Optimization of hydrogen distribution systems with pressure constraints

Hydrogenation units are often operated at high pressure, requiring the use of compressors which are one of the most expensive chemical processing equipment. Optimizing a hydrogen network should therefore take into consideration not only purity and flowrate constraints but also pressure requirements. In this paper, based on the hydrogen surplus diagram approach, the average pressure profiles of hydrogen sources and sinks are proposed through the introduction of a system’s minimum pressure drop Δp. Combined with the traditional purity profiles, whether a source can meet a sink either for hydrogen concentration or for pressure requirements can be determined intuitively. In cases where the pressure of a source is not sufficient for a sink, installing a hydrogen compressor or using another source with higher purity and pressure could be potential solutions. A cost equation is established to determine which of the two solutions is economically more viable. For different matching situations between sources and sinks, strategies for optimum placement of compression equipment within a given hydrogen network are proposed. A case study is used to illustrate the application and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Biosorption effects of copper ions on Candida utilis under negative pressure cavitation

Under the optimal condition of copper ions adsorption on yeast,we found some different effects among static adsorption, shaking adsorption and negative pressure cavitation adsorption, and the methods of yeast with different pretreatments also affect adsorption of copper ions. At the same time, the change of intercellular pH before and after adsorption of copper with BCECF was studied. The copper distribution was located by using PhenGreen （dipotassium salt and diacetate）, and the surface of yeast was observed by an atomic force microscope. The results showed that negative pressure cavitation can improve bioadsorption capacity of copper ions on yeast. However, the yeasts＇ pretreatment has a higher effect on bioadsorption. It indicates that heavy metal bioadsorption on yeast has much relation with its cellular molecule basis. With the adsorping, the intercellular pH of yeast increased gradually and changed from acidity to alkalescence. These results may suggest that negative pressure cavitation can compel heavy metals to transfer from the cell surface into inside cell and make the surface of yeast coarse.     

“反规划”与生态基础设施：城市化过程中对自然系统的精明保护

以人口为基础、以经济发展为目标的传统城市发展规划模式,不能应对中国的城市快速发展和环境可持续的问题。“反规划”提出城市的建设规划必须以生态基础设施（EI）为依据,而不是建立在人口预测和市政基础设施之上。“反规划”与当代的景观都市主义和前科学时代城市建设中的“风水”有相同理念,并源于19世纪的以绿道作为游憩基础设施的思想、20世纪初的城市绿带作为城市形态控制的思想、和20世纪后期关于生态基础设施作为生物保护基础的思想。生态基础设施有关键性的景观结构所构成,它们对景观中的各种自然过程、生物过程、遗产保护及游憩过程具有战略性的意义,维护对人类社会所不可或缺的自然资产和自然服务。在快速的城市发展过程中,EI 是精明保护与精明增长的有效工具,必须先于城市的发展规划进行规划,并框限城市未来的规模、格局与形态。 EI用尽可能少的土地,通过关键性和战略性的规划,来对土地生命系统的生态服务进行捍卫。以浙江台州为例,论文讨论了如何用EI来进行城市的可持续发展规划。图8参98     

A multi-criteria geographic information systems approach for the measurement of vulnerability to climate change

A flexible procedure for the development of a multi-criteria composite index to measure relative vulnerability under future climate change scenarios is presented. The composite index is developed using the Weighted Ordered Weighted Average (WOWA) aggregation technique which enables the selection of different levels of trade-off, which controls the degree to which indicators are able to average out others. We explore this approach in an illustrative case study of the United States (US), using future projections of widely available indicators quantifying flood vulnerability under two scenarios of climate change. The results are mapped for two future time intervals for each climate scenario, highlighting areas that may exhibit higher future vulnerability to flooding events. Based on a Monte Carlo robustness analysis, we find that the WOWA aggregation technique can provide a more flexible and potentially robust option for the construction of vulnerability indices than traditionally used approaches such as Weighted Linear Combinations (WLC). This information was used to develop a proof-of-concept vulnerability assessment to climate change impacts for the US Army Corps of Engineers. Lessons learned in this study informed the climate change screening analysis currently under way.     

Increasing land pressure in East Africa: The changing role of cassava and consequences for sustainability of farming systems

Increasing land pressure during the past three to four decades has transformed farming systems in the mid-altitude zone of East Africa. Traditional millet-, cotton-, sugarcane- and/or banana-based farming systems with an important fallow and/or grazing component have evolved into continuously cultivated cassava or cassava/maize-based systems. Within three to four decades, cassava cultivation increased from 1–11 to 16–55% of cropped fields in our six study sites. Declining soil fertility, and not labour or food shortage, was apparently the primary trigger for this transformation. The land use changes have increased nutrient offtakes and reduced nutrient recycling rates. Cassava and maize now account for 50–90% of nutrient removal. Whereas single-season fallows were the most important source of nutrient recycling on cropped fields in the past, currently cassava litterfall and maize stover contribute roughly 70% of nutrient recycling, with 50–70% of N, P and K recycled in cassava litterfall. This may explain why many farmers reason that cassava ‘rests’ the soil. With increasing land use pressure farmers progressively use cassava as an ‘imitation fallow’ throughout their farm. Farmers increasingly target cassava to poor fertility fields characterized by low pH and available P. High cassava intensities are nonetheless maintained on more fertile fields, probably to guarantee regeneration of soil fertility on all fields. Once cassava is targeted to poor fertility soils, farmers have run out of low-input management options and need to intensify management to maintain system productivity. As cassava is now used by more farmers and on a larger acreage than fallowing in the studied farming systems, cassava cropping could perhaps serve as an excellent entry point to strengthen system sustainability.     

长江下游河-湖系统溶解性有机碳化学组成、变化特征及其与二氧化碳分压的关系

河流、湖泊等水环境的溶解性有机碳(DOC)是流域碳循环的重要组成部分,水环境中的DOC来源、化学组成及迁移转化是碳的生物地球化学循环的核心问题.文章选择长江下游-河口区河段、巢湖、鄱阳湖,研究了DOC化学组成、荧光特征的时空变化以及其与二氧化碳分压的关系.结果表明,湖泊和河流系统的DOC浓度、化学组成和荧光特征均存在显著空间差异.巢湖与鄱阳湖水体中DOC浓度的均值分别为(3.67±1.08)和(3.50±1.63)mg·L~(-1),显著高于长江下游-河口区河段的(1.82±0.43)mg·L~(-1).在化学组成方面,巢湖DOC的化学组成以类蛋白I类和类蛋白II类物质为主,所占比例在70%以上;鄱阳湖DOC则以微生物代谢物、腐殖酸类物质为主,比例达55%以上;而长江下游-河口区河段DOC中各组分所占比例比较接近.巢湖DOC的荧光指数均值为2.03,新鲜度指数均值为1.19,表明巢湖主要为内源性DOC,降解程度较低;而长江下游-河口区和鄱阳湖的荧光指数均值分别为1.78和1.73,新鲜度指数均值分别为0.91和0.96,表明陆源DOC的贡献较大,降解程度较高.长江下游-河口区河段DOC化学组成和特性存在显著季节变化,DOC腐殖类物质比例在夏季显著高于冬季,陆源土壤侵蚀是长江夏季DOC的重要来源;荧光指数均值从夏季的1.72增加到冬季的1.87,也表明长江DOC夏季外源的贡献高于冬季.巢湖的DOC浓度在夏季高于冬季,但其各化学组成和荧光指数变化相对较小,表明巢湖DOC化学组成和来源受季节变化影响不大.新鲜度指数在长江下游-河口区河段和巢湖中均为夏季略高于冬季,表明夏季水体中新近产生的DOC多于冬季.相关分析表明,类蛋白I类和类蛋白II类的比例与荧光指数显著正相关、与新鲜度指数显著正相关,是内源性DOC和新近产生的DOC的重要成分;二氧化碳分压与微生物代谢物的比例正相关,与类蛋白II类比例负相关,反映了微生物代谢活动及类蛋白II类物质的分解消耗对二氧化碳分压的重要贡献.微生物代谢产物和类蛋白II类物质可能是反映DOC降解过程以及水体二氧化碳分压的关键化学组成.     

Positive and negative feedback in consequential life-cycle assessment

In this paper we develop a typology of consequences that can be used for environmental assessments of investment in technologies. As an illustration we estimate how the inclusion of different cause–effect chains could affect the estimated greenhouse gas emissions resulting from buying and using a fuel cell bus today. In contrast to earlier studies, we include cause–effect chains containing positive feedback from adoption (e.g. economies of scale and learning). We discuss how our findings affect the usefulness and limitations of consequential life-cycle assessment (LCA) and how LCA methodology in more general can be used to support strategic technology choice. A major conclusion is that environmental assessments of investment in emerging technologies should not only include effects resulting from marginal change of the current system but also marginal contributions to radical system change.     

直接法测定大气中的非甲烷烃

介绍了在２个监测点，用直接法测定大气中的非甲烷烃。测定方法的检出限可达０．００６５ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，在线性范围０－１０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３时，线性相关系数为０．９９９５，相对标准焦虑差为２．８％。结果表明，由于大气逆温层、工业排放源、汽车排气对非甲烷烃的浓度变化产生影响，其日变化曲线呈双峰形。     

Direct photolysis of nitroaromatic compounds in aqueous solutions

The direct photolysis of nitrobenzene and nitrophenols in aqueous solutions irradiated by polychromatic light were investigated. Several aromatic intermediates were identified as three nitrophenol isomers, nitrohydroquinone, nitrosobenzene, nitrocatechol, catechol and phenol. Nitrite and nitrate ions were also detected in the irradiated solution indicating direct photolysis of nitrobenzene or nitrophenols. The degradation of nitrobenzene and nitrophenols and the formation of three nitrophenol isomers were observed to follow zero-order kinetics. The quantum yields for nitrobenzene and nitrophenols removal are about 10^-3 and 10^-3—10^-4 respectively. The mechanism for nitrobenzene degradation was suggested to follow mainly nitro-nitrite intramolecular arrangement.     

大气过氧自由基测量研究进展

过氧自由基是大气中重要的氧化剂 ,其浓度的测定对于深入理解大气化学过程具有重要意义。本文总结了二十多年的研究成果 ,论述了大气过氧自由基测量的研究进展 ,介绍了带基体分离的电子自旋共振技术、远红外及毫米波发射光谱技术、激光诱导荧光技术以及化学放大法等常用测量方法及测量结果 ,并展望其未来的发展。     

让环境负面排行榜来得更猛烈些吧

形形色色的排行榜在生活中已不鲜见，如亿万富翁排行榜、城市竞争力排行榜、大学排行榜等等。此类排行榜中，不少排行带有“表彰先进”的娱乐化倾向。     

北京市农田生产的负外部效应价值评价

将京郊农田生产作为一项经济活动,采用多种生态、环境经济学的评价方法,评价了北京郊区农田生产的负外部效应价值.结果表明,2002年因不合理利用所导致的负外部效应价值为1.57亿元,约占当年农业增加值的3.2%,环境总成本平均到耕地面积上约为631.77元/hm².在已定量化的负外部影响中,污灌造成的环境代价大约为888.5元/hm2,约占环境污染总成本的45.1%;滥施氮肥的地下水环境代价为803元/hm²,约占环境污染总成本的42.4%.两者合计占外部负效应总价值的87.5%.     

Necrophysiological determination of blood pressure in fishes

Bony fishes have an elastic chamber between the heart and aorta, the bulbus arteriosus, which has unique mechanical properties. On inflation, the isolated bulbus is initially very stiff but soon becomes extremely compliant yielding a steady (plateau) pressure upon further inflation, which appears to be similar in any given species. Here we show that the plateau pressure correlates with mean blood pressure determined in vivo. Consequently, inflation of the bulbus can be used to determine blood pressure in the living animal from recordings made after it is dead.     

阳极溶出伏安法直接测定含微藻胞外产物海水中的Zn(Ⅱ)

研究了一种简单快速的直接测定含微藻胞外分泌产物海水中Zn(II)的方法。将含微藻胞外产物的海水样品用(1 1)HNO3酸化后,用阳极溶出伏安法直接测定其中Zn(II)的含量,溶出时加入0.1 mol.L-1HAc-0.3 mol.L-1NaAc缓冲溶液调节溶液的pH值4.5左右,以消除H 释放电流对溶出峰的影响。结果表明,对含3种藻类4个样品的5次平行测定的相对标准偏差为3.9%~7.5%,回收率为95.3%~107.8%,与消解后的测定结果无显著差别。在Zn(II)含量0~2.0 mg.L-1范围内,峰电流仍有很好的线性响应。