中国排污许可证制度的产生、发展及现状

目前在中国已形成了以总量控制为核心的排放水污染物许可证制度。过去,对水污染物排放都采用浓度控制,即执行污染物综合排放标准,但随着改革开放十年来,经济高速增长,特别是在城市的某些区域,由于地理位置优越,交通方便,经济技术密集,在吸引大量投资的同时,也使这些区域成为污染密集型地区。如果在控制污染时,没有区域排放污染物总量的思想,将污染物排放总量与区域环境质量联系起来统盘考虑,即使“三同时”的执行率达到百分之百,废水全部达标排放,也将使区域环境受到不可逆转的毁坏。为了有效地协调经济发展与环境保护这一矛盾,避免走“先污染,后治理”这条道路,总量控制势在必行。     

国家将在“十五”期间对重点城市实施容量总量控制

污染物排放总量控制和跨世纪绿色工程是国家在“九五”期间推行的两大重要举措,“十五”期间将继续推行和完善这两大举措,对于重点环境保护城市和国家重点控制的流域和地区,全面推行以环境质量为目标的容量总量控制。“九五”期间的目标总量控制是以区域内污染物排放量的统计数据为准,根据区域经济和社会发展预测、污染控制的宏     

我国海域污染总量控制统筹管理体系初步研究

环境质量的改善只有在污染物浓度控制与总量控制的共同管理下才能实现,建立入海污染总量控制体系是近岸海域环境保护的当务之急。本文以近岸海域污染场界系统为工具,将近岸海域污染过程分解为发生场、输移场和效应场三个子系统加以分析,系统分割,子系统间跨边界矛盾和系统要素配置不合理是我国海域污染总量控制的三大问题。提出以包括部门统筹、要素统筹和区域统筹在内的海陆统筹思路克服系统问题,并建立以统筹定标、收集转移和控源减量为核心的海域污染总量控制体系。     

总量控制及如何搞好总量控制

环境污染总量控制是为了使某一时空环境领域达到一定环境质量目标时，对污染物负荷总量控制在自然环境的承载能力范围内的规划管理措施。其中环境质量目标。污染物负荷总量自然环境的承载能力是最主要的影响因素。污染负荷总量受污染物质的种类及其特性，污染源分布状况和污染物排放量及排放方式的影响。自然环境的承载能力主要取决于自然环境物质的主要存在形式和危害程度是因时因地而异的。环境质量目标主要始用环境质量标准、环境质量规划指标和环境容量质等不同概念所确定的环境质量要求。1环境污染总量控制类型1．l容量总量控制环境容…     

总量控制污染物排放

为有效控制环境污染,改善环境质量,促进社会、经济建设持续健康发展,环境管理必须从以往单一的浓度控制向浓度控制与总量控制并举的管理模式转变。总量控制是将某一控制区域作为一个完整的体系,采取措施将排入这一区域内的污染物排放总量控制在一定数量以内,以满足该区域的环境质量要求。总量控制既是一种环境管理的思想,也是一种环境管理的手段。为了实现这一跨越,要在提高认识的基础上,不断完善相应的法规、政策,采取积极有效的管理办法,以达到根据环境容量对污染物排放实施总量控制的目的。与总量控制相对应的浓度控制是一种传统的污染物…     

遗传算法在二氧化硫总量控制中的应用研究

污染物总量控制是目前我国广泛应用的一种控制区域环境质量达标的方法,为了实施城市大气污染物排放总量控制,实现各功能区污染物浓度达标,采用浓度控制与总量控制相结合的方法。本文提出利用遗传算法进行大气污染总量控制,并在传统遗传算法的基础上做了改进,提出基因库和基因重组的方法。     

城市大气污染物总量测试研究

开展空气环境容量测算研究,对于大气污染物总量管理从目标总量控制向容量总量控制转变具有决定性意义,能有效的提高污染控制的效果和实现环境质量达标。     

区域大气环境容量及其区域配置研究

以重庆市涪陵区为例,在了解区域大气环境功能区划及区域大气环境质量现状的前提下,采用A-P值法,对涪陵区十三五期间大气环境容量进行研究,并对辖区内的污染负荷进行预测,在此基础上,对大气污染总量控制指标进行分配.研究结果表明,在涪陵区化工园区的二氧化硫排放量已达到或超过总量控制指标,需要制定削减计划,新兴工业园区污染物排放量虽远小于总量控制指标,但根据城市发展规划需进行结构优化与合理布局.     

一种水体污染物总量分配方法及优化研究

污染物总量分配是污染物总量控制的核心,在遵循区域自然资源、经济属性和社会属性差异性的基础上,选择基于公平和效率的独立性和代表性指标,构建水体污染物总量分配指标体系;以变异系数法对各分配指标进行权重赋值,以区域削减相对指数为基础,形成基于变异系数法的水污染物总量分配方法模型;对河南省COD污染物进行区域总量分配。运用基于基尼系数法的优化模型对分配方案进行优化,最终得到贴合区域环境质量现状、兼具公平和效益的区域COD污染物总量分配方案。该方案以缩小区域间发展差异为目的、契合区域实际发展现状,以期能够更好地指导实践工作。     

济南市二氧化硫排放情况调查与总量收费探讨

实行排放大气污染物（ＳＯ２）总量控制，是污染物排放由浓度控制走向总量控制的必由之路，是强化环境管理、有偿使用环境资源、促进企事业单位加强经营管理、节约与合理利用资源，治理污染、改善大气环境质量和实行科学管理的重要手段。而对排放大气污染物（ＳＯ２）实物...     

Attempts to train goldfish to respond to magnetic field stimuli

Two different conditioning procedures, one appetitive and the other aversive, were used in separate attempts to demonstrate response to magnetic fields in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Our results lead us to question those of an orientation experiment by Becker, although we recognize the possibility that goldfish may be sensitive primarily to magnetic field direction rather than intensity and that their directional sensitivity may be evidenced most readily by orientation in the field.     

从生态旅游到低碳旅游——从理念到实践

阐述了生态旅游、低碳旅游的基本概念,分析了生态旅游存在的不足,提出低碳旅游的量化及建立各项标准及其指标评价体系并将之融入低碳旅游全过程以实现低碳旅游的标准化,重点在于实现低碳理念、低碳参与者及低碳实践3个方面的有机结合,以促进旅游业的可持续发展的可操作性建议.     

以学定教,提高课堂教学效率

根据心理学理论,学习是一个学生内化的过程,学生是自主学会的,而不是被动教会的。因此在教学中,教师只有做到以学定教,才能有效提高教学效率,促进学生对知识的掌握。     

如何做好突发环境事件应急监测的快速响应

应急监测是突发性环境污染事故处置中的首要环节,是对污染事故及时、正确地进行应急处理、减轻事故危害和制定恢复措施的根本依据。文章从制定应急监测预案、加强应急监测能力建设、摸清污染源状况、加强应急培训和应急演练等方面对做好突发环境事件应急监测的快速响应作了简要的阐述,供大家探讨。     

Croppers to livestock keepers: livelihood transitions to 2050 in Africa due to climate change

The impacts of climate change are expected to be generally detrimental for agriculture in many parts of Africa. Overall, warming and drying may reduce crop yields by 10–20% to 2050, but there are places where losses are likely to be much more severe. Increasing frequencies of heat stress, drought and flooding events will result in yet further deleterious effects on crop and livestock productivity. There will be places in the coming decades where the livelihood strategies of rural people may need to change, to preserve food security and provide income-generating options. These are likely to include areas of Africa that are already marginal for crop production; as these become increasingly marginal, then livestock may provide an alternative to cropping. We carried out some analysis to identify areas in sub-Saharan Africa where such transitions might occur. For the currently cropped areas (which already include the highland areas where cropping intensity may increase in the future), we estimated probabilities of failed seasons for current climate conditions, and compared these with estimates obtained for future climate conditions in 2050, using downscaled climate model output for a higher and a lower greenhouse-gas emission scenario. Transition zones can be identified where the increased probabilities of failed seasons may induce shifts from cropping to increased dependence on livestock. These zones are characterised in terms of existing agricultural system, current livestock densities, and levels of poverty. The analysis provides further evidence that climate change impacts in the marginal cropping lands may be severe, where poverty rates are already high. Results also suggest that those likely to be more affected are already more poor, on average. We discuss the implications of these results in a research-for-development targeting context that is likely to see the poor disproportionately and negatively affected by climate change.     

Soil microbial response to herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola

Adoption of glyphosate-resistant canola (Brassica napus L.) has increased glyphosate applications to this crop, and concerns have been raised about unintended consequences of these multiple applications. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of pre-seed and in-crop glyphosate and alternative herbicides on soil microbial community functional structure, diversity and biomass. Pre-seed treatments were 2,4-D, glyphosate and 2,4-D + glyphosate, and in-crop treatments were glyphosate applied once, glyphosate applied twice, ethalfluralin, ethalfluralin + sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron + clopyralid, and sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron. Rhizosphere and bulk soil was collected at flowering stage of canola and analyzed for bacterial community-level substrate utilization patterns and microbial biomass C (MBC). Where differences were significant, pre-seed application of both 2,4-D and glyphosate altered the functional structure and reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria, but increased MBC. These effects were not necessarily concurrent. The reduction in functional diversity was due to reduction in evenness, which means that the soil where both pre-seed herbicides had been applied was dominated by only few functional groups. In 1 year, two in-crop applications of glyphosate also reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria when applied after pre-seed 2,4-D, as did in-crop sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron following pre-seed glyphosate. Even though significant differences between herbicides were fewer than non-significant differences, i.e., there were no changes in soil microbial community structure, diversity or biomass in response to glyphosate or alternative herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola in most cases, the observed changes in soil microbial communities could affect soil food webs and biological processes.     

亲近自然的一条捷径——向你推荐《生物多样性知识达人手册》

"它随处可见,从最大的海洋到最小的水坑,从最茂密的森林到最干旱的荒漠,从最富饶的沼泽到最高的山峰……它是一个活的银行账户,为人类全部事业和财富提供资本.它是什么?它就是……生物多样性." 翻开《生物多样性知识达人手册》的第一页,在"开头的话"中,你就能读到上面这一段饶有趣味的文字,让你不自觉地联想到我们所处的环境和我们赖以生存的地球.没错,这是一本新鲜出炉的、以生物多样性为主题的读物,用生动有趣的方式告诉你,什么是生物多样性?生物多样性为什么重要?你怎样才能保护好这个星球的生物多样性?     

重归大自然——密西西比河之行

密西西比河是美国第一大河。它一路曲曲弯弯向着墨西哥湾蜿蜒流去．沿途形成广袤的洪泛平原,滋润着美国大陆41％的土地。水量也比美国其他河流都要多。密西西比河及其洪泛平原哺育着400多种野生动植物。北美地区40％的水禽都沿着密西西比河的路径迁徙。密西西比河对于美国。如同长江对于中国,无论从经济还是生物多样性保护等方面,其作用都是举足轻重。     

浅谈如何做好孩子的入学准备

从幼儿园升入小学是孩子迈入知识殿堂的关键一步,也是孩子人生的一大转折。如何协助家长和教师,帮助孩子顺利实现这次转折是非常重要的。基于此目的,结合多年从事幼小教育工作的实际,并根据教育部颁布的《幼儿园教育指导纲要》精神,紧扣学前儿童的心理和学习特点,阐述如何让孩子在各方面得到系统的锻炼和提高,为顺利升入理想的小学、并尽快适应小学阶段的学习和生活做好准备。