厌氧产氢ASBR对氮的脱除

在厌氧序批式人工有机污水生物产氢反应器(ASBR)中发现氮"丢失"现象,并对此产氢系统发生脱氮作用的机理和主要影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,在以葡萄糖为发酵底物的厌氧产氢系统中,微生物分别以铵和硫酸盐为电子供体和电子受体发生了硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化;进水有机物负荷和pH主要通过影响不同种微生物的活性而影响脱氮性能,氨氮和硫酸盐的浓度直接与氮素去除率有关。在最大产氢能力为16 m3/(m3·d)、氢气体积百分比为65%的生物制氢系统中,最大脱氮效率约为64%。产氢效率与氮脱除率呈现负相关关系。研究表明,在控制条件下,可以实现高有机物废水厌氧脱除氨态氮,为生活污水直接厌氧脱氮开辟一条新途径。     

有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能影响试验研究

通过间歇试验和连续试验研究了不同有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化活性及脱氮性能的影响。间歇试验结果表明：自养条件下厌氧氨氧化菌的最大比反应速率为0.189 kg NH⁺₄-N/（kg VSS·d）;当氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度为80 mg/L时,有机物的添加降低了厌氧氨氧化速率,当有机物浓度超过70 mg/L时,厌氧氨氧化菌的最大比反应速率降低到0.05 kg NH⁺₄-N/（kg VSS·d）以下,是反硝化菌与厌氧氨氧化菌竞争亚硝酸盐产生了可逆抑制的结果。连续试验结果表明,高氮低碳源有机环境下厌氧氨氧化能稳定运行,并且比自养系统中总氮的去除率有所提高,当COD值为50 mg/L时,总氮去除率最大,平均值达96.59%,是反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌共同脱氮的结果;当有机物浓度过高时,ANAMMOX对TN去除贡献率持续降低,反硝化不断得到强化,厌氧氨氧化运行不稳定。     

厌氧铁氨氧化脱氮除磷效能及稳定性研究

为探究厌氧铁氨氧化(Feammox)污水处理效能及稳定性,考察了铁氧化物类型、硫限制和低温(4℃)对Feammox脱氮除磷的影响,并分析了污泥与微生物特性。结果表明,添加硫酸盐和水铁矿的实验组具有较好的脱氮除磷效果,氨氮和总磷去除率分别超过84%和98%,各实验组氨氧化产物均以硝态氮/亚硝态氮为主,并通过反硝化去除。微生物分析表明,添加硫酸盐和水铁矿、硫酸盐和磁铁矿的实验组中具有较高丰度的氨氧化细菌,硫限制和低温条件下则具有较高丰度的异养反硝化细菌。综上,Feammox具有较稳定的脱氮除磷效果,硫限制和磁铁矿作为铁源不影响其氨氧化效率,但低温明显降低氨氧化效率。     

运行方式对低基质厌氧氨氧化系统脱氮及菌群结构的影响

为了考察运行方式对厌氧氨氧化系统脱氮性能及菌群结构的影响,建立一套厌氧移动床生物膜反应器,在(25±1)℃恒温、低基质(TN≤60 mg·L~(-1))条件下,分别以连续式和间歇式方式运行,采用高通量测序,基于直系同源蛋白簇基因(COGs),对16S rRNA扩增子测序结果进行功能预测,来表征微生物菌群结构和微生物功能的变化。结果表明:系统总氮负荷为(227±13) mg·(L·d)~(-1)时,间歇式运行脱氮效率(90.6%)优于连续式运行效率(74.6%),生物膜厌氧氨氧化细菌的相对丰度高于悬浮污泥;反应器由连续式变为间歇式运行后,主要功能菌属Ca. Brocadia丰度降低,同时,具有部分反硝化作用的Pseudomonas菌丰度出现明显升高。进一步分析可知,在适量的有机物条件下,间歇式运行能够获得更好的厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同处理效果。本研究结果可为污水处理厂的实际运行提供参考。     

一体式MFC-好氧MBR运行效果及膜污染特性

膜生物反应器（MBR）是一种高效的污水处理工艺,而微生物燃料电池（MFC）能利用N0i作为电子受体进行脱氮。为解决膜生物反应器（MBR）脱氮效率低和膜污染问题,建立了一套能够进行脱氮、有效抑制膜污染的一体式MFC-好氧MBR新工艺。以开路MFC—MBR反应器为对照,对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况进行研究。研究表明,2套系统的COD去除率均超过88％,对NH4-N的去除均达到99％。闭路MFC—MBR系统TN去除率达到69．4％,高于开路系统的55．3％。混合液的MLVSS／MLSS稳定在88％左右,同时耦合系统能够改善污泥混合液的性质,zeta电位的绝对值和粘度较开路系统有所减少,污泥颗粒平均体积粒径（233．482μm）较开路系统（94．877μm）有明显增加,膜清洗周期延长了41．17％。     

生物钯强化反硝化及群体感应调控

水体氮素污染对生态环境和人类健康具有严重的威胁,因此,探索高效的污水脱氮方法成为水处理领域高度关注的焦点。本研究利用厌氧活性污泥原位合成零价钯(Bio-Pd⁰),探究了钯负载量对反硝化效果的影响。结果显示,负载适量的钯可以加快反硝化酶对电子的利用速率,从而减少亚硝酸盐和N₂O的积累,使硝酸盐的去除率提高了38.54%,而过量的钯负载会抑制生物反硝化效率。从微生物代谢和群体感应两方面进行了机理分析,结果表明,负载适量的钯能够促进微生物的代谢,从而提高对有机物的利用效率。并且添加0.2 g·L^-1群感抑制剂(QSI)猪肾酰化酶能进一步强化生物反硝化效果。本研究结果对改善污水脱氮效率具有重要的参考价值。     

有机物对自养脱氮工艺影响的研究进展

自养脱氮工艺中同时存在亚硝酸化、硝酸化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化4个过程,而有机物增加了自养脱氮工艺4个过程的脱氮复杂性,但也增加了更多的可能性。综述了有机物对亚硝酸化、硝酸化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化的影响,整理了同步亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化/反硝化(SNAD)工艺和反硝化氨氧化(DEAMOX)工艺的最新研究进展。     

SBR单级自养脱氮系统氮素转化途径

利用氮素计量关系和批式实验研究了SBR系统中基于短程硝化的单级自养脱氮特性和脱氮途径。结果表明,SBR系统获得良好脱氮效果,TN最高去除负荷和去除速率分别达0.49 kg N/(m3.d)和0.20 kg N/(kg VSS.d);系统中82%的氨氮转化成气体脱除,10%的氨氮转化成硝酸盐氮。批式实验结果表明,SBR系统中的污泥同时具有厌氧氨氧化、亚硝酸盐氧化和自养反硝化活性,三者的反应速率分别为0.12 kg NH4+-N/(kg VSS.d)、0.04 kg NO2--N/(kg VSS.d)和0.03 kg NO2--N/(kg VSS.d)。综上,SBR系统中氮的脱除是短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化共同作用的结果,产生的硝酸盐是厌氧氨氧化和硝化作用所致。     

回流式无膜生物阴极微生物燃料电池脱氮

为有效提高脱氮效率、降低MFC运行成本,设计了一种新构型回流式无PEM膜的生物阴极微生物燃料电池,处理生活污水,回收电能。研究了该系统的启动情况及稳定运行时的污水脱氮效果和产电性能。结果表明,系统稳定运行后,输出电压0.53 V,反应器内阻406.8Ω,最大功率密度201.9 mW/m3。连续进水、停留时间12 h、回流比为1及阴极连续曝气条件下,COD去除率85%以上,氨氮去除率93.94%,总氮去除率44.96%,总氮去除较作参比的A2/O系统提高8.17%。     

厌氧膜生物反应器的发展及其耦合厌氧氨氧化脱氮的研究综述

由于厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBR)在水中有机物资源化利用方面具有独特的优势,逐步成为污水处理领域的研究热点。从反应器与膜组件的配置、有机物的去除以及产甲烷率等方面讨论了影响AnMBR运行效果的主要因素。结合污水深度脱氮的需求,探讨了厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)自养脱氮与AnMBR的耦合技术。介绍了国内外相关耦合工艺的应用形式,总结了关于该耦合工艺最新的研究方法、运行效果等,展望了该技术在污水处理领域的应用前景。     

深型地下土壤渗滤系统中氮的去除途径

为了系统研究氮在深型地下土壤渗滤系统中的去除途径,本次实验采用直径30cm,高200cm的有机玻璃柱模拟地下土壤渗滤系统;柱内分层装填取自北京顺义的土壤。在水力负荷为8cm／d的条件下,取得了较好的脱氮效果;氨氮去除率为99．80％;TN去除率为83．68％。通过观察氮沿土柱深度的变化规律发现,在1．30m以上的区域随着氨氮浓度的降低硝氮浓度逐渐增大,同时总氮浓度也在不断降低,约有30．55％在此区域被去除;通过氮元素质量平衡证明这部分氮是通过厌氧氨氧化反应去除的。在1．30m以下反硝化反应是脱氮的主要途径,在此过程中难降解有机物被利用。     

Removal of organic compounds during treating printing and dyeing wastewater of different process units

Wastewater in Shaoxing wastewater treatment plant (SWWTP) is composed of more than 90% dyeing and printing wastewater with high pH and sulfate. Through a combination process of anaerobic acidogenic [hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 15h], aerobic (HRT of 20h) and flocculation-precipitation, the total COD removal efficiency was up to 91%. But COD removal efficiency in anaerobic acidogenic unit was only 4%. As a comparison, the COD removal efficiency was up to 35% in the pilot-scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor (HRT of 15h). GC-MS analysis showed that the response abundance of these wastewater samples decreased with their removal of COD. A main component of the raw influent was long-chain n-alkanes. The final effluent of SWWTP had only four types of alkanes. After anaerobic unit at SWWTP, the mass percentage of total alkanes to total organic compounds was slightly decreased while its categories increased. But in the UASB, alkanes categories could be removed by 75%. Caffeine as a chemical marker could be detected only in the effluent of the aerobic process. Quantitative analysis was given. These results demonstrated that GC-MS analysis could provide an insight to the measurement of organic compounds removal.     

两级SBR与传统SBR工艺的对比研究

采用两级SBR工艺(TSSBR)处理COD与氮浓度较高的工业废水,SBR1去除有机物,SBR2主要进行硝化反硝化。TSSBR与传统SBR工艺相比,COD降解速率和硝化反应速率明显提高,COD去除率由84%提高到93%,2种工艺的反硝化速率没有明显差别。在原水COD浓度较高的情况下,TSSBR可有效克服高COD浓度对硝化反应的抑制,硝化反应速率是传统SBR的2倍。对于COD和氮浓度较高的工业废水,TSSBR明显优于传统SBR,是一种理想的处理工艺。     

两级SBR与传统SBR工艺的对比研究

用两级SBR工艺（TSSBR）处理COD与氮浓度较高的工业废水，SBR1去除有机物，SBR2主要进行硝化反硝化。TSSBR与传统SBR工艺相比，COD降解速率和硝化反应速率明显提高，COD去除率由84％提高到93％，2种工艺的反硝化速率没有明显差别。在原水COD浓度较高的情况下，TSSBR可有效克服高COD浓度对硝化反应的抑制，硝化反应速率是传统SBR的2倍。对于COD和氮浓度较高的工业废水，TSSBR明显优于传统SBR，是一种理想的处理工艺。     

Effect of sulfate reduction activity on biological treatment of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] contaminated electroplating wastewater under sulfate-rich condition

Electroplating wastewater (EW) containing heavy metals was treated by a two-stage packed-bed reactor system. The EW was highly contaminated with hexavalent chromium and other heavy metals as well as sulfate because sulfuric acid had been mainly used to polish the surface of metals to be electroplated. This acidic EW was effectively neutralized in an alkaline reactor where limestone had been packed. The neutralized wastewater together with organic wastewater from a starch-processing factory (SPW) was fed to a bioreactor packed with waste biomass. The SPW was used to supplement the electron donor in the sulfidogenic bioreactor. During the whole operation, we investigated the stoichiometry of electron to see what could be a major factor to remove Cr in the wastewater. The removal rates of sulfate and Cr(VI) were dependent on the consumption rate of organic materials in the wastewater. The stoichiometric studies also showed that about 63% of electrons from oxidation of organic materials were used to reduce sulfate. When the electrons of sulfide oxidation to elemental sulfur was at least 1.3 times higher than that of Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III), Cr(VI) was completely removed. This result suggests that Cr(VI) reduction can be expected to take place under sulfate-rich anaerobic conditions, and sulfide produced by sulfate reducing bacteria could be used to immobilize soluble chromium through Cr(VI) reduction.     

厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池同步除碳脱氮产电性能影响因素

研究了厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池(AFB-MFC)除碳脱氮产电性能的影响因素。结果表明:(1)AFB-MFC对NH4+-N的去除不起作用。电压下降主要是由于进水有机基质浓度下降造成。(2)不添加NO3--N时,在满足AFB-MFC脱氮所需的电子供体条件下增加进水COD/TN有利于AFB-MFC产电。(3)3种无机氮共存下,AFB-MFC在进水有机碳与无机氮质量比(C/N)不低于1.37时,对COD、NO2--N和NO3--N具有理想的去除效果。AFB-MFB在一定进水C/N范围内(1.37～2.50),能得到稳定的输出电压及功率密度。(4)固定进水C/N时,AFB-MFC在高碳氮负荷下仍能得到较理想的NO2--N、NO3--N、COD去除效果,AFB-MFC对NH4+-N去除效果不明显;增加碳氮负荷,AFB-MFC输出电压及功率密度没有明显的改变。(5)有机基质浓度不变下,AFB-MFC中充足的电子供体可保证较高的NO3--N、COD去除率。AFB-MFC输出电压及功率密度随着时间延长而先增加至稳定值后下降。     

水蚯蚓微生物共生系统的脱氮特性

采用泥水同步降解的"水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统",考察了该系统污泥减量能力以及污染物去除性能,研究了水蚯蚓对共生系统脱氮特性的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,实验组污泥减量率为25.0%,污泥性状无明显差异。实验组氨氮与总氮去除率明显低于对照组,实验组每周期单位质量活性污泥氨氮与总氮去除质量分别为6.63 mg/g与5.81mg/g,均低于对照组。共生系统脱氮性能下降主要由水蚯蚓含氮物质释放引起,活性污泥本身硝化能力没有降低,反而略有提高,反硝化能力没有明显改变。"水蚯蚓-微生物共生系统"对中低氨氮浓度的废水处理具有较大的潜力。     

A modified UCT method for biological nutrient removal: configuration and performance

A pilot-scale prototype activated sludge system is presented, which combines both, the idea of University of Cape Town (UCT) concept and the step denitrification cascade for removal of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The experimental set-up consists of an anaerobic selector and stepwise feeding in subsequent three identical pairs of anoxic and oxic tanks. Raw wastewater with influent flow rates ranging between 48 and 168 l d(-1) was fed to the unit at hydraulic residence times (HRTs) of 5-18 h and was distributed at percentages of 60/25/15%, 40/30/30% and 25/40/35% to the anaerobic selector, 2nd and 3rd anoxic tanks, respectively (influent flow distribution before the anaerobic selector). The results for the entire experimental period showed high removal efficiencies of organic matter of 89% as total chemical oxygen demand removal and 95% removal for biochemical oxygen demand, 90% removal of total Kjeldahl nitrogen and total nitrogen removal through denitrification of 73%, mean phosphorus removal of 67%, as well as excellent settleability. The highest removal efficiency and the optimum performance were recorded at an HRT of about 9h and influent flow rate of 96 l d(-1), in which 60% is distributed to the anaerobic selector, 25% to the second anoxic tank and 15% to the last anoxic tank. Consequently, the plant configuration enhanced removal efficiency, optimized performance, saved energy, formed good settling sludge and provided operational assurance.     

Treatment efficiency and stoichiometry of a high-strength graywater.

The transit mission wastewater may represent a future graywater, in which toilet waste is separated from other household waste streams, and dilution water is minimal. A loading rate study indicated that denitrification is stoichiometrically limited, and nitrification was kinetically limited. Denitrification stoichiometry was developed by deriving hypothetical molecular formulas of organic carbon inputs to be represented by the relative proportions of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The derived stoichiometry was validated against experimental data by adjusting the values of fe and fs and multiplying the total dissolved organic carbon loss across the system by the overall R equation and then comparing the total nitrogen removed in the reaction to experimentally observed total nitrogen removal. The nitrification stoichiometry was similarly validated by multiplying the R equation by the ammonium-nitrogen removed and then comparing the NO(x)-N formed in the equation to actual NO(x)-N production values. The fs values for the denitrifying and nitrifying bacteria were 0.33 and 0.15, respectively.