重庆市万州区乡村综合发展水平评价及障碍度分析

当前,我国正处于脱贫攻坚、实现全面小康的关键时期,农村全面发展已成为政府和学界的关注重点。选择国家级贫困县重庆市万州区作为研究对象,从经济发展、社会发展、农业发展、生态环境四个方面构建乡村综合发展水平评价指标体系,基于熵权法和障碍度模型评价万州区乡村综合发展水平动态变化特征,揭示乡村综合发展的主要障碍因子,并得出结论。针对万州区乡村发展的主要障碍因子,提出了进一步促进乡村发展的对策。     

基于IPA分析的乡村旅游餐饮服务满意度评价实证研究——以陕西袁家村为例

乡村美食是乡村旅游的重要组成部分和关键驱动力,在当前全国范围内普遍存在严重同质化竞争的形势下,如何提升游客餐饮服务满意度是发展乡村旅游的一项刻不容缓的艰巨任务。本文在对影响乡村旅游餐饮满意度各因素分析的基础上,构建了乡村旅游餐饮服务满意度3层6要素34项指标支撑的评价体系,利用该体系,并以陕西袁家村为例,结合随机抽样问卷调查并利用IPA分析方法,通过构建IPA指数与IPA矩阵对袁家村餐饮服务的34项指标进行了全面分析与归类。最后,从优势保持、重点关注两个重要方面对提升袁家村餐饮服务满意度给出了具体对策建议。该研究为乡村旅游餐饮服务游客满意度评价提供了方法,为乡村旅游餐饮服务品质提升提供了理论依据和决策参考。     

黄河三角洲县域经济韧性时空演变及障碍度研究

识别黄河三角洲县域的经济韧性水平及其障碍性因素,有利于推动县域高质量发展。以黄河三角洲县域为研究对象,运用DPSIR模型与双向评价指标体系法构建经济韧性动态双向评价指标体系,通过熵权法、Dagum基尼系数、探索性空间数据分析法、障碍度模型探究2011—2020年黄河三角洲县域经济韧性的时空分异特征与障碍因素。结果表明：(1)2011—2017年县域整体的经济韧性呈现波动上升趋势,2018—2020年呈现先下降后上升趋势;(2)各县域单元的经济韧性呈上升趋势,经济韧性差距逐渐扩大,韧性得分排名变化不明显;(3)经济韧性空间分布没有显著差异,经济韧性从随机分布转向空间集聚,西北部韧性水平整体低于东南部韧性水平,各时点韧性均值主要处于中等韧性;(4)经济韧性基尼系数均在0.2以下,区域内经济状况高度平均;经济韧性差异的来源,首先是组间差异,其次是超变密度差异,最后是组内差异;(5)各组经济韧性的主要障碍因子相似,集中在资源水平、贫富差距、技术进步、消费潜力准则层。     

双创视角下数字普惠金融对农业经济韧性的影响研究——兼议传统金融竞争的门槛效应

数字普惠金融为农业经济韧性水平提升指明新的方向,对保障农业现代化、实现乡村振兴具有重要意义。基于2011—2021年中国31个省份面板数据,构建农业经济韧性综合水平指数,利用面板回归模型,探究数字普惠金融对农业经济韧性的影响及作用机制。结果表明:数字普惠金融能显著增强农业经济韧性;分维度看,覆盖广度对农业经济韧性的促进作用最大,使用深度次之,数字化程度最小;分区域看,数字普惠金融对东部地区农业经济韧性的推动作用优于中西部地区;数字普惠金融能通过促进农村创新、创业提升农业经济韧性水平;传统金融竞争在数字普惠金融促进农业经济韧性水平提升中存在门槛作用,传统金融竞争越激烈,对农业经济韧性水平的提升作用越强。未来应大力发展数字普惠金融,因地制宜协调数字普惠金融发展,提高农村地区创新、创业活力,引导传统金融良性竞争。     

未来中国推进韧性城市规划与建设的几点思考

韧性城市规划与建设是新型城镇化发展的内在体现,是国家构建新发展格局、适应当前城市化战略转型、解决城市面临各种复杂问题与挑战,实现城市高质量发展的重要途径。本文在梳理归纳韧性与韧性城市概念演化脉络基础上,对国内外韧性城市规划与建设现状以及存在的问题进行分析与探讨,并提出未来中国推进韧性城市规划与建设需要重点应对的几方面问题,主要包括：(1)中国城市进入风险多发期,韧性城市规划与建设需要高度重视;(2)完善韧性城市综合认知体系,并加强多源数据与跨学科方法的集成运用;(3)韧性城市规划与建设需要融入当前都市圈、城市群发展的大趋势;(4)韧性城市规划与建设需要体现地方特色,使韧性本身更具韧性;(5)加强城市基础设施建设,确保城市安全,这也是韧性城市建设的应有之义;(6)市民意识形态的高度认同是韧性城市建设不可忽视的重要因素。通过以上的几点思考以期为相关部门提供有价值的参考建议。     

基于类型的乡村旅游竞争力研究

如何打造、评价和提升乡村旅游竞争力是现阶段乡村旅游发展的核心问题之一。纵观国内外旅游竞争力和乡村旅游研究的相关文献发现,乡村旅游竞争力研究十分薄弱。以乡村旅游地为对象,提出城市、交通、风景区、资源型乡村旅游地4种不同类型的划分方法,在分析4种不同类型乡村旅游地特点的基础上,构建了城市依托型和交通依托型较宜适用的层次分析法（AHP）模型,景区依托型和资源依托型则较宜适用的“资源-市场”组合矩阵评价模型,以期为乡村旅游竞争力的打造和提升,为乡村旅游竞争力的理论研究和实践发展提供依据。     

川西北地区乡村生态人居环境质量评价与优化研究

乡村生态人居环境建设是实施乡村振兴战略的重要内容之一，而推动乡村生态人居环境建设，需要准确把握乡村当前生态人居环境建设的质量水平，并依据质量水平和存在的问题或不足提出针对性的优化建议。本文结合川西北地区乡村区域特色和实际情况，运用理论分析和专家咨询相结合的方法，构建由自然环境、社会生态、经济支撑3个子系统16个具体指标组成的乡村生态人居环境指标体系，运用AHP层次分析法对典型乡村生态人居环境进行评价，根据重点生态功能限制区特点和生态人居环境安全确定乡村生态人居环境建设的关键。在分析川西北地区乡村人居环境生态安全形势的基础上，提出了加强乡村生态人居环境保护、保护乡村生物多样性、乡村产业生态化发展等针对性的优化建议，认为政府的主体作用是当前及今后一段时间保障川西北地区乡村生态人居环境健康发展的关键，而实现川西北地区乡村生态人居环境可持续发展需要切实发挥群众的主体作用。     

城市雨洪韧性评价及应对策略研究——以上海市静安区为例

全球气候变化加剧,同时城市快速发展建设,不透水下垫面增加,导致城市内涝灾害严重,对城市发展造成了严重影响。以上海市静安区为例,基于气象数据、水文数据、地形数据,运用SCS模型和ArcGIS空间分析工具,从雨洪廊道的分析与模拟、雨洪淹没区的范围定位和积水深度确定以及河流水域的安全缓冲区分析3个方面构建上海市静安区雨洪韧性体系,研究雨洪灾害对上海市静安区的影响,选取4个典型积水点,利用AHP-FCE综合评价模型进行雨洪韧性评价。在微观层次的积水点方面,针对性地提出具体空间类型的雨洪韧性设计策略,将静安区城市公共空间建设更新与城市内涝的可持续应对措施有效结合,为应对城市内涝问题提供研究基础。     

中国乡村记忆工程平台设计及应用创新

正传统乡村文化是中华传统文化的重要组成部分,在当前中国工业化和城市化进程中,乡村文化正逐渐消失。本文以中小学为平台,进行了顶层设计及创新应用中国乡村记忆特色的研究。当前,我国关于乡村记忆实施比较多的是传统村落的保护、旅游项目的开发、档案馆与民俗博物馆的建设、民俗文化与工艺传承人的认定等,这些研究多侧重于文艺小说与散文的创作、乡村记忆个案的研究与分析等,主要是从物质、文学层面展开实施与研究。如何通过影响国人尤其是我们后代人的教育开展乡村记忆建设,目前的研     

基于知识图谱的旅游危机研究可视化分析

以CNKI数据库中有关旅游危机研究的166篇文献数据为研究样本,借助CiteSpace软件,从论文发表趋势、文献作者、发文机构和研究热点演进等方面展现旅游危机研究概况。当前关于旅游危机的研究主要集中在危机事件的影响、风险认知、危机评价评估等方面。在此基础上,构建了“研究视角—引致因素—作用过程—影响效应—响应过程”旅游危机整合研究框架。最后,从旅游产业和企业韧性的影响因素、旅游危机的响应和旅游危机的恢复方法3个方面指出后续的研究方向。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Rehabilitation and Flood Management Planning in a Steep,Boulder-Bedded Stream

This study demonstrates the integration of rehabilitation and flood management planning in a steep, boulder-bedded stream in a coastal urban catchment on the South Island of New Zealand. The Water of Leith, the primary stream flowing through the city of Dunedin, is used as a case study. The catchment is steep, with a short time of concentration and rapid hydrologic response, and the lower stream reaches are highly channelized with floodplain encroachment, a high potential for debris flows, significant flood risks, and severely degraded aquatic habitat. Because the objectives for rehabilitation and flood management in urban catchments are often conflicting, a number of types of analyses at both the catchment and the reach scales and careful planning with stakeholder consultation were needed for successful rehabilitation efforts. This included modeling and analysis of catchment hydrology, fluvial geomorphologic assessment, analysis of water quality and aquatic ecology, hydraulic modeling and flood risk evaluation, detailed feasibility studies, and preliminary design to optimize multiple rehabilitation and flood management objectives. The study showed that all of these analyses were needed for integrated rehabilitation and flood management and that some incremental improvements in stream ecological health, aesthetics, and public recreational opportunities could be achieved in this challenging environment. These methods should be considered in a range of types of stream rehabilitation projects.     

AN INDEX FOR MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WITH AN APPLICATION1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a statistically valid index for measuring the performance of irrigation systems. The index is applied to a sample of 39 farms on a watercourse under the warabandi system of irrigation management in India. It is found that while the farmers in fact irrigated almost exactly the total amount of irrigated area as designed, inter-farm variations were considerable. The index shows that the degree of error of managerial effectiveness of irrigation on this watercourse is 20 percent. Therefore it is concluded that the system is performing at 80 percent effectiveness.     

WATER LOSS EQUATIONS AND COEFFICIENTS TO ESTIMATE RUNOFF FROM RAINFALL1

Infiltration models are based on physical characteristics of the soil and initial soil moisture. For a given soil it is based on the initial soil moisture distribution. A computer simulation model for flood runoff systems (FH-Model) was used to analyze 39 sets of rainfall-runoff data on four small watersheds ranging in size from 17 to 342 square kilometers located in the Yamaska River basin in Quebec. From these analyses, parameters and coefficients have been determined for a water loss (infiltration) equation. A method for determining the loss parameters, using a nonlinear least square curve fitting technique, is presented. Expressions were made to relate the loss parameters to antecedent precipitation. The equations were tested on 11 storm rainfall and runoff events on a watershed located in the same region and close agreements were found.     

Vegetation dynamics in impounded marshes along the Indian River Lagoon,Florida, USA

Data are presented on the vegetation dynamics of two impounded marshes along the Indian River Lagoon, in east-central Florida, USA. Vegetation in one of the marshes (IRC 12) was totally eliminated by overflooding and by hypersaline conditions (salinities over 100 ppt) that developed there in 1979 after the culvert connecting the marsh with the lagoon was closed. Over 20% recovery of the herbaceous halophytesSalicornia virginica, S. bigelovii, andBatis maritima was observed at that site after the culvert was reopened in 1982, but total cover in the marsh remains well below the original 75%. No recovery of mangroves was observed at this site. The second site (SLC 24), while remaining isolated from the lagoon during much of the study, did not suffer the complete elimination of vegetation experienced at the first site. At this location, mangroves increased in cover and frequency with a concomitant decrease in herbaceous halophytes. Considerable damage to the vegetation was evident at IRC 12 when the impoundment was closed and flooded for mosquito control in 1986. Although the damage was temporary, its occurrence emphasizes the need of planning and constant monitoring and adjustment of management details as conditions within particular marshes change. Storms and hurricanes may be important in promoting a replacement of black mangroves by red mangroves in closed impoundments because the former cannot tolerate pneumatophore submergence for long periods of time. University of Florida-IFAS Journal Series R-00521.