接种微生物与人粪便同步连续投加对好氧堆肥效果的影响简

利用新型梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器,在通风量为3.0 L/min,搅拌频率为5 min/h的条件下,就不接种微生物、接种土著菌种、枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌时人粪便连续投加好氧堆肥效果进行了对比。堆制20 d即2个运行周期中各堆体的温度、含水率、COD、总氮、pH值与GI等的变化表明,接种微生物可以显著提高堆体的升温速率与堆体平均温度、COD降解率、GI（P<0.01）,堆肥可迅速达到完全腐熟。接种土著菌种效果最为明显（P<0.01）,其后相继为枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌。接种土著菌种可使堆体温度在50℃以上维持18 d,第8天COD降解率达到61.17%、总氮损失率为25.75%,第6天时GI达到108.22%。     

复合微生物菌剂对污泥堆肥的作用效果研究

为了研究复合微生物菌剂对污泥堆肥的作用效果,以消化污泥、锯末和回流堆肥为原料,接种不同剂量(0、0.2%、0.5%)的复合微生物菌剂进行室外露天堆肥,分析了温度、含水率、pH值、全碳(TC)、全氮(TN)、种子发芽指数(germination index,GI)的动态变化,结果表明:各堆体温度保持在50℃以上的时间均超过7 d,满足堆肥卫生标准;接种复合微生物菌剂的堆体升温速率和温度最高值均大于未接种堆体,接种复合微生物菌剂有利于增加堆体水分散失量,加快堆体有机质降解速度,降低堆体氮的损失量,提高GI值;其中微生物菌剂接种量为0.5%的堆体,接种处理对水分散失、氮损失的控制和GI值的增加效果较明显.     

不同堆肥方式对鸡粪与秸秆混合堆肥效果

以鸡粪和玉米秸秆为堆肥原材料,进行了露天堆肥和反应器堆肥对比实验。结果表明,反应器堆肥（堆体P2）较露天堆肥（堆体P1）升温快,堆体P2达到了《粪便无害化卫生标准（GB7959—87）》的要求,堆体P1未达到;在整个堆肥过程中,堆体P1的水分总损失量（26．5％）大于堆体P2的水分总损失量（20．6％）;堆体P1和P2的有机质降解主要发生在堆肥前期0～21d,分别完成了81．4％和84．5％的有机质降解量;堆体P1和P2的C／N比在堆肥过程中均呈下降趋势,最终C／N比分别为18．3和14．8;种子发芽指数GI_P1〈GI_P2,表明采用堆体P2的堆肥产品的植物毒性较堆体P1更小。各指标实测数据表明,反应器堆肥的堆肥产品的稳定性和腐熟程度较露天堆肥更好。     

生物表面活性剂在城市污泥静态强制通风好氧堆肥中的作用

采用静态强制通风好氧堆肥模式对城市剩余污泥进行堆肥降解,并研究了生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对堆肥过程的作用。结果表明,堆肥过程中,添加了质量分数为0.015%鼠李糖脂溶液堆制处理和空白对照堆制处理的堆温变化都明显呈现出中温期0～5 d、高温期6～12 d和降温期13～28 d 3个阶段。实验组比空白组的堆体升温快、高温期持续时间长、堆体的含水率高。鼠李糖脂的添加,使实验组的微生物数量高于空白组。添加鼠李糖脂的堆体和空白堆体的种子发芽指数(GI)在堆肥结束时分别为53.70%和50.80%,说明鼠李糖脂促进了堆肥的腐熟,但由于相对浓缩效应,堆肥产品的重金属含量略高于空白堆体。生物表面活性剂的介入促进了堆肥中木质纤维素的初步降解。研究表明,添加鼠李糖脂能够改善堆肥处理的微环境,促进有机质降解和堆肥的腐熟。     

不同菌种组合对发酵残余物好氧堆肥进程及氮素变化的影响

适宜菌剂组合对于初始电导率(Electronic conductivity,EC)较高的发酵残余物二次干化腐熟效果具有重要影响。通过在发酵残余物(猪场沼渣、城市生活污泥)好氧发酵过程中添加不同菌种组合,研究堆肥腐熟指标变化,特别是不同形态氮素指标变化,以期更好提升发酵残余物的干化和腐熟程度。结果表明:F3菌剂组合处理高温期达16 d,最高温度为69.5℃,最早进入腐熟阶段,全氮损失比例最少,为8.72%;对照组在高温期(14 d、69.3℃)及全氮损失比例(9.21%)指标上仅低于F3处理组,表明自然堆体存在耐盐菌种;在促进堆肥腐熟效果方面,霉菌起着关键的作用,堆肥后期酵母菌的存在促进堆体腐熟度的提升;菌种比例和种类的合理设置对于堆体腐熟度提高的重要性要高于活菌添加量;在堆肥保氮过程中,真菌(霉菌和酵母菌)起着重要作用。F3处理(即芽孢杆菌∶霉菌∶酵母菌=1∶2∶2),是实现发酵残余物快速高效堆肥的理想菌剂配方,其他复配菌种组合保氮效果改良侧重点各不相同。     

复合微生物菌剂强化堆肥技术研究

采用复合微生物菌剂对生活垃圾的接种堆肥技术进行了实验研究。通过测定堆肥过程中反应器出口O2、CO2与H2S气体浓度及对堆肥样品扫描电镜照片分析，比较了3个接种组与1个对照组中堆料中微生物总数变化、种群结构演替及堆肥腐熟速度。试验结果表明，在原料成分为：生活垃圾／成熟堆肥=80／20，有机物约为60％，初始含水率为55％，初始C／N-30时，对于不同接种量的复合微生物接种系统堆料中分别接种0．2％、0．3％、0．5％(质量百分含量)，与加入0．3％灭活菌的对照组进行对比实验，接种复合微生物菌剂堆肥系统不仅微生物总数高于对照组，而且其种群结构合理，能明显提高堆肥效率，有效控制臭气的产生，提高堆肥腐熟度。     

含松醇油实际选矿废水的COD生物降解

从广东省某铅锌矿尾矿库周边的土壤中分离并纯化出3株能有效降解松醇油的菌株,分别命名为KS-1、KS-2和KS-3,实验表明KS-1菌株对含松醇油的模拟选矿废水化学需氧量（COD）降解效果最好,鉴定结果表明该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌。在此基础上,重点研究了KS-1菌株对尾矿库实际外排选矿废水的处理效果,探索了不同接种量、pH和温度对COD降解效果的影响。结果表明,在接种量为5％、pH为6．0、温度为25℃的条件下,菌株KS-1降解实际废水COD的效果最佳,且搅拌有利于菌株对废水COD的降解。该工艺参数下,48h内COD降低到12．87mg／L,达到了国家新的《铅锌工业污染物排放标准》（GB25466．2010）的要求。     

接种外源微生物菌剂对香蕉茎秆堆肥的影响

为了研究接种外源微生物菌剂对香蕉茎秆堆肥的影响,本实验采用高温好氧堆肥技术,设计了对照（不接菌）、接种白腐菌及棱盖多孔菌3个处理,探讨了不同处理堆肥过程中堆体温度、水分、pH值、电导率、有机碳、C/N、发芽指数及堆肥质量的变化情况。结果表明,接种微生物菌剂处理的温度均高于对照,且高温期持续时间相对较长,以接种白腐菌处理的高温持续时间最长;接种外源微生物菌剂对堆肥含水率、pH、EC、全碳、C/N变化影响不大;与对照相比,接种白腐菌可增加全氮及全钾的含量,有利于提高堆肥产品质量;接种白腐菌处理在36 d（GI〉50%）就达到腐熟,比对照提前8 d腐熟,明显缩短堆肥腐熟时间;而接种棱盖多孔菌处理比对照推迟10 d腐熟,共需54 d不利于香蕉茎秆堆肥的进行。     

利用污泥熟肥作为高含水率污泥堆肥调理剂

采用静态强制通风好氧堆肥的方法,以木屑作为对比,考察了利用污泥熟肥作为调理剂对污泥堆肥过程的影响。结果表明,与以木屑作为调理剂的污泥堆体(对照组)相比,以污泥熟肥作为调理剂的污泥堆体(实验组)升温快,高温阶段(>50℃)持续时间长达10 d,满足粪便无害化卫生标准的要求,而对照组仅持续了2 d;实验组腐熟的堆肥含水率从60%降到39%,下降了21%,pH维持在7.5～8.5范围内,微生物活性较强,而对照组含水率仅下降15%,pH始终低于7.5;实验组种子发芽指数(GI)在第14天就回升到80%以上,基本上去除了植物毒性,而对照组GI在第22天才回升到50%。总体而言,污泥熟肥能显著改善堆肥中微生物的微环境,促进有机物的降解,缩短堆肥腐熟时间,是一种优质的调理剂。     

超高温菌好氧堆肥技术对餐余垃圾中油脂、盐分的处理效果研究

餐余垃圾高油高盐特征是影响其堆肥化效果的重要因素。从超高温环境下培养出以芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为核心的超高温菌群,考察超高温菌群对餐余垃圾好氧堆肥化过程中堆体温度、物料含水率、pH、种子发芽指数等的影响,并分析好氧堆肥化过程中微生物种群的变化。结果表明,添加超高温菌群后,餐余垃圾好氧堆肥化温度最高可达83℃,75℃以上温度可以维持6 d,含水率由50.23%下降至26.71%,油脂、盐分质量分数分别从1.94%、3.62%降低至0.15%、0.88%,降解率较未添加超高温菌群的对照组分别提升了15.30百分点、17.29百分点。芽孢杆菌属和芽孢八叠球菌属(Sporosarcina)是维持超高温的重要菌属,堆肥芽孢杆菌属(Compostibacillus)和芽孢八叠球菌属是提高油脂、盐分降解效率的重要菌属。超高温菌好氧堆肥化技术处理餐余垃圾相较于传统好氧堆肥化技术能有效提高餐余垃圾中油脂、盐分的降解效率,在一定程度上促进了相关菌种的生长,提高堆体腐熟程度。     

Microbial activity during composting of anthracene-contaminated soil

Microbial activity of an anthracene-spiked soil mixed with kitchen waste during laboratory composting at 56-59 degrees C was studied using an in-vessel technology. The effect of old compost containing acclimated microorganisms on the composting efficiency was also investigated. Microbial succession, microbial enzyme activity, microbial diversity and anthracene removal rate were analyzed during 42 days of composting. The results demonstrated that inoculating with old compost increased the amounts of thermophilic microorganisms, but did not significantly increase anthracene removal. A microbial succession from mesophilic bacteria to thermophilic bacteria and thermophilic actinomycetes was observed during composting. Polyphenol oxidase activity decreased while catalase activity varied irregularly. Microbial diversity increased drastically when temperature elevated from 35 to 56 degrees C, but decreased when temperature maintained at 56-59 degrees C.     

Evaluation of microbially enhanced composting of sophora flavescens residues

The effects of inoculants on the composting of Sophora flavescens residues were evaluated based on several physical, chemical and biological parameters, as well as the infrared spectra. Compared to the control compost without inoculants, the treatment compost with inoculants (Bacillus subtilis strain G-13 and Chaetomium thermophilum strain GF-1) had a significantly longer thermophilic duration, higher cellulase activity and a higher degradation rate of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin (P < 0.05). Thus, a higher maturity degree of compost with apparently lower C:N ratio (15.88 vs. 17.77) and NH₄-N:NO₃-N ratio (0.16 vs. 0.20) was obtained with the inoculation comparing with the control (P < 0.05). Besides, the inoculants could markedly accelerate the composting process and increase the maturity degree of compost as indicated by the germination index (GI) in which the treatment reached the highest GI of 133.2% at day 15 while the control achieved the highest GI of 125.7% at day 30 of the composting. Inoculation with B. subtilis and C. thermophilum is a useful method to enhance the S. flavescens residues composting according to this study.     

The addition of modified attapulgite reduces the emission of nitrous oxide and ammonia from aerobically composted chicken manure

The acceleration of the composting process and the improvement of compost quality have been explored by evaluating the efficacy of various additives, inoculating with specific microorganisms and the application of various biosurfactants. The magnesium-aluminum silicate attapulgite is a low-cost potential composting additive, but its effects on aerobic composting are unknown. This study investigated the effects of attapulgite application on compost production and quality during the aerobic composting of chicken manure. Addition of attapulgite significantly increased the temperature (p < 0.05) while it reduced compost total organic carbon (TOC) and seed germination indices (GIs) throughout the process. Its addition enhanced nitrate concentrations, promoted organic matter degradation, increased seed germination indices, and accelerated the composting process. Interestingly, attapulgite addition did not increase the population of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. These results suggest that attapulgite is a good additive for the composting industry.

Implications: We investigated the addition of two forms of attapulgite during aerobic composting of chicken manure to determine their effects under strict composting environmental parameter control. Our results provides primary evidence that attapulgite may have potential for application in the composting industry.

All treatments showed no increase within the first 15 days. However, emissions increased for all treatments within 15–45 days, reaching approximately 6300, 2000, and 4000 mg/m² from the control, artifactitious attapulgite, and raw attapulgite treatments, respectively.     

Effect of Inoculating Flower Stalks and Vegetable Waste with Ligno-cellulolytic Microorganisms on the Composting Process

Abstract

A lab-scale composting experiment was carried out using vegetable and flower stalks waste to study the effectiveness of ligno-cellulolytic microorganisms (LCMs) obtained from the previous isolation on composting process, especially on enhancement of biodegradation rate of these organic materials. The addition of LCMs to compost showed promised to be a valuable asset by rendering timely benefits in efficiency, maturity, and quality of the composting. This was evidenced by a significant increase of temperature, O₂ consumption and CO₂ emission, and population density of LCMs in compost mass compared with that of biotic (addition of culture of horse feces) and abiotic (1% molasses amendment) treatments, as well as control trial. The phytotoxicity assay showed that the substrate became mature after 60 days’ composting. The LCMs inoculation enhanced the biodegradation of the composting materials as evidenced by an increasing screening ratio (1.2 cm sieve pore) of 34.5% in the treated trail, compared with that of control, which elucidated that big advantage of adding selected inoculants over other treatment, and screening ratio is a reasonable index to compare the quality of different compost. However, the inoculation seemed to have no significant effect on the moisture content, pH, and the final organic carbon of the composting materials.     

不同C／N下人工湿地的脱氮效果及其强化措施

以人工湿地为研究对象,分析了不同C／N下人工湿地的脱氮效果。结果表明,C／N为10时,TN、NO2-N和COD平均去除率分别为（75．36±10．55）％、（86．34±9．23）％和（67．60±4．10）％,都显著高于其他2组系统（P=0．006、0．001、0〈0．01）;随着C／N的增加,NO3-N去除率呈现出上升的趋势;NH4-N刚好相反,C／N为1时,明显要高于其他2种情况（P=0〈0．05）,平均去除率为（65．42-1-14．31）％。针对C／N为1时人工湿地脱氮效率较低（51．294-14．48）％的情况,对系统进水采取了添加一定量好氧反硝化细菌固定化小球并曝气12h的强化实验措施。结果发现,强化实验条件下TN、NOr-N和N03-N去除率均提高了10％以上,且都要明显高于非强化实验条件（P：0．003、0、0〈0．01）,同时NH4-N和COD去除率没有明显差异,研究结果表明,从微生物角度对系统进水进行前处理有助于提高人工湿地脱氮效率。     

Effect of inoculating flower stalks and vegetable waste with ligno-cellulolytic microorganisms on the composting process

A lab-scale composting experiment was carried out using vegetable and flower stalks waste to study the effectiveness of ligno-cellulolytic microorganisms (LCMs) obtained from the previous isolation on composting process, especially on enhancement of biodegradation rate of these organic materials. The addition of LCMs to compost showed promised to be a valuable asset by rendering timely benefits in efficiency, maturity, and quality of the composting. This was evidenced by a significant increase of temperature, O2 consumption and CO2 emission, and population density of LCMs in compost mass compared with that of biotic (addition of culture of horse feces) and abiotic (1% molasses amendment) treatments, as well as control trial. The phytotoxicity assay showed that the substrate became mature after 60 days' composting. The LCMs inoculation enhanced the biodegradation of the composting materials as evidenced by an increasing screening ratio (1.2 cm sieve pore) of 34.5% in the treated trail, compared with that of control, which elucidated that big advantage of adding selected inoculants over other treatment, and screening ratio is a reasonable index to compare the quality of different compost. However, the inoculation seemed to have no significant effect on the moisture content, pH, and the final organic carbon of the composting materials.     

Influence of aeration rate and reactor shape on the composting of poultry manure and sawdust

To achieve successful composting, all the biological, chemical, and physical characteristics need to be considered. The investigation of our study was based on various physicochemical properties, i.e., temperature, ammonia concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, organic matter (OM) content, moisture content, bacterial population, and seed germination index (GI), during the composting of poultry manure and sawdust for different aeration rates and reactor shapes. Three cylindrical-shaped and three rectangular-shaped pilot-scale 60-L composting reactors were used in this study, with aeration rates of 0.3 (low), 0.6 (medium), and 0.9 (high) L min^?1 kg^?1 DM (dry matter). All parameters were monitored over 21 days of composting. Results showed that the low aeration rate (0.3 L min^?1 kg^?1 DM) corresponded to a higher and longer thermophilic phase than did the high aeration rate (0.9 L min^?1 kg^?1 DM). Ammonia and carbon dioxide volatilization were directly related to the temperature profile of the substrate, with significant differences between the low and high aeration rates during weeks 2 and 3 of composting but no significant difference observed during week 1. At the end of our study, the final values of pH, EC, moisture content, C/N ratio, and organic matter in all compost reactors were lower than those at the start. The growth rates of mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria were directly correlated with mesophilic and thermophilic conditions of the compost. The final GI of the cylindrical reactor with an airflow rate of 0.3 L min^?1 kg^?1 DM was 82.3%, whereas the GIs of the other compost reactors were below 80%. In this study, compost of a cylindrical reactor with a low aeration rate (0.3 L min^?1 kg^?1 DM) was more stable and mature than the other reactors.

Implications: The poultry industry is growing in South Korea, but there are problems associated with the management of poultry manure, and composting is one solution that could be valuable for crops and forage if managed properly. For high-quality composting, the aeration rate in different reactor shapes must be considered. The objective of this study was to investigate various physicochemical properties with different aeration rates and rector shapes. Results showed that aeration rate of 0.3 L min^?1 kg^?1 DM in a cylindrical reactor provides better condition for maturation of compost.