外源Cd对小白菜吸收与分配Cd、Zn的影响

采用盆栽试验研究外加Cd处理下红沙泥田和乌栅土中小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)[四月慢(SYM)和高梗白(GGB)]对Cd、Zn的吸收与分配规律.结果表明:(1)小白菜对Cd、Zn的吸收积累受土壤类型、蔬菜品种和外源Cd剂量的影响,四月慢吸收Cd能力比高梗白强,外加Cd处理、土壤、品种间的正交互作用使小白菜植株Cd/Zn比值提高;(2)小白菜食用部位Cd/Zn比值并不服从于植株对Cd、Zn的总吸收量之比,而是取决于其在根和地上食用部位中的分配,Cd的地上部分配系数为56.3%～71.1%,而Zn则为77.6%～80.6%.在一定Cd处理水平下,地上部Cd分配系数下降,而Zn分配系数无明显变化,从而减缓了Cd/Zn比值升高的趋势,使小白菜地上部受Cd毒害的风险性降低;(3)2种小白菜对Cd和Zn的吸收动态随生长时间不同而异,Cd积累量随时间延长呈不断增加趋势,而对Zn的吸收积累能力自苗期后缓慢降低.这种差异使小白菜生长后期Cd/Zn比值升高,从而提高了小白菜Cd暴露的潜在风险.此现象在红壤加Cd处理下表现尤其明显.     

非生物胁迫诱导青蒿素生物合成基因的表达

对离体培养青蒿试管苗中3个青蒿素合成相关基因的非生物胁迫诱导表达模式进行了初步研究.半定量RT-PCR测定结果表明,当暴露于冷、热和紫外光后,青篙植株的紫穗槐-4,11-二烯合酶基因(ADS)和细胞色素P450单加氧酶基因(CYP71AV1)转录上调;相反,在未经胁迫处理的情况下,ADS和CYP71AV1基因的表达水平较低,而在胁迫处理前后细胞色素P450还原酶基因(CPR)转录所产生的mRNA均保持恒定.同时,冷胁迫的诱导效果也得到实时荧光定量RT-PCR测定数据的支持.经低温锻炼的青蒿试管苗,其ADS和CYP71AV1基因的转录产物拷贝数比对照分别提高11倍和7倍,而CPR基因的mRNA拷贝数与对照基本持平.短暂预冷处理还可显著提高青蒿试管苗的青蒿素含量,达到7.5～8.8 mg/g干重,比对照提高66.7%～95.6%,为进一步探索利用环境胁迫促进青蒿素高产的新途径提供了可能性.图2表3参21     

活性炭及不同土壤吸附-超临界CO2再生四氯乙烯的特性

为解决干洗店等清洗行业排放的含四氯乙烯(PCE)三废的环境污染问题,开发一种使用经济、适用、有效且无污染的处理技术,需要收集相关的基础参数.文章研究了活性炭及兰州市三种不同的土壤对水中PCE吸附特性及超临界CO2再生活性炭及土壤萃取回收PCE的特性,结果表明,活性炭与土壤吸附水中PCE达到平衡的时间均为7 d,吸附等温线均可用Freundlich等温式拟合,且有较好的相关性;活性炭与不同土壤对PCE吸附能力差异较大,吸附能力由大到小为活性炭>林土>灌淤土>黄绵土,且土壤的吸附能力与土壤有机质、含水率及pH值关系密切;超临界CO2再生活性炭与土壤回收PCE,分别在35 ℃、20 MPa和60 ℃、20 MPa这样不太苛刻的条件下通过调整S/F值可获得较高的回收率,为PCE的污染治理技术提供理论依据.     

菲对黑麦草根系几种低分子量分泌物的影响

有机污染的植物修复过程与植物根系分泌密切相关,近年来,对于持久性有机污染多环芳烃的植物修复研究得到了很大发展,但对于多环芳烃污染下植物根系分泌物的研究很少.该实验以多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)为供试材料,以营养液栽培方式研究了在多环芳烃菲处理下,黑麦草根系对几种低分子量有机物的分泌情况.研究结果显示,黑麦草根系分泌有机酸、总糖以及氨基酸的量都随菲质量浓度的上升而变化.黑麦草根系分泌的低分子有机酸主要为草酸,在菲处理下,低分子有机酸的组成无明显变化,但含量随菲质量浓度上升而提高(由对照时的2.33 mg·g-1 FW升高至8 mg·L-1时的4.75 mg·g-1 FW);总糖和氨基酸含量均随菲质量浓度上升出现先升高后下降的趋势,但是最高值出现的菲质量浓度不同,从含量上来看,有机酸是黑麦草根系低分子量分泌物的主要部分.结合其它研究结果分析,植物分泌的有机酸可能在加速多环芳烃清除中发挥了重要作用.     

硅酸盐、腐殖酸对Cr污染土壤中小白菜生理及吸铬量的影响

针对在铬污染区土壤中的叶菜类吸铬量是果菜类2~3倍,以及硅酸盐或腐植酸在重金属污染土壤上的最佳施用量研究较少的问题,为保障蔬菜的品质安全,文章通过土壤盆栽试验,研究硅酸盐、腐殖酸不同用量对Cr污染土壤中小白菜(Brassica Chinensis)生理指标和吸铬量的影响.结果表明,施低质量分数的硅酸盐(1.0 g·kg-1)效果最佳,既能提高受Cr污染小白菜的生物量、叶绿素相对含量,又能减轻Cr毒害对抗氧化酶系统中SOD酶活性的抑制,缓解小白菜受到的过氧化胁迫,有效降低小白菜吸铬量;高质量分数硅酸盐(2.0 g·kg-1)对生长产生抑制.腐殖酸在设计的3个质量分数水平上均不能有效降低小白菜吸铬量,对生长的促进作用也不明显.     

落叶松混交林根际与非根际土壤养分、微生物和酶活性特征

近年来,落叶松(Larix gmelinii)纯林导致地力衰退和生产力下降现象引起了林业工作者广泛关注.为了揭示其地力变化的内在机理,对落叶松纯林、落叶松-水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)混交林和落叶松-蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)混交林中根际土与非根际土的pH值、土壤养分、土壤微生物和土壤酶活性进行了对比分析.结果表明:(1)与纯林相比,混交林能提高根际土与非根际土的pH值,增加土壤有机质、全N、速效N、全P、速效P的含量,尤其能明显增加N素含量;能使土壤微生物总量、细菌和放线菌的数量有所增加,而真菌数量却有所减少;能提高过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶的活性.(2)与非根际土比较,除混交林中根际土的速效P外,其它养分含量与土壤生物活性均增加.(3)落叶松-水曲柳混交林能显著提高土壤养分和土壤生物活性.这从一个侧面反映了混交能改善落叶松林地和根际土壤环境,为有效防止落叶松林地土壤退化提供了理论依据.     

城市污水处理脱磷滤料的研究

生物法除磷投资省、成本低,但稳定性较差,当废水中磷酸盐浓度较高时,出水很难达标排放.化学法除磷工艺简单,运行可靠,能达标排放,但运行费用高,产生大量污泥,导致二次污染.文章进行了第三种除磷方法即滤料除磷的研究,并探讨了污水pH及水力停留时间对滤料除磷效果的影响.试验结果表明:煤渣和改性煤渣滤料对城市污水总磷的去除率可以达到54%和71%,但处理后的出水不能达标排放;碳酸钙滤料对城市污水总磷的去除率可以达到83%,能达标排放,但处理效果与城市污水pH值密切相关.城市污水pH值在8～9的范围,出水不能达标排放;pH值在5～8的范围,处理后的出水则可以达标排放,而且污水pH越低,总磷的去除率越高,其最佳水力停留时间为10 min.该方法具有处理效果好、处理成本低、无污染、投资省、占地面积小的特点.     

大气压光电离源-液相色谱/飞行时间质谱的确认法用于河水、废弃流出物和污水中的雌性激素化合物的检测

近几年来,雌性激素对水环境的影响越来越大,因为这些化合物在浓度低至0.1 ng·l-1 时,都会导致雄性鱼的雌雄间性的变化.所以,需要一种具有灵敏度和选择性高的分析方法用于复杂样品中的雌性激素化合物的检测.     

淫羊藿果实成熟与生境的关系

以四川省南充市金城山3个不同海拔高度(562 m, 640 m和726 m)的淫羊藿为研究对象,对其果实成熟的时间及数量进行了研究;同时也对其果实成熟量与大气湿度、温度、光照强度之间的关系进行了研究.相关的数据分析表明,淫羊藿果实成熟过程可分为初始期、高峰期和末期3个阶段.果实成熟主要受湿度,光照和温度的影响.气温的突变可能是促进淫羊藿果实成熟的机制之一;果实数与相对光照、温度之间都存在极显著的相关性.随着海拔高度的变化,淫羊藿果实成熟时间也有相应变化.由于淫羊藿果实成熟后易自裂,所以研究不同生境淫羊霍果实成熟时间的差异对于淫羊霍种子的采收也相当重要.     

孔雀石绿降解菌M3的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

从鱼塘底泥中筛选分离出1株能高效降解低含量孔雀石绿(MG)的细菌M3.经16S rDNA同源性序列分析,鉴定为泛菌属(Pantoea sp.).30 ℃静止培养条件下,该菌株对0.5、1.0、2.0和5.0 mg·L-1孔雀石绿5 d的降解率分别为97.54%、97.1%、100%和77.8%.菌株M3不能以MG为唯一碳源进行生长和代谢.葡萄糖、NH4NO3、KH2PO4/K2HPO4均能影响菌株M3对MG的降解.20～30 ℃温度范围内菌株M3对MG有明显降解效果,且降解速率随温度上升而提高.     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

知识型员工的特点、激励及管理对策研究

知识经济时代，企业最宝贵的财富是知识型员工。知识型员工是生产力的代表。知识型员工的工作效率决定了企业的竞争能力．因此。如何激励知识型员工成为企业探讨的一个重要问题．本文从知识型员工的特点入手。按有关知识管理专家提出的激励因素，从四个方面阐述了对知识型员工的激励策略。并提出了对知识型员工的管理对策．     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.     

Assessing the relation between the distribution of salt-marsh communities and the sediment budget of the North Norfolk coast

Very high resolution imagery from an airborne multi-spectrål scanner has been used to estimate the distribution of different salt-marsh communities along a 30-km stretch of the North Norfolk coast. Field observations have been used to develop a mathematical relationship between the vegetation, physical environment and sediment accumulation. This relationship has been used to produce provisional sediment accretion maps for the north Norfolk coast.     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.