太原市不同功能区环境空气中挥发性有机物特征与来源解析

采集太原市3个不同功能区夏季和冬季环境空气样品,使用色谱-质谱仪测定挥发性有机物(VOCs)的组成,分析VOCs浓度变化和日变化特征,计算臭氧生成潜势(OFP),利用特征比值法和正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)研究环境空气中VOCs的来源.结果表明,观测期间太原市环境空气中VOC总浓度变化范围为(36.27—210.67)μg·m~(-3),夏季和冬季VOCs化合物平均质量浓度为49.73μg·m~(-3)和205.19μg·m~(-3),冬季环境空气中VOCs浓度是夏季VOCs的4.13倍;VOCs日变化受到机动车排放和光化学反应显著影响,且夏季影响大于冬季;夏季OFP最大的物种为烯烃类化合物,冬季OFP最大的物种为芳香烃类化合物.太原市环境空气中VOCs主要包括五类污染源,分别为燃煤源28.10%、机动车源27.41%、挥发源22.90%、液化石油/天然气源14.90%和植物源6.69%;不同功能区主要污染源存在差异,太原市夏季工业交通区最主要排放源为燃煤源,居民商业混合区和居民交通区受燃煤源和机动车排放源共同影响,冬季太原市燃煤源是环境空气中VOCs的最主要污染源.     

泰安市大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

2018年夏季对泰安市城区站点的挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行监测,研究了其污染特征、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和特征污染物比值,利用PMF源解析模型对VOCs的来源进行了解析.结果 表明,观测期间泰安市VOCs体积分数平均值为(16.57±7.99)× 10-9,VOCs中浓度占比最高的为OVOCs(41.9％),其次为烷...     

嘉兴市秋季臭氧浓度变化特征及前体物VOCs的来源解析

利用2022年9月嘉兴市光化学站小时分辨率的挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)和臭氧(O₃)数据,分析了O₃和VOCs的污染特征;采用基于观察数据的(observation-based model,OBM)模型,分析嘉兴市O₃敏感性;并通过正定矩阵因子分析(positive matrix factorization,PMF)模型进行了环境VOCs来源解析研究。结果表明：高温(28.8～33℃)、低湿(69%～74%)、小风(1.4～2.0 m/s)等不利的气象条件有利于O₃浓度升高。嘉兴市VOCs组分含量烷烃(6.7×10^-9)>芳香烃(5.0×10^-9)>烯烃(1.7×10^-9)>炔烃(0.6×10^-9),臭氧生成潜势(ozone formation potential,OFP)芳香烃(74.0μg/m³)>烯烃(19.8...     

香港大气中有毒挥发性有机物研究

用吸附／热脱除－ＧＣ＝／ＭＳ方法研究了香港不同功能区大气中挥发笥有机物的组成。分析结果表明,香港大气中存在６０多种ＶＯＣＳ,其主要成分是苯系物,烷烃和卤代烃。在检出物中有１７种是有毒挥发性有机物,其主要成分是苯系物和氯代烃。其中氯仿,苯,甲苯,四氯乙烯,三氯乙烯和１,２－二氯乙烷是含量最高的组分。     

空气清新剂中挥发性有机物的组成及其对室内空气质量的潜在影响

研究调查了广州市各大型超市销售的14个品牌,15种不同香型,共26个盒装空气清新剂中挥发性有机物（VOCs）的成分.通过顶空GC-MS分析获得的结果可以看出各个空气清新剂的成分组成差别较大,即使是相同香型的产品,其中的化合物种类和百分比浓度都不尽相同.定性出94种化合物,包括烯烃18种,醇类15种,醛类14种,酮类4种,醚类5种,酚类1种,酯类25种及其它化合物12种,其中萜类化合物约占总化合物数量的40%.β-月桂烯、罗勒烯、苧烯、苯乙醇、乙酸苄酯、β-蒎烯、β-水芹烯、伞花烃、1-甲基-4-（1-甲基乙烯基）苯、里拉醇等化合物在各种清新剂中出现频率为100%.空气清新剂中萜类化合物与臭氧反应,可生成二次有机气溶胶,对室内空气质量造成影响.     

安庆市城区春季挥发性有机物组成特征及大气反应活性

本研究基于2019年5月在安庆市城区离线采集大气中VOCs样品获取的监测结果,分析了安庆市城区大气中VOCs的污染特征、化学反应活性及与二次气溶胶生成之间的关系.结果 表明,2019年5月安庆市城区大气VOCs日均体积分数范围为18.56×10-9-25.05x10-9,均值为22.53×10-9,烷烃、烯烃、炔烃和芳...     

长治市秋冬季PM2.5组分特征及来源解析

采集了2017—2018年秋冬季长治市审计局站、监测站、清华站等3个监测站点的大气PM_(2.5)样品,分析了其元素、水溶性离子及碳质组分特征,并利用化学质量平衡模型(CMB)对PM_(2.5)进行来源解析.结果表明,采样期间长治市PM_(2.5)浓度为67.9μg·m~(-3),其中审计局站PM_(2.5)浓度最高(70.6μg·m~(-3)),其次为监测站(70.0μg·m~(-3))和清华站(63.0μg·m~(-3));二次无机离子(SO_4~(2-)、NO~-_3、NH~+_4)平均浓度(20.7μg·m~(-3))占PM_(2.5)浓度的30.5%,与大量排放到大气中的SO_2、NO_2二次生成有关;OC(12.6μg·m~(-3))和EC(6.6μg·m~(-3))分别占PM_(2.5)的18.6%和9.7%;OC/EC为2.06,且SOC(5.9μg·m~(-3))在OC中占比高达63.1%,表明长治市秋冬季二次污染较重;典型地壳元素Si和Ca占元素组分平均浓度的29.8%和22.8%,说明扬尘污染对长治市PM_(2.5)的有一定影响;源解析结果表明,长治市秋冬季PM_(2.5)主要来源为:机动车源17.0%、燃煤源16.5%、扬尘源14.6%、二次硝酸盐13.9%、二次硫酸盐11.0%、二次有机气溶胶10.8%、工艺过程源9.3%、生物质燃烧源1.9%、其他源5.0%.因此,为进一步降低长治市环境空气中PM_(2.5)的污染,需在加强管控机动车,燃煤和扬尘等一次排放源的基础上,降低一次污染物SO_2、NO_2等的排放,从而实现对二次污染源前体物的控制.     

地下停车场内挥发性有机物变化特征、来源及人体健康风险评估:以北京市某一地下停车场为例

采集北京市某一地下停车场内环境空气样品,利用气相色谱-质谱/氢火焰离子化检测器(GCMSD/FID)测定了挥发性有机物(VOCs)的组成,分析其浓度特征、组分特征和影响因素,运用特征物种比值法和正定矩阵因子分析模型(PMF)解析VOCs来源,采用健康风险评估模型定量评估部分VOCs的健康风险.结果表明,地下停车场内VOCs平均浓度为514.16μg·m^-3,其中烷烃占比最大(43.76%),其次是芳香烃(28.89%)、烯烃(10.97%).影响停车场内VOCs浓度的主要因素包括机动车运行工况、机动车进出车次及扩散条件.冷启动工况、较多的出入车次和不利的扩散条件会导致VOCs浓度显著上升.苯/乙苯和苯/甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)的均值分别为1.5和0.8,表明机动车尾气和汽油挥发是地下停车场内VOCs的主要来源. PMF解析结果表明地下停车场内VOCs的首要来源为机动车尾气源(44.58%),汽油挥发源和汽车内饰挥发源分别贡献24.56%和9.18%.其中,汽油挥发源在08:00—10:00时段贡献最大,机动车尾气源在16:00—18:00时段贡献最大.健康风险评估...     

Chemical speciation and anthropogenic sources of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during summer in Beijing, 2004

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at six sites in Beijing in August, 2004. Up to 148 VOC species, including C₃ to C₁₂ alkanes, C₃ to C₁₁ alkenes, C₆ to C₁₂ aromatics, and halogenated hydrocarbons, were quantified. Although the concentrations differed at the sites, the chemical compositions were similar, except for the Tongzhou site where aromatics were significantly high in the air. Based on the source profiles measured from previous studies, the source apportionment of ambient VOCs was preformed by deploying the chemical mass balance (CMB) model. The results show that urban VOCs are predominant from mobile source emissions, which contribute more than 50% of the VOCs (in mass concentrations) to ambient air at most sites. Other important sources are gasoline evaporation, painting, and solvents. The exception is at the Tongzhou site where vehicle exhaust, painting, and solvents have about equal contribution, around 35% of the ambient VOC concentration. As the receptor model is not valid for deriving the sources of reactive species, such as isoprene and 1,3-butadiene, other methodologies need to be further explored.     

银川都市圈大气挥发性有机物的污染特征及臭氧生成潜势初步分析

2019年6月和8月在宁夏回族自治区银川市及周边6个点位进行了环境空气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的观测研究.利用苏码罐采样-三级冷阱预浓缩-GC-MS/FID技术测定环境空气样品中56种挥发性有机物组分;分析该地区环境空气中挥发性有机物的污染特征和来源,计算各组分臭氧和二次有机气溶胶的生成潜势.结果表明,工业区、商业/交...     

Screening the emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in China by multi-effects evaluation

We develop a multi-effect evaluation method to assess integrated impact of VOCs. Enable policy-makers to identify important emission sources, regions, and key species. Solvent usage and industrial process are the most important anthropogenic sources. Styrene, toluene, ethylene, benzene, and m/p-xylene are key species to be cut. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play important roles in the atmosphere via three main pathways: photochemical ozone formation, secondary organic aerosol production, and direct toxicity to humans. Few studies have integrated these effects to prioritize control measures for VOCs sources. In this study, we developed a multi-effects evaluation methodology based on updated emission inventories and source profiles, by combining the ozone formation potential (OFP), secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP), and VOC toxicity data. We derived species-specific emission inventories for 152 sources. The OFPs, SOAPs, and toxicity of each source were estimated, the contribution and sharing of source to each of these adverse effects were calculated. Weightings were given to the three adverse effects by expert scoring, and then the integrated effect was determined. Taking 2012 as the base year, solvent use and industrial process were found to be the most important anthropogenic sources, accounting for 24.2% and 23.1% of the integrated effect, respectively, followed by biomass burning, transportation, and fossil fuel combustion, each had a similar contribution ranging from 16.7% to 18.6%. The top five industrial sources, including plastic products, rubber products, chemical fiber products, the chemical industry, and oil refining, accounted for nearly 70.0% of industrial emissions. Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Guangdong were the five provinces contributing the largest integrated effects. For the VOC species from emissions showed the largest contributions were styrene, toluene, ethylene, benzene, and m/p-xylene.     

水体中挥发性有机物分析方法研究进展

本文主要对水中挥发性有机物分析的研究进展做了较全面的介绍,简述了近年来样品的采集与保存技术、前处理方法及分析测试技术.对采集后的样品进行前处理的方法主要有吹扫捕集法、顶空固相微萃取法、液相微萃取法、动态针捕集阱等;分析测试技术主要有气相色谱法、气相色谱质谱法、质子转移反应质谱法等,对比了每种方法的优缺点,并展望未来分析检测技术的发展方向,为准确快速测定水中挥发性有机物提供参考.     

Determination of volatile organic sulfur compounds in contaminated groundwater

A practical method for the quantification of total purgeable organic sulfur (POS) in highly contaminated groundwater is described. Volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSC) are purged from the water samples by a stream of oxygen and combusted. The emerging sulfur dioxide is absorbed in H₂O₂ and converted to sulfate which is quantified by ion chromatography and reported as mass sulfur equivalent. The overall limit of quantification is 0.03 mg l⁻¹. The content of POS is balanced with the total VOSC determined by GC-AED after liquid–liquid extraction. Separate determination of the non-volatile organic sulfur compounds by direct combustion of the water sample and adsorption to charcoal yielded a mass balance of the total sulfur content. Semi-quantitative GC-MS after purge & trap accumulation revealed that the VOSC mixture is composed of C₁–C₄ alkyl sulfides. The implementation of the developed methodology for the quantification of VOSC as potential catalyst poison in a cleaning plant for groundwater contaminated with volatile haloorganics (VOX) is presented.     

污泥好氧发酵过程中挥发性有机物（VOCs）污染风险研究

污泥好氧堆肥发酵过程所产生的可挥发性有机物已经成为重要的二次污染物,采用气质联用（GC/MS）的方法分析了郑州某污泥处置厂发酵车间不同位置的挥发性有机物（VOCs）组分。结果表明：污泥堆肥过程可检测出的VOCs共有19种,主要致臭组分是甲硫醇、二甲二硫醚、甲硫醚,它们在所有采气点中的质量浓度均高于检知嗅阈值,对人类嗅觉具有较大危害;总挥发性有机物（TVOC）的质量浓度由堆体内部产生时的47.2 mg·m-3,降为车间工人活动处的1.73 mg·m-3,迁移过程中总浓度减少了96.3%;利用最大增量反应活性法研究VOCs的反应活性和对近地层臭氧的生成潜势影响,VOCs组分中烷烃、芳香烃、酮类、烯烃类的最大臭氧生成潜势值依次增加,其中,最大臭氧生成潜势值（OFP）贡献量最高的组分为1-丁烯和丙烯,OFP分别达到了947.70μg·m-3和875.67μg·m-3,存在大气污染风险。通过主要VOCs组分间的相关性分析,发现甲硫醇宜作为评估VOCs排放情况的指示气体,其在工人活动处的质量浓度为0.04 mg·m-3,远低于GBZ 2—2002《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值》所规定的2.5 mg·m-3限量值。     

厦门市隧道中挥发性有机物污染研究

选择厦门市典型的7个隧道,采用三段预浓缩和气相色谱-质谱联用方法,对隧道口和隧道内空气中的VOCs进行了分析研究。结果表明：隧道内VOCs污染一般比隧道口严重,而当隧道口受到周围VOCs污染的影响时,将导致隧道口VOCs污染比隧道内严重;甲苯、乙醇、对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯为本研究主要的活性组分,甲苯对隧道空气的光化学活性贡献最大;BTEX分析显示,除汽车尾气外,其它源也会对隧道内苯系物的污染有较大的影响;对隧道内和隧道口VOCs相关性分析发现,1,3-丁二烯、丙烯醛、二氯甲烷、正己烷、1,1-二氯乙烷、4-乙基甲苯、氟利昂-12、一氯甲烷的相关性较好,表明在隧道内和隧道口这些物质具有相同的来源。     

Characteristics of major volatile organic hazardous air pollutants in the urban air of Kaohsiung city

The concentrations and characteristics of volatile organic hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in the urban city of Kaohsiung from motor vehicles and dense pollutant sources has become a national concern. To continuously monitor volatile organic HAPs, sampling sites were selected near the four air-quality monitoring stations established by Ethe nvironmental Protection Administration of Taiwan ROC, namely Nan-tz, Tso-ying, San-min and Hsiao-kang, from north to south. An on-site automated online monitor of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was used for continuous monitoring. This study performed two consecutive days of 24-h monitoring of five volatile organic HAPs form August to October 2005 at the four monitoring sites, which cover the northern, central, and southern areas of Kaohsiung city. The average monitored concentration was 2.78–4.84 ppb for benzene, 5.90–9.66 ppb for toluene, 3.62–5.90 ppb for ethylbenzene, 3.73–5.34 ppb for m,p-xylene, 3.38–4.22 ppb for o-xylene, and 4.48–7.00 ppb for styrene. The average monitored concentrations of the major volatile organic HAPs tended to follow the pattern San-min > Nan-tz > Hsiao-kang > Tso-ying. Among all the species monitored in this study, toluene had the highest ambient concentration, followed by styrene, m,p-xylene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, and benzene. The results showed that the concentration at night was higher than that in the day for toluene at Nan-tz, San-min, Hsiao-kang, and for benzene at Nan-tz and Hsiao-kang.