微电解法处理焦化废水影响因素研究

采用微电解法对焦化废水进行脱氮处理，并对其影响因素进行了优化研究。实验结果表明，控制进水pH值为3．0左右，炭粉的粒径为80目，搅拌速率为170r／min，反应时间为70min，Fe／C为1：1．3和混凝pH值为9．0左右，处理效果最佳；本实验对亚硝化后的焦化污水进行微电解处理，NO2^--N的去除率可达60％以上，T...     

HY1141和HY241菌产生的絮凝剂絮凝性能及水处理应用研究

从土壤中分离筛选得到絮凝剂产生菌HY1141和HY241,对高岭土悬浊液进行絮凝性能试验研究。试验结果表明：HY1141絮凝荆在ptt值为3．0时,絮凝率达到97．2％,HY241絮凝剂在pH值为4．0-7．0时,絮凝率在90％以上;絮凝剂的最佳投加量均为4mL／L,此时絮凝率分别达到98．2％和96．5％;HY1141和HY241絮凝剂所需CaCl2,最佳浓度分剐为0．5％和1．0％,此时絮凝率分刺为97．6％和96．8％;絮凝荆最佳静置时间分别为5min和10min。此外,两株菌所产絮凝刘对洪水和选矿废水都有一定的处理效果,且HY1141絮凝剂处理洪水效果较好,絮凝率为71．7％,COD去除率为81．8％;混合絮凝刺处理选矿废水效果较好,絮凝率为92．8％,COD去除率为96．0％。     

铁屑还原法处理镀铬废水的试验研究

通过对铁屑还原处理镀铝废水作了试验研究，确定了反应的工艺条件，效果良好，Cr（VI）去除率达90％以上。其最佳工艺条件为：填充往尺寸为Φ30×300mm，铁屑粒径为1．0～2．0mm，铁屑活化时间为20min，进水最佳pH值为2～2．5，出水pH值为8～9，反应温度为20℃．接触时间15～20min，出水水质达到国家排放标准。     

紫色甘薯茎尖培养一步成苗技术研究

以紫色甘薯茎尖为外植体,MS为基本培养基,附加不同浓度NAA与BA两种激素对一步成苗培养基进行优化,筛选出一步成苗最佳培养基MS＋0．2mg／LBA＋0．5mg／LNAA,约3d左右诱导愈伤组织,15—20d分化幼苗、生根,约45d后就可一步成苗,直接发育成完整植株,最高成苗率为11．4％。对这种培养基上的再生小植株进行移栽,1个月后其移栽成活率达100％。     

ICP-AES法测定土壤中铜、钒、镍和铬

在HNO3-H2O2-HF体系中微波消解土壤样品,用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定土壤中的铜、钒、镍、铬,设定了最佳的样品处理条件和仪器条件,该方法测定铜、钒、镍、铬检出限分别为0．01mg／kg、0．05mg／kg、0．5mg／kg、0．10mg／kg,回收率为98．4％～102．0％,方法简便、准确。     

珊瑚资源的开发途径

1前言我国沿海各省蕴藏着丰富的珊瑚资源，目前主要用于制作工艺品，尚有大量珊瑚未被充分利用。如能将珊瑚资源开发成一种新型钙质强化剂，必能造福于民。珊瑚是由腔肠动物珊瑚虫分泌的外骨骼沉积而成，其主要成分是碳酸钙，含量高达95％左右[1]。由于珊瑚来自生物体，因此不同于化学产品的纯碳酸钙，它还含有生命活动不可缺少的许多微量元素，其中含Na0．29％、Mg2．18％、K0．07％、P0．047％，而重金属As和Pb分别为1．4ppm和0．3ppm，均低于食品标准[2]；此外，珊瑚还含有多种维生素（A、B、C、D、E、F等）和糖类（葡萄糖、果糖、…     

水蒸气活化烟杆制造活性炭及孔结构表征

以烟杆为原料，以水蒸气为活化剂，采用正交实验研究了水蒸气流量、活化时间和活化温度对活性炭得率和吸附性能的影响，最佳工艺条件为活化温度900℃，时间为30分钟，水蒸气流量3．09mL／min，在此条件下制得活性炭产品的碘吸附值为946．52mg／g，亚甲基蓝吸附值为21mL／0，1g，得率为32．64％。同时测定了该活性炭的氮吸附等温线，并通过BET、H-K方程、D-A方程和密度函数理论（DFT）表征了活性炭的孔结构。结果表明：该活性炭为微孔孔型，BET比表面积为1044m^2／g，总孔体积为0．5870mL／g，微孔体积占总孔体积的72．03％，中孔占26．92％。大孔占1．05％。     

干旱胁迫下壳聚糖对花生幼苗生理特性的影响

为了研究壳聚糖对花生幼苗抗旱言的影响,以花生品种“花育23号”为材料,在干旱胁迫下,用不同浓度的壳聚糖溶雍处理花生幼苗,连续处理5d后测定叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、MDA和脯氨酸的含量变化。结果表明,花生幼苗在干旱条件下喷施壳聚糖与蒸馏水相比,在干旱第10天叶绿素含量提高了42．2％,MDA含量降低了36．2％;在干旱第6天,可溶性蛋白含量提高了129．0％;在干旱第8天,脯氨酸含量提高了257．0％。喷施壳聚糖溶液的最适宜浓度为0．10g／L,喷施该浓度壳聚糖可促进植物生长,增强抗旱性。     

壳聚糖处理印染废水的研究

在不同的壳聚糖浓度、pH和温度条件下，采用分光光度法测得吸附后染料的浓度，得到了壳聚糖对染料的最佳吸附条件，结果为：壳聚糖的投入量在红3B为2％，兰2BG和黄3GE为3％时，pH8．4在碱性范围内，温度为50℃效果最佳。其结果将为壳聚糖在印染废水处理提供一定的理论基础。     

稠油炼制废水的可生化性研究

为了提高生化处理效果，运用BOD动力学方程及频数统计的方法对胜利油田石化总厂稠油炼制废水的可生化性进行了研究。研究结果表明：BOD氧化速度常数k为0．08，氧化速度m为0．52，BOD／COD范围在0．165～0．655之间，其中在0．165～0．305之间占24％，在0．305～0．655之间的占76％，平均值为0．38；CODB／COD为73％，CODNB／COD为27％。说明稠油炼制废水可生化性尚好，但生物氧化速度较小。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.