缩短厌氧消化时间改善猪场废水厌氧消化液好氧后处理性能的可行性

采用批式厌氧消化以及间歇曝气的摇瓶试验进行猪场废水厌氧-好氧处理,研究了猪场废水厌氧消化对好氧后处理的影响,以及控制厌氧消化进程改善猪场废水厌氧消化液好氧后处理性能的可行性.对猪场废水原水(厌氧消化0d)直接进行好氧处理,COD和NH4 -N去除率分别可达到95%和98%以上,出水COD低于300mg·L-1,NH4 -N低于10mg·L-1.对厌氧消化液进行好氧后处理,出水COD和NH4 -N浓度随好氧处理时间的增长逐渐升高,厌氧消化前处理时间越长,升高时间越早,幅度越大.实验结束时,出水COD基本在500-600 mg·L-1之间;厌氧消化3、6、9、12d的消化液好氧后处理出水的NH4 -N分别达到22.2、105.4、147.6、171.4 mg·L-1.尽管厌氧消化3d时,COD去除率只有47.5%,但消化液好氧后处理的效能仍然没有提高,只是系统恶化的时间略迟于厌氧消化6、9、12d的消化液.厌氧消化液好氧后处理效果差的原因主要是:在厌氧消化过程中,各污染物降解的差异导致了厌氧消化液可生化性降低以及碳、氮、磷比例失调,影响了好氧后处理过程微生物的生长;厌氧消化液中缺乏易降解有机物,导致反硝化效果差,产生的碱度不能弥补硝化过程消耗的碱度,引起pH下降,进而影响了微生物活性.因此,通过缩短厌氧消化时间的方式来改善消化液好氧后处理的性能是不可行的.     

温度对微好氧消化处理高含固厌氧消化污泥的影响

采用微好氧消化对高含固厌氧消化污泥进行后处理,考察了在常温、中温及高温条件下反应器的运行性能以及污泥植物毒性的改善。结果表明:在污泥停留时间为8 d,供气量为2.4 L/min的微氧条件下,高含固厌氧消化污泥VS进一步降解,比耗氧速率降低,挥发性脂肪酸及氨氮等小分子物质浓度显著降低,污泥趋于更加稳定的状态。随着处理温度的提高,污泥VS、比耗氧速率和总氨氮呈逐渐下降趋势。种子发芽实验表明:经微好氧消化处理后,污泥对向日葵、矢车菊、牵牛花等种子发芽的抑制作用均逐渐下降,说明微好氧消化有利于改善高含固厌氧消化污泥的植物毒性。而且随着处理温度的增加,处理后污泥的植物毒性呈增加趋势,这可能与挥发性脂肪酸含量的增加有重要关系。总体看来,与常温和高温条件相比,中温微好氧消化是改善高含固厌氧消化污泥土地利用性能更为可行的工艺。     

活性污泥系统中异养微生物浓度的测定

异养微生物(XH)是活性污泥系统稳态设计和动力学模型中的关键性指标,但目前该指标在模型模拟中通常取假定值,缺乏简单有效的测定方法.利用批式好氧消化法测定了污水处理厂厌氧/缺氧/好氧(AAO)工艺和小试装置厌氧/好氧(AO)工艺好氧池内的XH 浓度.结果表明,该方法具有较好的重现性,且与理论计算值基本吻合,这也证明了模型和试验方法的正确性.采用该方法测得泥龄10d 的AAO 工艺和泥龄15d 的AO 工艺好氧池内XH 分别约占挥发性悬浮固体的27.5%和23.2%.好氧消化法可同时测定XH 的衰减速率常数(bH).与外加碳源的呼吸计量法相比,好氧消化法精密度和准确度更高,无需外加碳源,也不存在高泥龄下测定值偏离理论值的问题,更适于进水COD 浓度较低的城市污水处理厂的测定.     

膨润土对鸡粪序批式厌氧消化特性的影响

为考察外源添加物——膨润土对鸡粪厌氧消化特性的影响,在中温〔(35±1)℃〕条件下,采用L₈(23)正交试验设计,考察了膨润土添加量(w,以干基计,下同)、鸡粪VS(挥发性固体)添加量、厌氧消化污泥接种量对鸡粪厌氧消化过程中产气、pH、氨氮形态、EC(电导率)等的影响. 结果表明:添加1.5%和3.0%的膨润土均能显著提高鸡粪VS产CH₄量,并且在高鸡粪添加量情况下达到极显著水平(P<0.01);当膨润土添加量为3.0%、厌氧消化污泥接种量为20%时,VS累积产CH₄量达到301.92 mL/g,比对照组(160.76 mL/g)提高了87.80%;当鸡粪VS添加量相同时,添加1.5%和3.0%的膨润土均能极显著地降低消化料液的ρ(TAN)(TAN为总氨氮)(P<0.01),并且可以减少鸡粪厌氧消化过程中ρ(FAN)(FAN为游离氨)的剧烈变化;添加膨润土还能极显著地降低鸡粪厌氧消化料液的EC. 研究显示,添加膨润土有利于缓解鸡粪厌氧消化过程中氨氮抑制,提高系统稳定性,并可显著改善厌氧消化整体性能.      

厨余垃圾与粪便现场处理工艺研究及设计

提供一套厨余垃圾与粪便的现场处理工艺,并根据单元小试研究数据研制出中试装置,用于模拟处理一个单元居民楼的厨余垃圾与粪便。设计处理量0. 2t d ,包括真空收集、固形物厌氧消化、消化污泥造粒制肥、混合污水的厌氧好氧处理等整套处理工艺,实现了厨余垃圾及粪便的源头收集、现场减量处理,同时可产出菌肥和沼气。     

生物炭介导鸡粪厌氧消化性能研究

为探究生物炭介导的鸡粪厌氧消化产甲烷的较优添加比例,在发酵温度[（35±1）℃]、接种率30%的条件下,进行了以鸡粪为底物,生物炭为外源添加剂的厌氧消化试验,研究生物炭不同添加量（20%、15%、10%、5%和不添加）对鸡粪厌氧消化产气特性的影响,确定了生物炭介导的鸡粪厌氧消化的较优添加比例;同时,用扫描电子显微镜对厌氧消化前后生物炭颗粒和附着在生物炭颗粒上的微生物进行了观察.结果表明：生物炭的添加提高了鸡粪单位VS产甲烷量,添加20%、15%、10%和5%生物炭的处理鸡粪VS产甲烷量分别为223mL/g、228mL/g、230mL/g和281mL/g,均高于对照组的202mL/g;添加生物炭提高了产气中的甲烷含量,降低了二氧化碳和硫化氢含量,提高了沼气品质;电镜扫描结果表明,厌氧消化后生物炭表面及内部附着了大量厌氧微生物,主要为杆菌、微粒菌和球菌;本研究中,生物炭介导鸡粪厌氧消化最优的添加比例约为5%.     

单级好氧生物除磷工艺处理生活污水

采用SBR单级好氧生物除磷工艺处理生活污水,检验该工艺处理实际污水的可行性和稳定性,并与传统厌氧/好氧工艺进行比较.结果表明,当进水磷浓度为2~10mg/L时,SBR单级好氧生物除磷工艺能高效去除污水中的磷,经过长期运行去除效果稳定,去除率保持在90%以上,最高可达98.6%.该工艺对污水中的氨氮、TN、COD等污染物也具有良好的去除效果,平均去除率分别在92%、87%、90%以上,并可实现同步脱氮除磷.SBR单级好氧生物除磷工艺无厌氧段实现强化生物除磷,与传统厌氧/好氧工艺相比,除磷能力相当,但运行成本较低,经济性优势明显.     

厌氧—好氧两相消化剩余污泥的研究

本文通过对厌氧－好氧两相消化法与厌氧消化法、好氧消化法的比较，研究了厌氧－好氧两相消化法的可行性。结果表明，厌氧－好氧两相消化法在28℃，消化15天的条件下，TVS、TS、TFS的去除率分别为41．23％，43．10％，33．21％，COD去除率为45．73％。     

厌氧推流进水对反硝化除磷好氧颗粒污泥系统的影响

实际生活污水成分复杂,且碳氮比较低,而厌氧推流进水可以通过提供局部高底物浓度来加强好氧颗粒污泥对进水中COD的利用.实验采用间歇曝气的方式在序批式反应器（SBR）中培养好氧颗粒污泥,以实际生活污水为进水,接种污水厂污泥.R1采用厌氧快速进水,R2采用厌氧推流进水,探究不同进水模式对生活污水好氧颗粒污泥系统的影响.结果表明,快速厌氧进水条件下,R1中更早出现颗粒结构,但在运行71 d时出现颗粒破裂的现象;应用厌氧推流进水模式的R2生成的颗粒结构较R1的更为致密,颗粒表面更加光滑,且反硝化聚磷菌（DPAO）的富集效果更好.最终R1和R2反应器内DPAO占聚磷菌（PAO）的比例分别为14.17%和22.07%.结果表明,厌氧推流进水模式能够加强颗粒污泥对进水中COD的利用,有利于富集DPAO,生成结构更加致密稳定的颗粒,实现"一碳两用",获得更好的脱氮除磷效果.     

模拟城市污水在厌氧、缺氧以及好氧反应器中的毒性削减研究

采用发光细菌法测定城市污水毒性,并研究了模拟城市污水分别在厌氧、缺氧、好氧条件下的毒性削减情况.试验采用人工配水,其中添加了甲苯、邻二甲苯、对二甲苯、吲哚、吡啶、环己酮、苯丙酸7种有毒有机物.并用GC-MS检测上述有机物在不同生物处理过程中的降解情况及出水有机物的变化情况.结果表明,模拟城市污水经厌氧生物处理后毒性增大(HRT≤10h);缺氧生物处理对模拟城市污水的毒性略有削减;而好氧生物处理对模拟城市污水的毒性削减能力较强,效果明显.     

厌氧-好氧填料床联合处理餐饮废水的研究

调查江苏省扬州市餐饮废水排放特征,开发出一种厌氧-好氧填料床联合反应器用于处理餐饮废水.通过试验确定上流式厌氧填料床水力停留时间为4h,当联合工艺的总水力停留时间为8h时,联合工艺对餐饮废水处理CODcr去除率达到了90%.出水中CODcr、NH3-N、SS、磷酸盐指标达到国家一级排放标准.     

石化厂皂化废水的厌氧处理

石化厂以氯醇法生产环氧乙烷过程中排出的皂化废水有机物含量高、含盐量高,并呈强碱性.废水中的物质对厌氧微生物产生强烈的抑制.本工艺通过预处理,减轻了抑制程度.采用厌氧工艺作为主要处理工艺,在水力停留时间≥4天,有机容积负荷COD_(Cr)小于2.0kg/m~3·d的条件下,取得了较好的厌氧处理效果.补充好氧接触氧化法作后处理,出水水质满足排放要求.     

生物膜SBR反应器中低氨氮浓度废水亚硝化启动试验研究

为建立生物膜SBR反应器处理中低氨氮浓度废水的自养脱氮系统,采用控制DO浓度、HRT和不同生物载体填料的4组小试生物膜SBR反应器,对中低氨氮浓度废水进行了单级自养脱氮工艺亚硝化阶段的启动试验研究.结果表明:接种普通好氧活性污泥和厌氧污泥,在水温30℃±2℃,氨氮浓度60～120mg/L,DO为0.8～1.0mg/L和HRT=24h条件下,运行130d可实现稳定的亚硝化,YJZH软性组合填料更适合于微生物附着.     

棉浆黑液生物处理工程改造及运行

介绍了某化纤厂黑液生物处理系统的工艺改造及运行情况。通过采取对废水进行清污分流,提高进水CODCr,延长废水水力停留时间,并将原“厌氧→好氧”工艺改为“好氧→厌氧”工艺等改造措施,实现了黑液生物处理系统的稳定运行;厌氧池由半瘫痪状态转入正常运行,并有大量沼气产出,CODCr总去除率达55%;取消无轴锥筛,停止硫酸、尿素和磷酸的投入,使运行费用降至原来的1/3。系统改造取得了较好的效果。     

Sludge reduction during brewery wastewater treatment by hydrolyzation-food chain reactor system

During brewery wastewater treatment by a hydrolyzation-food chain reactor (FCR) system, sludge was recycled to the anaerobic segment. With the function of hydrolyzation acidification in the anaerobic segment and the processes of aerobic oxidation and antagonism, predation, interaction and symbiosis among microbes in multilevel oxidation segment, residual sludge could be reduced effectively. The 6-month dynamic experiments show that the average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal ratio was 92.6% and average sludge production of the aerobic segment was 8.14%, with the COD of the influent at 960–1720 mg/L and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 h. Since the produced sludge could be recycled and hydrolyzed in the anaerobic segment, no excess sludge was produced during the steady running for this system.     

厌氧UASB－好氧工艺处理染料废水的研究

报道厌氧,好氧工艺处理染料废水的试验结果,厌氧段采用ＵＡＳＢ反应器,好氧段采用普通活性污泥法。试验结果表明,进水ＣＯＤ１１５０－１３００ｍｇ／Ｌ色度５００倍的染料废水,在厌氧段停留６－１０ｈ,可获得６０％以上的ＣＯＤ去除率,色度降到５０－１００倍,后续曝气６ｈ,总ＣＯＤ去除率可达８５％－９０％,色度降至２０倍左右,进出水的光谱分析揭示,染料废水的脱色主要发生在厌氧段,并且通过生物降解作用来实现。从     

厌氧UASB－好氧工艺处理染料废水的研究

报道厌氧－好氧工艺处理染料废水的试验结果。厌氧段采用ＵＡＳＢ反应器，好氧段采用普通活性污泥法。试验结果表明，进水ＣＯＤ１１５０—１３００ｍｇ／Ｌ、色度５００倍的染料废水，在厌氧段停留６—１０ｈ，可获得６０％以上的ＣＯＤ去除率，色度降到５０—１００倍。后续曝气６ｈ，总ＣＯＤ去除率可达８５％－９０％，色度降至２０倍左右。进出水的光谱分析揭示，染料废水的脱色主要发生在厌氧段．并且通过生物降解作用来实现。从这些结果得出，ＵＡＳＢ－好氧工艺是处理染料废水的一种经济有效的方法。     

Microbial community structure in an integrated A/O reactor treating diluted livestock wastewater during start-up period

In order to investigate the correlation between reactor performance and the microorganisms, an integrated A/O reactor was operated for 72 days to treat diluted livestock wastewater. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal e ciency increased from 79% to 94%, with total nitrogen (TN) removal e ciency from 37% to 50% (HRT 7.4 hr) when the influent COD and TN were ca. 1500 mg/L and 95 mg/L, respectively, and the outlet COD concentration was less than 100 mg/L at the end. Microbial community was monitored during start-up period by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) based on 16S rRNA gene. DGGE profiles showed that microbial community had changed significantly during the start-up and these shifts were in accordance with the reactor performance. UPGMA clustering analysis showed that 14 anaerobic samples fell into five main groups and so did the aerobic ones, but the grouping patterns were di erent. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that microbial populations in the anaerobic compartment belonged to Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi and Bacteroidetes, while Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobiae and Nitrospira were present in the aerobic compartment. In the anaerobic compartment, more fermentative and acetogenic bacteria were detected during the start-up while denitrifying bacteria faded away. Two functional populations such as Nitrospira defluvii and Dechloromonas denitrificans were observed when nitrogen removal was high, indicating that simultaneous nitrification and denitrification occurred in the aerobic compartment.     

Feasibility and simulation model of a pilot scale membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment and reuse from Chinese traditional medicine

The lack and pollution of water resource make wastewater reuse necessary. The pilot scale long-term tests for submerged membrane bioreactor were conducted to treat the effluents of anaerobic or aerobic treatment process for the high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. This article was focused on the feasibility of the wastewater treatment and reuse at shorter hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 5.0, 3.2 and 2.13 h. MLSS growth, membrane flux, vacuum values and chemical cleaning periods were also investigated. The experimental results of treating two-phase anaerobic treatment effluent demonstrated that the CODfilt was less than 100 mg/L when the influent COD was between 500-10000 mg/L at HRT of 5.0 h, which could satisfy the normal discharged standard in China. The experimental results to treat cross flow aerobic reactor effluent demonstrated that the average value of CODfilt was 17.28 mg/L when the average value of influent COD was 192.84 mg/L at HRT of 2.13 h during 106 d, which could completely meet the normal standard for water reuse. The maximum MLSS and MLVSS reached 24000 and 14500 mg/L at HRT of 3.2 h respectively. Membrane flux had maximal resume degrees of 94.7% at vacuum value of 0.02 MPa after cleaning. Chemical cleaning periods of membrane module were 150 d. A simulation model of operational parameters was also established based on the theory of back propagation neural network and linear regression of traditional mathematical model. The simulation model showed that the optimum operational parameters were suggested as follows： HRT was 5.0 h, SRT was 100 d, the range of COD loading rate was between 10.664-20.451 kg/（m3.d）, the range of MLSS was between 7543-13694 mg/L.     

Waste activated sludge treatment based on temperature staged and biologically phased anaerobic digestion system

The concept of temperature staged and biological phased （TSBP） was proposed to enhance the performance of waste-activated sludge anaerobic digestion. Semi-continuous experiments were used to investigate the effect of temperature （35 to 70℃） as well as the hydraulic retention time （HRT） （2, 4 and 6 days） on the acidogenic phase. The results showed that the solubilization degree of waste- activated sludge increased from 14.7% to 30.1% with temperature increasing from 35 to 70℃, while the acidification degree was highest at 45℃ （17.6%）, and this was quite different from the temperature impact on hydrolysis. Compared with HRT of 2 and 6 days, 4 days was chosen as the appropriate HRT because of its relatively high solubilization degree （24.6%） and acidification degree （20.1%） at 45℃. The TSBP system combined the acidogenic reactor （45℃, 4 days） with the methanogenic reactor （35℃, 16 days） and the results showed 84.8% and 11.4% higher methane yield and volatile solid reduction, respectively, compared with that of the single-stage anaerobic digestion system with HRT of 20 days at 35℃. Moreover, different microbial morphologies were observed in the acidogenic- and methanogenic-phase reactors, which resulted from the temperature control and HRT adjustment. All the above results indicated that 45℃ was the optimum temperature to inhibit the activity of methanogenic bacteria in the acidogenic phase, and temperature staging and phase separation was thus accomplished. The advantages of the TSBP process were also confirmed by a full-scale waste-activated sludge anaerobic digestion project which was an energy self-sufficient system.