青藏高原天山报春高寒湿地种群的花期资源分配

研究了青藏高原东部海北高寒湿地植物天山报春的花期资源分配.有性繁殖的天山报春根系投资较低(22.6%),地上投资大约是地下投资的4倍,花期繁殖投资占20.8%,具有相对较大的地上投资.天山报春对繁殖、茎叶和根系的绝对投资和相对投资均具有极为明显的个体效应,绝对投资和茎叶的相对投资均随着个体大小线性增加,而繁殖和根系的相对投资线性降低.天山报春各器官间资源的绝对投资均表现为相关生长,相对资源分配均为负相关,在繁殖和营养、繁殖和根系以及繁殖和茎叶器官间都表现为权衡关系,但在茎叶和根系间不为权衡关系.和资源分配一致,天山报春的繁殖适合度存在明显的个体大小依赖性.结合影响植物资源分配的各因素,探讨了个体效应在解释资源分配中的重要意义.     

近20年天津地区植被变化及其对气候变化的响应

植被与气候变化的相互关系在全球或区域尺度上得到了证明.研究特定地区植被动态变化及其与气候变化的关系,找出影响植被变化的     

外源Cd对小白菜吸收与分配Cd、Zn的影响

采用盆栽试验研究外加Cd处理下红沙泥田和乌栅土中小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)[四月慢(SYM)和高梗白(GGB)]对Cd、Zn的吸收与分配规律.结果表明:(1)小白菜对Cd、Zn的吸收积累受土壤类型、蔬菜品种和外源Cd剂量的影响,四月慢吸收Cd能力比高梗白强,外加Cd处理、土壤、品种间的正交互作用使小白菜植株Cd/Zn比值提高;(2)小白菜食用部位Cd/Zn比值并不服从于植株对Cd、Zn的总吸收量之比,而是取决于其在根和地上食用部位中的分配,Cd的地上部分配系数为56.3%～71.1%,而Zn则为77.6%～80.6%.在一定Cd处理水平下,地上部Cd分配系数下降,而Zn分配系数无明显变化,从而减缓了Cd/Zn比值升高的趋势,使小白菜地上部受Cd毒害的风险性降低;(3)2种小白菜对Cd和Zn的吸收动态随生长时间不同而异,Cd积累量随时间延长呈不断增加趋势,而对Zn的吸收积累能力自苗期后缓慢降低.这种差异使小白菜生长后期Cd/Zn比值升高,从而提高了小白菜Cd暴露的潜在风险.此现象在红壤加Cd处理下表现尤其明显.     

非生物胁迫诱导青蒿素生物合成基因的表达

对离体培养青蒿试管苗中3个青蒿素合成相关基因的非生物胁迫诱导表达模式进行了初步研究.半定量RT-PCR测定结果表明,当暴露于冷、热和紫外光后,青篙植株的紫穗槐-4,11-二烯合酶基因(ADS)和细胞色素P450单加氧酶基因(CYP71AV1)转录上调;相反,在未经胁迫处理的情况下,ADS和CYP71AV1基因的表达水平较低,而在胁迫处理前后细胞色素P450还原酶基因(CPR)转录所产生的mRNA均保持恒定.同时,冷胁迫的诱导效果也得到实时荧光定量RT-PCR测定数据的支持.经低温锻炼的青蒿试管苗,其ADS和CYP71AV1基因的转录产物拷贝数比对照分别提高11倍和7倍,而CPR基因的mRNA拷贝数与对照基本持平.短暂预冷处理还可显著提高青蒿试管苗的青蒿素含量,达到7.5～8.8 mg/g干重,比对照提高66.7%～95.6%,为进一步探索利用环境胁迫促进青蒿素高产的新途径提供了可能性.图2表3参21     

农田生态系统服务功能研究进展

农田生态系统是人类社会存在和发展的基础,研究农田生态系统服务功能及其价值评估具有重要的意义.文章综述了国内外有关农田生态系统服务功能及其价值评估的研究进展;提出了农田生态系统服务功能的特点;将其服务功能类型划分为生产功能、生态功能和生活功能.分析了当前研究中存在的问题,如服务功能形成的微观机制及其参数研究欠缺;评价结果不准确;评价指标和方法有待完善等.因此,今后农田生态系统服务功能价值评估研究重点应着重于理论探索和方法完善方面,从农田生态系统微观形成机制入手,开展不同尺度和类型的农田生态系统功能价值评估研究,充分考虑影响其功能价值的因素,改进评估的手段、方法和技术,使评估结果更具可比性和实用性,为合理开发利用农业资源、管理农田生态系统,实现农业的永续发展提供理论依据和技术支持.     

活性炭及不同土壤吸附-超临界CO2再生四氯乙烯的特性

为解决干洗店等清洗行业排放的含四氯乙烯(PCE)三废的环境污染问题,开发一种使用经济、适用、有效且无污染的处理技术,需要收集相关的基础参数.文章研究了活性炭及兰州市三种不同的土壤对水中PCE吸附特性及超临界CO2再生活性炭及土壤萃取回收PCE的特性,结果表明,活性炭与土壤吸附水中PCE达到平衡的时间均为7 d,吸附等温线均可用Freundlich等温式拟合,且有较好的相关性;活性炭与不同土壤对PCE吸附能力差异较大,吸附能力由大到小为活性炭>林土>灌淤土>黄绵土,且土壤的吸附能力与土壤有机质、含水率及pH值关系密切;超临界CO2再生活性炭与土壤回收PCE,分别在35 ℃、20 MPa和60 ℃、20 MPa这样不太苛刻的条件下通过调整S/F值可获得较高的回收率,为PCE的污染治理技术提供理论依据.     

菲对黑麦草根系几种低分子量分泌物的影响

有机污染的植物修复过程与植物根系分泌密切相关,近年来,对于持久性有机污染多环芳烃的植物修复研究得到了很大发展,但对于多环芳烃污染下植物根系分泌物的研究很少.该实验以多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)为供试材料,以营养液栽培方式研究了在多环芳烃菲处理下,黑麦草根系对几种低分子量有机物的分泌情况.研究结果显示,黑麦草根系分泌有机酸、总糖以及氨基酸的量都随菲质量浓度的上升而变化.黑麦草根系分泌的低分子有机酸主要为草酸,在菲处理下,低分子有机酸的组成无明显变化,但含量随菲质量浓度上升而提高(由对照时的2.33 mg·g-1 FW升高至8 mg·L-1时的4.75 mg·g-1 FW);总糖和氨基酸含量均随菲质量浓度上升出现先升高后下降的趋势,但是最高值出现的菲质量浓度不同,从含量上来看,有机酸是黑麦草根系低分子量分泌物的主要部分.结合其它研究结果分析,植物分泌的有机酸可能在加速多环芳烃清除中发挥了重要作用.     

不同温度和营养盐质量浓度条件下藻类的种间竞争规律

淡水浮游植物的季节性周期变化有一定的规律性,但营养负荷也会影响浮游植物种群的组成和演替.通过室内实验研究了不同温度和营养盐质量浓度条件下微囊藻和栅藻生长和种间竞争规律,结果表明:无论单独生长还是存在竞争,微囊藻在35 ℃下生长最好,栅藻在25 ℃时生长最好;存在竞争时,15 ℃和25 ℃条件下,微囊藻的最大现存量的最大值出现在磷的质量浓度为0.5 mg·L-1时;35 ℃条件下,微囊藻的最大现存量随营养盐质量浓度的升高而增大;各温度下,栅藻的最大现存量基本随营养盐质量浓度的升高而增大.浮游植物的种群组成受营养盐质量浓度的影响,营养盐质量浓度偏高的水体绿藻易成为优势种,营养盐质量浓度偏低的水体蓝藻易成为优势种;重富营养化的水体中,虽然高温时蓝藻数量增多,但由于绿藻的抑制作用,全年以绿藻为主.     

硅酸盐、腐殖酸对Cr污染土壤中小白菜生理及吸铬量的影响

针对在铬污染区土壤中的叶菜类吸铬量是果菜类2~3倍,以及硅酸盐或腐植酸在重金属污染土壤上的最佳施用量研究较少的问题,为保障蔬菜的品质安全,文章通过土壤盆栽试验,研究硅酸盐、腐殖酸不同用量对Cr污染土壤中小白菜(Brassica Chinensis)生理指标和吸铬量的影响.结果表明,施低质量分数的硅酸盐(1.0 g·kg-1)效果最佳,既能提高受Cr污染小白菜的生物量、叶绿素相对含量,又能减轻Cr毒害对抗氧化酶系统中SOD酶活性的抑制,缓解小白菜受到的过氧化胁迫,有效降低小白菜吸铬量;高质量分数硅酸盐(2.0 g·kg-1)对生长产生抑制.腐殖酸在设计的3个质量分数水平上均不能有效降低小白菜吸铬量,对生长的促进作用也不明显.     

常温纤维素降解菌群的筛选及其特性初探

在改良PCS培养基的基础上,通过定期改变传代方法,从污泥、森林土、发酵腐熟牛粪、堆肥处理麦秆中筛选出1组纤维素分解能力强而稳定的纤维素混合菌群(代号为Xc),100 mL培养物在37 ℃静置培养5 d,对滤纸纤维素、脱脂棉、麦秆(片)、牛粪纤维降解率分别达到81%、41%、25%、40%.Xc在37、28 ℃分解滤纸时,分别在第5 天、第7 天时CMC酶活性最高,分别达到104.5、95.3 U·mL-1.在初始pH 5～9的培养基上接种均能表现出较强分解能力.采用变性梯度胶电泳(DGGE)法比较来源于不同时期菌群16S rDNA条带表明,菌群结构稳定.     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

知识型员工的特点、激励及管理对策研究

知识经济时代，企业最宝贵的财富是知识型员工。知识型员工是生产力的代表。知识型员工的工作效率决定了企业的竞争能力．因此。如何激励知识型员工成为企业探讨的一个重要问题．本文从知识型员工的特点入手。按有关知识管理专家提出的激励因素，从四个方面阐述了对知识型员工的激励策略。并提出了对知识型员工的管理对策．     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

Assessing the relation between the distribution of salt-marsh communities and the sediment budget of the North Norfolk coast

Very high resolution imagery from an airborne multi-spectrål scanner has been used to estimate the distribution of different salt-marsh communities along a 30-km stretch of the North Norfolk coast. Field observations have been used to develop a mathematical relationship between the vegetation, physical environment and sediment accumulation. This relationship has been used to produce provisional sediment accretion maps for the north Norfolk coast.