江苏茅山断裂带中段重力异常多尺度分析及其构造识别

采用小波变换多尺度分析,将茅山断裂带中段的重力数据分解为不同尺度的重力异常,用于研究该区的地质构造特征。小波变换多尺度分析可以将重力数据分解为不同深度的局部异常和区域异常,局部异常解释为浅部地质体引起,区域异常解释为深部地质体引起。基于此种地质解释,分析了不同深度地质体与重力异常的对应关系,并对产生异常的原因进行解释,推断出该区的主要断裂构造,并对已有研究成果进行修正。研究结果表明,断裂带中段的构造形式与重力异常之间有较好的对应关系。     

西藏措勤尼雄地区地面磁法测量及其地质意义

在《西藏措勤-昂仁地区铁铜矿评价》工作中,安排了1∶ 5万地面磁法测量.地面ΔT表明：整个工区属磁异常区,表现出北西低、南东高的总趋势.通过对磁测资料的转换处理,发现磁场特征与青藏高原中西部航磁调查所反映的地球物理特征基本吻合,反映了全工区磁场的变化特征,证实了藏C-99-297航磁异常的存在,应为矿致异常,可以指导青藏高原中西部找矿工作.通过对磁测剖面数据的推断,结合异常查证,在全工区圈出一批具有找矿意义的异常,为今后该地区基础地质研究和矿产资源评价提供了可靠的地球物理资料,并为今后在青藏高原开展矿产资源评价工作提供了切实可行的工作思路.     

川滇地区地震活动趋势再判断

川滇地区是中国大陆最显著的地震活动区域之一。结合该地区20世纪以来的地震数据,通过三元、四元和五元可公度计算、可公度系图谱构建及蝴蝶结构图分析,结果表明,在未来十年内的2015年和2017年前后川滇地区均有可能发生≥7.1级强烈地震,其中2015年的灾害信号最强。该研究旨在丰富可公度方法的灾害趋势判断案例,同时希望能为川滇地区地震灾害的监测提供一定的依据。     

白赤交角的周期在川滇地区M≥6.7级地震预测中的应用

基于对20世纪以来川滇地区M≥6.7级以上大地震年份与月亮白赤交角的两个极值的变化周期18.6年的关系,建立了1个预测模型,用于对未来川滇地区地震的发生时间进行预测。分析结果表明,20世纪以来川滇地区的39个M≥6.7级强震与月亮白赤交角的两个极值的变化周期18.6年有着密切的关系。通过分析,认为川滇地区未来19年内有可能发生4次M≥6.7级地震的危险,另一方面,2012～2017年有强烈的地震灾害信号,并且未来几次M≥6.7地震可能发生在2014/2015/2019/2027年。     

海南岛西部非农用地土壤中的稀土元素地球化学特征

对海南岛西部发育典型的12个非农业土壤剖面REE的组成特征及其纵向变化规律进行研究发现,区内非农业土壤剖面不同层位之间的稀土元素具有一定的继承性,风化成土的基岩奠定了土壤中稀土元素的初始含量及土壤中呈现的LREE富集与Eu亏损的特点,而成土过程中稀土元素分异作用则进一步加剧土壤中LREE的富集和Eu亏损,土壤剖面浅部的氧化和水解作用致使Ce在浅层土壤中的富集,并导致由剖面深部至浅部,Ce呈现出正异常增大之趋势。区内稀土元素的赋存状态与稀土元素性质及其所处的土壤地球化学环境有密切联系,同一层中不同形态稀土元素含量总体上表现为残渣态>Fe-Mn结合态>有机态>可交换态(含水溶态)>碳酸盐态,而往土壤深部,残渣态所占比例逐步增大,Fe-Mn结合态、有机态与可交换态(含水溶态)所占比例逐步降低。     

多尺度PM_(2.5)分布特征的空间插值与遥感反演对比

精确识别污染物浓度的空间分布是进行区域大气污染防治的重要基础。利用MODIS卫星数据,采用基于地面气象和环境空气质量监测站点观测数据为基础的反演模型,反演获取2013年12月珠三角地区典型大气污染过程1 km分辨率的PM_(2.5)浓度数据,对比分析遥感反演及基于环境空气质量监测站点观测数据的空间插值方法对区域、城市和乡镇尺度PM_(2.5)浓度空间分布特征的再现效果差异。结果表明,珠三角地区PM_(2.5)遥感反演结果与地面观测数据的相关性达到0.74,相关性水平较好,遥感反演结果可描述区域、城市和乡镇尺度上PM_(2.5)污染浓度的空间分布特征,识别不同空间位置的污染程度差异;基于站点观测数据的空间插值方法对PM_(2.5)浓度空间分布特征的再现能力有限,在区域尺度PM_(2.5)浓度空间分布特征分析时效果尚可,在站点有限的城市和乡镇尺度分析中效果不佳,容易产生对高浓度污染地区的误判;在需要利用站点观测数据分析区域尺度PM_(2.5)浓度空间分布特征时,析取克里金、反距离权重或径向基函数插值方法的效果相对较好。     

大数据分析在不同类型断裂控藏研究中的应用——以珠一坳陷为例

以断裂穿透地层的层位为依据,对恩平凹陷、番禺4洼、惠州凹陷和陆丰凹陷1674条断裂进行研究。研究发现区内发育深部断裂、中深部断裂、中部断裂、中浅部断裂、浅部断裂和深浅沟通型断裂6种类型。深浅沟通型断裂切割地层范围最广,连接的烃源岩和储集层层数最多,最有利于油气成藏;深部断裂有利于古近系成藏;中深部断裂对古近系和新近系成藏均有利;中部断裂和中浅部断裂通常起控制圈闭形态的作用,仅当有油气通过其他途径运移至中部断裂和中浅部断裂所控圈闭中才有利于成藏;浅部断裂多使已有圈闭破碎化、复杂化。     

我国西南地区1960～2000年降水资源变化的时空特征

利用我国西南地区96个测站近40a的月降水量资料,采用主成分分析、旋转主成分分析、小波分析等方法对西南地区年降水资源变化的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明:近40a西南地区的西部高原地区降水资源呈增加趋势,而东部除重庆地区外,大部分地区降水资源减少。西南地区年降水资源空间特征复杂,存在南北和东西相反变化的差异,空间异常可分为8个异常区,即滇南区、川西高原区、滇黔交界区、四川盆地东部、四川盆地西部、滇西区、黔渝交界区和凉山区。西部高原地区年降水量都经历了多雨-少雨-多雨的过程,20世纪90年代降水量呈增加的趋势,四川盆地东部经历了少雨-多雨-少雨的过程,四川盆地西部和整个西南地区东南部的降水量整体都呈下降趋势。川西高原区、滇南区和滇黔交界区在整个时段存在显著的准14a周期,其他异常区的显著周期及其年代变化有较大差异。     

综合找矿方法在宁芜北火山岩覆盖区的应用——以南门头工区为例

以宁芜北火山岩覆盖区南门头工区为例,利用地质、物探等综合找矿方法进行深部矿勘查方法技术的探索。通过研究岩石物性特征,综合分析研究区重力、航磁异常、1:10000面积性高精度磁法测量和重力测量、电法(CR法)综合剖面测量资料,对异常进行综合分析和解释,并对成矿有利部位进行钻探验证,辅以井中物探,取得了较好的应用效果。以南门头工区勘查工作为例,总结了火山岩覆盖区勘查过程中制约找矿的干扰因素,为今后类似覆盖区开展深部找矿工作提供参考。     

重庆长寿湖氮磷污染状况分析

本文以2008年至2012年长寿湖监测站点监测数据为基础,分析了长寿湖的水质状况.研究了长寿湖水体中氮磷污染情况,并结合2005年至2007年相关统计资料,通过相关性分析,考察了长寿湖地区的降水量、农村面源污染对长寿湖氮磷污染的影响.氮磷监测结果显示,自2008年以来,长寿湖中氮磷污染整体呈逐年增加趋势,同时,相关性分析表明,长寿湖中氯磷污染同降水量和农村面源污染之间存在一定的正相关性.建议对长寿湖氮磷污染的治理首先从周边地区的农村面源污染管控着手.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.