The ratios of input to output of home-gardens that prioritized cultivation of crops were higher than for homegardens that prioritized animal husbandry or other economic activities. The economic ratio of input/ output of six types of homegardens varied between 1:0.997-1:1.376 and the economic output ranged between 2480.0-10131.5 RMB/yr. We concluded that the homegarden systems of Sanjia village are high in the input and output of energy and cash flow, and can provide a basis for designing models of farm economy in rural subtropical areas.     

县域土壤资源管理与施肥决策信息系统的建立——以北京市平谷区为例

以作物推荐施肥模型为智能决策支撑,建立了基于地块的县域土壤资源管理与施肥决策信息系统。该系统采用C/S和B/S混合结构,采用Delphi开发语言和GIS组件技术,对GIS、数据库和模型进行耦合与集成,实现了土壤资源和决策信息查询、更新;养分资源管理决策与咨询;耕地质量评价;耕地环境质量预警等四个主要功能。系统在北京市平谷区得到应用和验证,应用表明该系统对于区域土壤资源信息高效管理、决策和面向公众的土壤信息服务具有重要意义。     

土地利用/覆被变化对土地生态系统有机碳库的影响——以吉林省通榆县为例

土地利用/覆被变化对陆地碳循环影响显著.文章基于实地采集的土壤、植物样品的测试数据和1989、2004两年8月陆地卫星TM遥感影像数据,采用生态系统类型法分析吉林省通榆县1989-2004年耕地、林地、草地、盐碱地、沙地等11 种地类之间土地利用变化对土地生态系统有机碳库的影响.计算结果表明1989-2004年通榆县土地生态系统有机碳库共损失了3.18 TgC(1Tg=106t),年均损失约为0.265 Tgc.其中,湿地、草地有机碳库分别损失5.54 TgC和3.71 TgC,盐碱地面积的增加导致有机碳库损失4.75 TgC.林地面积增加和沙地面积减少分别使有机碳库增加了4.58 TgC和3.75 TgC.研究区总体上为一个碳失汇,草地退化、湿地萎缩、土地沙化和盐碱化造成了有机碳库的碳损失,而植树造林、草地植被的恢复和重建等活动则可以显著增加土壤有机碳储量.该研究对于评估自然环境与人为活动影响下,特别是大规模土地整治与生态修复对土壤有机碳的增汇潜力和固碳效应的影响具有重要的理论意义和应用价值.     

城市生态安全水平的空间分异与动态转移特征——以广州市为例

生态安全已经成为国家安全的组成部分,成为区域、国家可持续发展研究的重要内容.基于作者完成的广州市生态安全综合评价数值分布图,文章采取等间距的分类方法,进行了生态安全景观的数量结构、不同类型之间的数量转移关系的研究,并从景观结构的三个方面选取景观指数,研究生态安全景观的格局特征.研究结果显示:生态安全评价指数的最低值的区域呈扩大趋势,增大幅度最大的时段是1990-1995年,空间上以中心城区为主;1990年,研究区生态安全面积百分比最大的区间是60-70,其余三个时间里,这个比值都变小,且发生偏移.最低值区间30～40的百分比值呈增大的趋势.1990-1995年各区间值以向相邻的低值区间转移为主,2000-2005年则基本相反,1995-2000的情况较复杂.景观指数研究结果结果是相互补充的,在1990-2000年间,生态安全景观的破碎度呈减少趋势,但是不同安全值的斑块分布均匀程度在1995年最高.但是,即使是在1995年,仍然有局部区域,某安全值段的斑块呈现出聚集态分布,表现为CONTAG值较高.     

人工封育区植物群落恢复演替系列种群生态位动态特征——以宁夏盐池为例

为了解干旱半干旱区草原植物生态位格局,运用Levins生态宽度指数及Pianka生态位重叠指数,对宁夏盐池人工封育草原3种不同措施下的植物生态位宽度及生态位重叠进行计量。结果表明:茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaries Thunb)和新疆猪毛菜(Salsola sinkiangensis A.J.Li)的生物、生态学特性决定了它在该区的优势地位,其生态位宽度远远高于其他物种,并且出现下降的趋势;生态位重叠结果均表明,生态位宽度大的物种不一定和其他物种有大的重叠值,较高的生态位宽度和较高的生态位重叠之间并不存在直接的线性关系;较高的Pianka生态位重叠值都出现在生态位宽度较小的物种之间。这一现象从另外一个角度说明植被恢复过程中环境资源存在着高度的空间异质性。     

An integrated assessment method of urban drainage system: A case study in Shenzhen City, China

In recent years, the urban drainage system in China is facing the dual pressure of renovation and construction. This requires that the integrated assessment for the planning and operation of the urban drainage system is obligatory. To evaluate the urban drainage system, an integrated assessment methodology based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), integrated simulation, and fuzzy assessment is established. This method is a multi-criteria decision adding app roach to the assessment of the urban drainage system comprehensively. Through the integration of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), a simple wastewater treatment plant model, and a surface water quality model, an integrated modelling system for the urban drainage system is developed and applied as a key tool for assessment. Using the established method, a case study in Shenzhen City has been implemented to evaluate and compare two urban drainage system reno vation plans, the distributed plan and the centralized plan. Because of the particularity of this case study, the established method is not applied entirely. Considering the water environ mental impact, ecological impact, technological feasibility, and economic cost, the integrated performance of the distri buted plan is better. As shown in this case study, the proposed method is found to be both effective and practical.