虚拟水在我国水资源管理领域的应用和探讨

虚拟水以其形象的表达和丰富的内涵,成为2000年以后全球水科学研究领域的热点,被广泛认为是深入研究水资源管理的重要概念,也是衡量人类对水资源系统真实占有量的有效工具。文章系统介绍了虚拟水的基本概念,并对其目前在我国水资源管理领域的应用做了系统性的阐述和探讨。     

水污染治理效益分析

从水污染治理损益分析中应考虑的项目组成及可能采用的估算方法作一般性的讨论,分析水污染治理方案的可行性,为水污染进行治理的决策部门提供一定的参考依据。     

城市水源污染状况及其保护措施

通过对我国城市水源功能区的划分、城市水源污染情况的现状分析,重点介绍了当前国内外一些国家与城市在水源保护上的成功做法,并提出:具有合理的生物多样性和种群结构、健康的营养结构及正常能量代谢的水生态系统,是衡量水源水质良好的重要标准。     

宜宾市水资源保护与可持续发展问题的探讨

本文从近几年来宜宾市工业及生活废水等排放情况及水环境质量的监测资料，阐述了我市流域水污染状况与可持续发展面临的主要问题，提出了水资源保护对策，以促进社会经济可持续发展。     

我国水资源可持续利用的思考

本文分析了中国水资源的现状,从而得知我国未来水资源形势是严峻的,因此,我国水资源要采用节流优先、治污为本、多渠道开源的可持续利用战略。     

水资源研究中几个问题的探讨

本文讨论了区域水资源的评价问题.无论是地表水、地下水,还是土壤水都是来源于大气降水,降水资源才是区域总水资源;同时讨论了区域水资源的平衡原理.降水资源转化了截留水、地表水、土壤水和地下水4项水资源.该文对这2种不同的水体进行了深入讨论,着重论述了土壤水资源的概念及其特征.并对潜水蒸发和水资源的价值问题提出了看法.     

新疆农村饮用水水源地环境调查与保护对策分析

农村饮用水水源地一直是水源地保护中的薄弱环节,在对全疆182个农村饮用水水源地环境质量现状调查和污染现状分析的基础上,提出农村饮用水水源地环境保护对策,以便加强农村饮用水水源地的污染防治建设,保障水源地水质安全。     

对秦皇岛市水资源的再认识

本文对秦皇岛市的水资源进行了重新认识,指出在秦皇岛市特别的降水特征与地貌特征联合作用下,水资源表现出了它的特殊之处,惜用经济学上“可支配收入”一词的词意,对秦皇岛市水资源做了“可支配水资源”与“不可支配水资源”的鉴别,这将对制定秦皇岛市国民经济发展规划起到一定的积极作用。     

水资源足迹计算模型研究——以南京市为例

在生态足迹理论的基础上探讨了水资源足迹的概念。基于水资源生产力,推导出水资源足迹和水资源承载力的计算公式,用水资源赤字和水资源盈余来衡量水资源利用的可持续性。以南京市为例进行模型实证研究,计算了2003～2007年南京市水资源足迹和水资源承载力,结果表明南京市水资源足迹增长明显,水资源承载力总体平稳,赤字从2004—2007年呈指数增长趋势。实证研究表明模型结果可以在一定程度上衡量生产消费对水资源的影响。     

丽江古城水环境现状与调控对策研究

水环境是丽江世界文化遗产地生态地质环境的重要组成部分。由于丽江城市化进程加快，对水环境保护不力，导致古城水污染加剧、水资源量衰减、景观生态用水不足和景观水质下降。通过强化水环境研究，加强水环境立法，进行水生态环境综合治理；实施以调剂古城周边地下泉水为主，拉市海调水为辅的丽江古城景观调水方案，可保护丽江古城水环境，为丽江古城世界文化遗产地的可持续发展提供保证。     

水体黑臭及表观污染表征方法的研究进展

本文提出了水体表观污染的概念,指出水体的表观污染就是水体的某些表观特征引起人们感官不悦的现象。综述了前人对水体黑臭的表征方法,总结出了判别水体黑臭的各种阈值和指数关系式,并做了比较指出不足。明确了建立一套科学的、客观的、稳定的水体表观污染表征方法的必要性。     

Developing a Standardized Water Quality Index for Evaluating Surface Water Quality1

Abstract: There is a significant need for a science‐based approach to interpret water‐monitoring data and to facilitate the rapid transfer of information to water resource managers and the general public. The water quality Index (WQI) is defined as a single numeric score that describes the surface water quality condition at a particular time and location. The objective of this paper is to describe the WQI concept and the approach for developing an ecoregion‐specific standardized WQI that meets the needs described above. The premise of the proposed WQI is based on categorizing scientifically documented aquatic life responses to changes in instream water chemistry. The method uses an aggregated procedure that matches the entire range of standardized probable biological responses to standardized narrative water quality evaluation categories and standardized rank score categories. The calculation of WQI and decision‐making process are performed within an Excel spreadsheet software program. The article includes examples of the proposed WQI applications that could enhance effective water resource management and facilitate timely communication of water quality conditions to water resource managers and the general public.     

WATER RESOURCES AS SOCIAL PROBLEMS1

ABSTRACT. Evidence from 1969 studies in Virginia and Ohio suggests that neither community leaders nor the general public are likely to define water related problems as major problem areas. An examination of the components of a social problem tends to indicate that water problems have not moved beyond a level of minimal public concern. When respondents were willing to describe existing or potential water problems, perceptions as well as possible solutions were described in abstract rather than action-oriented terms. It is suggested that efforts to eliminate water resource problems are not likely to be effective until public concern moves to motivational and behavioral levels.     

水污染问题的经济学分析及其对策探讨

针对我国水资源污染的现状,从经济学角度对水污染的原因进行了分析,指出在公共资源产权没有明确界定的情况下,公共资源总是被过度利用,水资源产权制度缺损导致的外部性是水污染问题产生的根本原因;提出通过状态转移、实行产权管理、建立完善的市场调节机制和法律体系,是解决我国水污染问题的根本出路.     

A SYSTEMS STUDY OF STORM RUNOFF PROBLEMS IN A NEW TOWN1

A system study was conducted on the use of a large number of small reservoirs dispersed throughout an urban community as a means of storm water pollution control. The study was based on an area within the “new city” of Columbia, Maryland. Water collected and stored in the reservoirs is treated for release or use in meeting sub-potable and potable water demands in the community. Design and performance criteria were developed for such a system. A simulation model and a computerized evaluation technique were used to select the optimal locations and system configurations. The results of this study indicated that such a system would be less expensive than a conventional engineering approach to storm water pollution control. Further, the benefits derived from use of the storm water as a water supply can offset a portion of the cost of pollution control. Several secondary benefits also result from this concept including erosion and sediment control, storm flow dampening, and recreational facilities. A program is now underway to demonstrate this concept in Columbia, Maryland.     

水资源承载力研究进展

目前,水资源承载力研究主要集中于水资源承载力的各个方面,总体上还没有对其形成一个系统的认识。在总结水资源承载力研究历史和现状的基础上,阐述了水资源承载力的概念与内涵,对其研究方法及存在问题进行了论述,并预测了水资源承载力研究的发展趋势。     

四川升钟水库水质评价及污染负荷分析

选取高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）、五日生化需氧量（BOD5）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）4项监测指标,采用单因干评价法、综合污染指数法、内梅罗污染指数法、模糊综合评价法及水质标识指数法对升钟水库2004～2010年水污染特征进行分析与评价,结果表明：水质标识指数法比较适合升钟水库水体富营养化评价;单因子水质标识指数显示,水库主要污染物为总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）,基本呈现富营养状态;2008年水质最差,2010年水质达到Ⅱ类标准;7年Iwq的平均值Ave（Iwq）=3．393,Ave（Iwq）未达到国家Ⅱ类水质标准。近7年综合水质标识指数（Iwq）在不同时点上具有高-低演化规律,总体趋向好转。通过计算2006年N、P污染负荷,TN、TP入库主要源于水产养殖,其贡献率分别为：55％、82％,升钟水库TN、TP是合理容量的1．97～2．32倍。应严格控制水库网箱肥水养殖。研究结果对指导升钟水库水污染防治与水资源管理具有重要的意义。     

EFFECT OF SEMI‐PERCHED GROUND WATER ON MONITORING OF GROUND WATER LEVELS IN A DEVELOPED AQUIFER1

ABSTRACT: Interpretation of ground water level changes in a developed aquifer usually relies on reference to some benchmark such as “predevelopment” ground water levels, changes from fall to fall and/or spring to spring, or to determination of maximum stress during the pumping season. The assumption is that ground water levels measured in the monitoring well accurately reflect the state of the ground water resource in terms of quantity in storage and the effects of local pumping. This assumption is questionable based on the patterns shown in continuous hydrographs of water levels in monitoring wells in Nebraska, and wells installed to determine vertical gradients. These hydrographs show clear evidence for vertical ground water gradients and recharge from overlying parts of the aquifer system to deeper zones in which production wells are screened. The classical concept of semi‐perched ground water, as described by Meinzer, is demonstrated by these hydrographs. The presence of semi‐perched ground water (Meinzer definition, there is no intervening unsaturated zone) invalidates the use of measured ground water levels in regional observation programs for detailed numerical management of the resource. Failure to recognize the Meinzer effect has led to faulty management. The best use of data from the observation well network would be for detection of trends and education unless it is clearly understood what is being measured.     

AIRBORNE THERMAL MAPPING OF A “FLOW-THROUGH” LAKE IN THE NEBRASKA SANDHILLS1

The Sandhills region represents a tremendous water resource for the State of Nebraska. Small shallow lakes, marshes, and subirrigated meadows are abundant due to interactions between ground water and surface water. One theory relating ground water to lake-flow systems in the Sandhills has been termed the “flow-through” concept. Thermal-infrared remotely acquired images document the flow-through model for a test site in Western Nebraska.     

SPATIAL MODELLING WITH GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR DETERMINATION OF WATER RESOURCES VULNERABILITY APPLICATION TO AN AREA IN MASSIF CENTRAL (FRANCE)1

ABSTRACT: A method for water resources protection based on spatial variability of vulnerability is proposed. The vulnerability of a water resource is defined as the risk that the resource will become contaminated if a pollutant is placed on the surface at one point as compared to another. A spatial modelling method is defined in this paper to estimate a travel time between any point of a catchment and a resource (river or well). This method is based on spatial analysis tools integrated in Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The method is illustrated by an application to an area of Massif Central (France) where three different types of flow appear: surface flow, shallow subsurface flow, and permanent ground water flow (baseflow). The proposed method gives results similar to classical methods of estimation of travel time. The contribution of GIS is to improve the mapping of vulnerability by taking the spatial variability of physical phenomena into account.