大学生减灾教育对策研究

灾害风险认知能力是进行减灾教育的基础,受众获取灾害知识与信息的方式是影响减灾教育方法的重要因素,而受众获取灾害知识与信息的途径则会直接影响灾害内容的传递效率和效果。本文针对以上所关心的问题,为了建立合理有效的大学生减灾教育计划,应对大学生防灾减灾意识和能力不足的现状,通过问卷调查,分析和研究了来自不同生源地大学生的灾害风险认知水平、获取灾害知识和信息的方式与途径。从自然灾害风险认知的视角,通过寻找不同特性大学生群体获取减灾知识与信息的差异和趋同性,提出了现势条件下针对大学生的减灾教育对策。     

大学生地震灾害风险认知调查

风险认知是人们对影响日常生活和工作的各种因素的心理感受和认识,是测量公众心理恐慌的指标。开展风险认知社会调查,研究大学生对灾害风险的认知特征及其主要影响因素,不仅有利于强化大学生的地震灾害意识,而且还能为政府的综合防灾减灾规划和地震灾害管理提供决策依据。选择桂林市5所不同类型的高校进行问卷调查,通过统计分析675份有效...     

图书馆防灾减灾管理制度初探

图书馆是人们获取知识信息的公共场所,它的安全也应该引起我们的重视.本文从编制图书馆灾害应急预案、建立健全各种规章制度、加强对图书馆工作人员应对灾害能力的培训、健全各种应急设备、数字馆藏容灾制度等几个方面论述了图书馆防灾减灾的方法与手段.     

中国灾害风险认知研究的知识图谱分析

近年来我国地震、台风、洪涝等灾害频发,灾害防范已成为人们关注的焦点之一,但我国针对灾害风险认知的知识储备不足,也缺乏有关灾害风险认知研究的系统性分析。利用可视化文献分析工具CiteSpace对我国2002—2018年CNKI数据库中灾害风险认知研究的656篇相关文献的发文数量、关键词、文献作者群体、发文机构进行检索与统计分析,绘制出学科研究热点、核心作者和研究机构的知识结构图谱,并采用文献计量学方法,借助知识图谱量化分析了中国灾害风险认知的相关研究现状,客观地揭示了该领域的研究状态与发展趋势,为灾害风险认知领域的深入研究提供借鉴。     

抗灾体适能的影响因素及培养方法

本文以参与多次灾害救援的国家紧急救援队队员及专家为调查对象,通过问卷方式调查在灾害发生时及灾害发生后,影响抗灾体适能的主要影响因素。统计结果表明:影响抗灾体适能变化的主要因素有人们对灾害的认知水平,灾害发生时及发生后人们的心理适应能力、生理适应能力、体能水平及行动能力。在此基础上,提出了有效培养、提高抗灾体适能的方法与手段。即:减灾教育内容要将学生"该知道的"与"想知道的"相结合,通过演练演习等方式提高学生的防灾应急实际技能。     

基于公众对区域水灾感知的灾害风险沟通探讨

了解公众对区域水灾的感知情况,为开展有效的风险沟通和风险管理提供基础依据。本文从公众层面入手,在长江流域的上中下游选择重庆、江西、安徽作为调查样区,调查公众对当地水灾的感知状况,共访谈10余个区县的207位居民,每人的访谈时间都在40 min以上。据此分析公众区域水灾感知水平与灾害风险沟通间的关系。调查中发现,在风险沟通的渠道方面：电视是村民接受风险信息的主要渠道,很少有人通过报纸或网络了解水灾水情。在风险沟通的内容方面：在灾害中不同的角色因其职责、信息渠道等的不同,风险沟通的内容有别。水灾认知中,存在着由于期望差异、乐观侥幸心理等导致的认知偏差。在风险沟通的手段方面：对于受灾居民而言,可以通过水灾知识普及、加强心理辅导或心理治疗等方式减少水灾带来的负面影响。另外,需要引导公众认识到防洪科技的有限性,减少麻痹、盲从心理及其行为。     

我国公众灾害教育研究综述

面向公众的灾害教育是防灾减灾工作中的重要一环。通过对公众灾害教育相关研究梳理,明确其概况、实施途径,在此基础上提出策略促进其开展,进而提高全民防灾素养。     

基于GIS技术的台风风暴潮灾害风险评估——以台州市为例

分析了台州市台风风暴潮灾害特征,根据台州市沿海区域的地理、水文、社会经济等特点,在台风风暴潮数值模型模拟基础上,实现了基于格网和GIS技术的台风风暴潮灾害风险评价。通过构建台风风暴潮灾害风险评价模型,对台州市区沿海地区的台风风暴潮灾害危险度、脆弱性和防灾减灾能力进行了分析,在GIS平台上进行淹没分析、叠置分析、以及格网拟合计算,最后绘制出了台州市台风风暴潮灾害高分辨率风险区划图,以期为我国风暴潮防灾减灾工作提供科学参考。     

山地城市灾害系统模糊风险评价

灾害风险是当前灾害研究的热点和核心之一。从灾害系统整体角度,厘定区域灾害系统风险,明晰灾害系统风险要素构成及其作用机制,对于科学指导区域综合防灾减灾具有重要意义。在山地城市灾害系统研究的基础上,基于"R=H×E×S/C"的灾害系统模糊风险概念模型,构建了反映山地城市灾害系统"致灾因子危险性、承灾体暴露性、灾损敏感性和防灾减灾能力"四个方面的"山地城市灾害系统模糊风险评价指标体系";提出了对山地城市灾害系统模糊风险进行定量评价与排序的"综合赋权(AHP-EVM)"二级模糊综合评判模型。在上述研究基础上,以重庆市38个区县作为研究对象,对理论模型进行了实证研究,并从整体上初步阐明和解释了山地城市(重庆市)38个区县的灾害系统模糊风险等级及成因。研究得出以下结论:(1)基于"综合赋权"模糊综合评判的"山地城市灾害系统模糊风险"评价结果科学、可靠,能够从整体反映山地城市灾害系统模糊风险水平及其构成。经过与灾情数据对比、专家评判,本研究所得评价结果通过验证,且与"模糊物元评价"所得结果基本一致。(2)重庆市灾害系统模糊风险整体水平居中。其中,渝中区、江北区,渝东北的城口县、奉节县以及渝东南的酉阳县,灾害系统风险等级高,各类灾害发生及造成损失的可能性较大,是未来防灾减灾工作的重点。     

基于公众旱灾风险认知的灾害风险沟通研究

在越来越多的自然灾害风险防范中,风险沟通被作为一种工具以提高政府与公众风险消息交流成功的概率。公众的风险认知情况是影响灾害风险沟通成功的重要因素,如果没有洞察到公众对风险的感知与理解,有效的风险沟通几乎是不可能的。本文通过问卷调查,分析和评价了公众的旱灾风险认知水平,针对性别、受灾经历和风险消息传播媒介等对公众风险认知...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.