浅谈我国职业病防治现状及其对策

针对目前我国职业病高发的现状,从企业职业病危害因素的产生、相关部门监督及职业卫生人才短缺等环节存在的问题进行剖析,探讨下一步职业卫生管理努力的方向及对策.     

职业卫生监督存在的问题及对策

目前我国职业卫生监督存在的主要问题是管理模式、监测手段滞后,技术力量薄弱,监督人员结构不合理.企业职业卫生法制意识淡薄,有毒有害作业场所缺乏卫生防护设施,不重视个人防护、定期监测和健康体检.今后应建立高效的职业安全卫生一体化管理体制,强化政府职业卫生监督管理职能.监督的重点放在作业场所,并逐渐由监督检查向服务转变.应增强监督机构的技术力量,加强职业卫生法律法规的宣传和职业卫生培训,建立监督规范、标准体系,促使职业卫生监督向规范化、程序化、专业化发展.     

某石化企业职业卫生检测现状分析

通过收集某石化企业近两年的日常检测数据,并结合企业的职业卫生管理及防护设施运行情况,分析了该企业的职业卫生检测现状.     

炼化企业重点岗位职业卫生管理探讨

炼化企业职业危害种类多、分布范围广，但是职业卫生管理人员特别是专业专职管理人员较少，职业卫生管理难度大。要想做好炼化企业的职业卫生工作，就需要针对重点岗位，进行分级管理、重点管理，利用有限的管理资源，抓住主要矛盾，控制职业病的发生。本文以炼化企业毒物、粉尘、噪声等职业危害因素比较突出的化验岗位、热电燃料岗位和汽轮机岗位为例，探讨重点岗位的职业卫生管理。     

炼化企业承包商职业卫生管理存在问题及对策分析

“以人为本”、“体面工作,健康生活,让每个劳动者有尊严地活着”等和谐发展理念对企业职业卫生管理工作提出了更高的标准和要求,尤其对承包商的职业卫生管理,足当前企业抓好职业卫生管理工作必须面临的重要课题。通过对承包商职业卫生管理工作的分析和探讨,查找存在的主要问题,提出对策措施,加强对承包商的职业卫生管理,可以提升管理水平,创造和偕发展、健康发展的良好局面。     

石化企业HSE管理体系审核中有关“职业健康”的审核要点

依据《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》及有关法律法规、标准规范的要求,逐一分解了中国石化HSE管理体系各要素中"职业健康"的审核要点,为企业内审员、职业卫生管理人员全面、准确地进行职业健康日常监督和内部审核提供参考。     

石化企业职业危害风险评估与控制系统工具开发及应用

依据石化企业职业危害风险评估方法,参考国外职业危害风险评估工具,开发一套石化企业职业危害风险评估与控制系统工具,介绍了系统工具各部分的设计,并进行了应用举例。该工具可以对作业场所、作业活动的职业危害进行风险评估,为企业及职业卫生管理部门提供技术支持。     

某石油化工企业橡胶生产装置职业病危害现状评价

采用职业卫生调查法、检测检验法、工程分析法对某石油化工企业橡胶生产装置工作场所职业病危害因素进行识别、分析和评价,确定了职业病危害关键控制点,对企业的职业卫生管理提出了建议。     

职业卫生与安全─—化工企业发展的优先任务

1职业卫生与安全工作的基本概念职业卫生与安全的概念主要来自英美等资本主义的国家，我国随着改革开放的深人发展和企业现代化管理的实现，安全与卫生（甚至包括环保）之间的内在联系更为密切，职业卫生成为职业安全工作的主要内容。因为燃烧、爆炸、泄漏等安全问题已纳入工程标准，通过预先制订安全操作规程，使安全操作的管理目标非常明确。而职业卫生问题不易被识别，对其认识有一个漫长的过程，而且会随着科学的发展不断有新的认识，因而不容易得到控制。加上职业卫生涉及学科范围广（毒理学、流行病学、人机工效学、生物物理学等），…     

某石化企业实验室职业病危害因素控制

分析了某石化企业质量管理中心实验室职业卫生状况及职业病危害因素产生途径,提出职业病危害因素监测、职业卫生隐患治理、职业健康监护、劳动保护用品使用等控制措施.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Characteristics of indoor/outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in generic urban, roadside and industrial plant areas of Guangzhou City, China

Quantitative information on mass concentrations and other characteristics, such as spatial distribution, seasonal variation, indoor/outdoor （I/O） ratio, correlations and sources, of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in Guangzhou City were provided. Mass concentration of PM2.5 and elemental components were determined by standard weight method and proton-induced X-ray emission （PIXE） method. 18 elements were detected, the results showed positive results. Average indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in nine sites were in the range of 67.7-74.5μg/m^3 for summer period, and 109.9-123.7 μg/m^3 for winter period, respectively. The sum of 18 elements average concentrations were 5362.6-5533.4 ng/m^3 for summer period, and 8416.8-8900.6 ng/m^3 for winter period, respectively. Average concentrations of PM2.5 and element components showed obvious spatial characteristic, that the concentrations in roadside area and in industrial plant area were higher than those in generic urban area. An obvious seasonal variation characteristic was found for PM2.5 and elemental components, that the concentrations in winter were higher than that in summer. The I/O ratio of PM2.5 and some elemental components presented larger than 1 sometimes. According to indoor/outdoor correlation of PM2.5 and element concentrations, it was found that there were often good relationships between indoor and outdoor concentrations. Enrichment factors were calculated to evaluate anthropogenic versus natural elements sources.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Developing a Regional Open Space Strategy (ROSS) for Central Puget Sound,Washington State,USA

Ecosystem services provided by the landscapes of regions and cities are critical to human and environmental health, quality of life, environmental justice, biodiversity and climate mitigation and adaptation. In the Pacific Northwest region of the US, a team led by the University of Washington Green Futures Lab is working to identify, conserve and enhance regionally-significant landscapes and to evaluate their contributions as ecosystem or “open space” services. This paper outlines the goals and planning methods of the ongoing Regional Open Space Strategy for Central Puget Sound (ROSS) project, and the frameworks and processes being developed to evaluate ecosystem and open space services in order to inform and influence local and regional governance structures and decisions.     

Nitrogen cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The nitrogen (N) distribution and cycling of atmosphere-plant-soil system in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (TMCW) and marsh meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland (MMCW) in the Sanjiang plain were studied by a compartment model. The results showed that the N wet deposition amount was 0.757 gN/(m2·a), and total inorganic N (TIN) was the main body (0.640 gN/(m2·a)). The ammonia volatilization amounts of TMCW and MMCW soils in growing season were 0.635 and 0.687 gN/m2, and the denitrification gaseous lost amounts were 0.617 and 0.405 gN/m2, respectively. In plant subsystem, the N was mainly stored in root and litter. Soil organic N was the main N storage of the two plant-soil systems and the proportions of it were 93.98% and 92.16%, respectively. The calculation results of N turnovers among compartments of TMCW and MMCW showed that the uptake amounts of root were 23.02 and 28.18 gN/(m2·a) and the values of aboveground were 11.31 and 6.08 gN/(m2·a), the re-translocation amounts from aboveground to root were 5.96 and 2.70 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from aboveground living body to litter were 5.35 and 3.38 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from litter to soil were larger than 1.55 and 3.01 gN/(m2·a), the translocation amounts from root to soil were 14.90 and 13.17 gN/(m2·a), and the soil (0-15cm) N net mineralization amounts were 1.94 and 0.55 gN/(m2·a), respectively. The study of N balance indicated that the two plant-soil systems might be situated in the status of lacking N, and the status might induce the degradation of C. angustifolia wetland.     

三种含钙物质对土壤砷植物有效性的影响

综述含钙物质（生石灰（CaO）、熟石灰（Ca （OH）₂）及石灰石（CaCO₃））对土壤理化性质（pH值、有机质成分及其含量）、土壤微生物群落结构和As赋存形态及生物有效性的影响与机制,及其对植物As吸收积累和As耐性的影响与机制.综述内容可为准确理解含钙物质影响土壤As的生物有效性和植物对As吸收积累的过程机制,进而合理选择含钙物质调控土壤理化性质降低土壤As生物有效性及其生态环境风险提供理论依据和技术参考,对保障土壤种植安全和作物食品安全具有一定现实意义.     

Integrating mitigation and adaptation into climate and development policy: three research questions

The potential for developing synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation has become a recent focus of both climate research and policy. Presumably the interest in synergies springs from the appeal of creating win–win situations by implementing a single climate policy option. However, institutional complexity, insufficient opportunities and uncertainty surrounding their efficiency and effectiveness present major challenges to the widespread development of synergies. There are also increasing calls for research to define the optimal mix of mitigation and adaptation. These calls are based on the misguided assumption that there is one single optimal mix of adaptation and mitigation options for all possible scenarios of climate and socio-economic change, notwithstanding uncertainty and irrespective of the diversity of values and preferences in society. In the face of current uncertainty, research is needed to provide guidance on how to develop a socially and economically justifiable mix of mitigation, adaptation and development policy, as well as on which elements would be part of such a mix. Moreover, research is needed to establish the conditions under which the process of mainstreaming can be most effective. Rather than actually developing and implementing specific mitigation and adaptation options, the objective of climate policy should be to facilitate such development and implementation as part of sectoral policies. Finally, analysis needs to focus on the optimal use and expected effectiveness of financial instruments, taking into account the mutual effects between these instruments on the one hand, and national and international sectoral investments and official development assistance on the other.     

新型杂化材料钝化修复镉铅复合污染土壤的效应与机制研究

采用盆栽实验,研究了新型杂化材料及其与磷酸盐复配使用对镉铅复合污染土壤的钝化修复效果,并通过重金属形态分析、吸附平衡实验以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)探讨了杂化材料钝化修复重金属污染土壤的机制.结果表明,杂化材料单一处理对油菜生长没有明显的促进作用,而杂化材料与磷酸盐复合处理则能显著提高油菜地上部和根部生物量,分别比对...     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.