长三角区域背景地区SO2和NOx本底特征

本研究对代表长三角区域背景地区的临安大气本底站2006-2007年的SO2和NOx数据进行分析,结果表明,实验期间,SO2和NOx年均浓度均无明显差异;SO2,NOx季节变化特点和一些城市地区的研究结果一致,都是在冬季浓度较高,夏季浓度较低,不同的是,在邻近临安本底站的上海市,SO2与NO2最高月浓度与最低月浓度的比值小于临安区域本底站SO2与NOx最高月浓度与最低月浓度的比值,说明背景地区污染物浓度更容易受到气象条件变化的影响;SO2和NOx小时浓度日变化和城市地区的双峰双谷型分布形态不同,呈现出单谷型分布形态,午后的14点左右,SO2和NOx小时浓度达到24 h中的最低值,SO2和NOx分别在凌晨0点左右和晚上20点左右达到24 h中的最大值.     

龙凤山大气气溶胶散射特性观测分析

利用2018年龙凤山区域大气本底站(简称龙凤山站)气溶胶散射系数、PM₁₀质量浓度及常规气象观测资料,研究了东北本底地区气溶胶散射系数的变化特征.结果表明,2018年龙凤山站3个波长下气溶胶散射系数的均值为(194.1±202.4)Mm^-1(450 nm)、(133.4±139.2)Mm^-1(550 nm)、(81.8±85.3)Mm^-1(700 nm).龙凤山地区散射系数具有明显的日变化特征,且不同季节的日变化特征具有较大区别.龙凤山地区地处相对洁净的背景地区,气溶胶散射系数水平相对较低,春季受局地及长距离风沙的影响散射系数均值较高,冬季东北地区采暖燃烧排放量比较大,大气层相对稳定,不利于气溶胶污染物的扩散,冬季气溶胶散射系数最高.夏秋季受湿沉降与植被条件的影响气溶胶散射系数最低.散射系数与PM₁₀质量浓度相关性较好,相关系数r为0.82.龙凤山PM₁₀的质量散射效率为3.6 m²·g^-1(550 nm).2018年龙凤山PM₁₀气溶胶的散射Angstrom指数(SAE)平均值为1.96±0.25,表明在观测期间气溶胶主要是以较小的粒子主导,夏季的SAE最大,秋季的SAE最低,春季和冬季居中.     

山西省五台山区土壤氟元素的环境背景值及分布规律

对山西省五台山区垂直土壤主要土类的氟元素背景值进行了调查与分析，揭示了五台山区土壤氟元素区域背景的分布特征和变化趋势。结果表明：五台山区土壤氟背景值略高于我国平均水平，多数土壤Ｂ层含氟量最高。     

基于本底格局的鸭绿江口滨海湿地景观破碎化评价

在3S技术支持下构建了鸭绿江口滨海湿地景观本底格局,并以本底格局为参照,分别对1989年和2005年鸭绿江口滨海湿地景观破碎化过程进行了监测评价.结果表明:湿地本底格局可作为强度开发环境下湿地景观格局破碎化评价的参照依据.与本底格局相比,鸭绿江口湿地景观格局呈持续破碎化趋势,1989年和2005年湿地景观整体自然度分别为89.373%和86.691%.在不同自然湿地景观类型中,芦苇沼泽、滩涂和潮沟面积萎缩幅度较大,2005年其自然度分别为69.94%、71.49%和78.42%;各湿地类型的斑块密度都出现了不同程度的增大,其中芦苇沼泽和滩涂增大最明显,2005年斑块相对密度分别达18.507和6.879;滩涂斑块形状趋于复杂,2005年斑块相对形状指数为1.085,其他湿地类型斑块形状则持续简化;各时期不同自然湿地类型斑块聚集度指数均较高,反映出鸭绿江口各湿地类型多呈聚集分布的空间格局.     

临安本底站大气气溶胶水溶性离子浓度变化特征

为研究我国长江三角洲地区气溶胶污染的区域特征,2008年4月、7月、10月和2009年1月,在临安区域本底站利用安德森(Andersen)分级采样器进行了大气气溶胶采样,样品用离子色谱(IC)进行了分析.结果表明,临安区域本底站SO24-、NH4+、K+的浓度在粒径0.43—1.1μm出现峰值;Ca2+、Mg2+的浓度在粒径3.3—5.8μm出现峰值;NO3-、Cl-、Na+的浓度在粒径0.43—1.1μm和3.3—5.8μm出现峰值.气溶胶各个粒径段上的阳、阴离子电荷比均小于2.在降水过程个例分析中,降水之后临安区域本底站的总离子浓度增加了10.9μg·m-3;粒径分布除SO24-和K+有明显变化以外,其它离子没有明显变化.通过霾日和非霾日的浓度变化分析发现,细粒子中SO24-、NH4+的浓度的增加是造成霾天气的主要原因.     

《生态毒理学报》主编简介

<正>王子健,男,1953年10月出生,博士,研究员,博士生导师．1976年中国科技大学毕业后到中科院生态环境研究中心工作．1983-1985年在瑞士留学,从事水质污染化学规律研究;1987年在日本从事生物样品生理活性物质分析方法研究． 1992-2000年担任中科院生态环境研究中心环境水化学国家重点实验室副主任、主任,兼环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室学术委员会委员,国家863计划污染控制技术主题专家组副组长,国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部第二届咨询专家委员会委员,国际环境地球化学与健康学会亚太分会理事,全球环境基金专家库成员等．同时担任环境科学学报(副主编)、过程工程学报、环境化学、湿地研究、地球与环境、美国Environmental Science and Health(A)等杂志的编委．王子健领导的研究小组主要研究天然水体和水处理过程中的水质转化、相关毒性和毒理变化以及健康和生态风险．内容包括发展新的环境监测技术,离体和活体生物毒性测试方法,污染物水体多介质过程,水质安全性评价以及水污染的健康和生态风险的指标和方法．在开发新型生物模拟采样技术和生物毒性测试方法体系、生活饮用水和再生水的安全性评价、持久性有毒污染物污染及其生态与健康影响等方面取得了丰硕的成果,相当一部分成果得到推广应用．     

Induction of metamorphosis of two species of sea urchin from Sea of Japan

The induction of metamorphosis in mature larvae by selected chemical compounds and natural substrata was investigated in two species of sea urchins from the Sea of Japan, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Scaphechinus mirabilis. Glutamine in crystalline form was added directly to water containing mature larvae, and this compound, at a final concentration of 10 g ml^-1, was an inducer of metamorphosis in S. intermedius (100% activity) and S. mirabilis (50% activity). Gutamine, or its natural mimetic molecules, may be an active component of the exogenous cue that induces metamorphosis of S. intermedius larvae. This exogenous cue was produced by the epiphytic calcareous algae, Melobesia spp. that colonized the older sea grass Zostera marina. Glutamic acid was also used as an inducer of metamorphosis for S. intermedius and S. mirabilis larvae (50 to 60% activity), but it was toxic to the larvae.     

1株微小杆菌对4种蓝藻的生长影响

利用过滤的天然珍珠养殖水参照BG11配制加富培养液,将1株能促进鱼害微囊藻生长的微小杆菌属菌株(Exiguobacterium sp.013,简写为E.sp.013)进行纯化扩大培养后与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flosaquae)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)和惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)按一定菌、藻密度比例同时接种后进行为期24 d的培养试验,利用特定生长率和细胞密度等指标观察并检验E.sp.013菌株对4种蓝藻生长的影响,同时检测培养液中优势菌群的数量变化趋势.结果表明:E.sp.013菌对铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻具有显著促生长和延长稳定生长期作用,对平裂藻不具有显著促生长作用,但对延长其稳定生长期具有显著效果;试验培养过程中E.sp.013菌落数量占所有菌落总数的比例始终高于46％,处于绝对优势地位,表明E.sp.013菌具有调控其他菌群的能力.     

南京城市西部遗产廊道规划

南京城市西部历史时期是城市的重要边界,现在逐渐演变成老城与新区之间的核心地带,成为公共活动的重要地区,保护其自然、文化遗产和生态环境具有非常重要的意义。在对其现状调查分析的基础上,梳理遗产点的历史概况、现状及其分布情况,提出规划遗产廊道的意义,探讨规划的具体思路,为南京遗产保护提供了新的视角。     

Effects of contrasting modes of larval development on the genetic structures of populations of three species of prosobranch gastropods

 In south-eastern Australia, the prosobranch gastropods Morula marginalba (Blainville), Cominella lineolata (Lamarck) and Bedeva hanleyi (Angas) have similar fine-scale distributions, but appear to possess very different dispersal capabilities due to contrasting modes of larval development. M.marginalba produce planktonic larvae, whereas C. lineolata and B. hanleyi undergo direct development in benthic egg capsules and emerge as crawling juveniles. To test for possible effects of contrasting life histories on levels of genetic variation within and among populations, a survey was conducted of allozyme variation at six polymorphic loci in 8 to 9 local populations of each species. Collections of snails were made between June 1992 and November 1993. Sampling ranges spanned between 162 and 180 km of coast. Regardless of larval type, proportions of single-locus genotypes in each collection were consistent with the recruitment of offspring which had been generated through random mating. However, genotypic diversity was lower in those species that undergo direct development. Loci surveyed in C. lineolata and B. hanleyi were polymorphic (i.e. frequency of most common allele <95%) in fewer populations than those examined for M.␣marginalba (P <0.001) and, where polymorphisms occurred, also possessed significantly fewer alleles (P <0.001). Consequently, average levels of expected heterozygosity were greater in populations of M. marginalba than in those of either of the other species (P <0.001). Genetic variation among populations, expressed as the standardised variance in allele frequencies (F _ST ), was inversely related to expected larval dispersal capability. The nine collections of M. marginalba showed little overall differentiation (F _ST  = 0.017; P <0.001), reflecting the ability of planktonic larvae to interconnect local populations, and so limit divergence due to drift and natural selection. In contrast, there were high levels of allelic heterogeneity among the nine collections of C. lineolata (F _ST  = 0.523; P <0.001) and eight collections of B. hanleyi (F _ST  = 0.140; P <0.001). These data imply that for species which undergo direct development, local populations are effectively closed and evolve largely independent of one another. Received: 3 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 July 1996     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

Evaluation of adsorption potential of adsorbents: a case of uptake of cationic dyes

Adsorption potential of a commercial activated carbon (FS300) has been evaluated for the uptake of cationic dyes namely methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Though, there are numerous studies in literature which report the sorption of MB (more than 40 studies) and RB (more than 10), however none of these use a common parameter to report the capacity of the sorbent. A protocol, based on the equilibrium dye concentration has been proposed to measure the sorption potential of a sorbent. The Langmuir model can very well describe the experimental equilibrium data for both dyes (coefficient of correlation > 0.999). MB (Qm = 312.5 mg g(-1)) is more adsorbable than the RB (Qm = 144.9 mg g(-1)). Molecular weight and chemical structure of dye molecules seem to affect the dye uptake. The effect of pH on dye uptake has also been evaluated by varyingpH from 3 to 11. Uptake of MB increases with pH, wherein RB removal decreases with pH. Dyes could not be desorbed either by distilled water (0.06 and 0.11% for MB and RB respectively), or by 0.1 NHCl (0.136 and 3.0% for MB and RB respectively) indicating, chemical adsorption type of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

接种污泥源对厌氧氨氧化启动效能的影响

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)菌生长缓慢是影响其实际应用的主要问题之一,选取合适的接种污泥十分重要.本研究采用好氧污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧消化污泥3种接种污泥,分别经过61、70和85 d的运行均实现了厌氧氨氧化过程,氨氮去除率分别为82%、92%和91%,总氮去除率达76%、82%和80%.分别接种3种污泥源的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)R1、R2、1t3出水pH值最终稳定在8.4、8.5、8.5.好氧污泥呈絮状,但沉降性比接种前好,厌氧颗粒污泥解体后最终形成粒径集中在0.5～1.0 mm的污泥,厌氧消化污泥则呈沙化状态,有细小颗粒出现.根据厌氧氨氧化细胞产率系数及NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量之间的计量学关系,估算出厌氧氨氧化菌产率系数(以1 mol NH4+产生的CH2O0.5N0.15量计)分别为0.080、0.105和0.114 mol·mol-1,说明反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌有不同程度的衰减.总体而言,厌氧颗粒污泥是富集厌氧氨氧化菌的最适污泥源.