细水雾抑制石化污水系统内油气爆炸的实验与模拟

为研究石化污水系统内细水雾抑制油气爆炸的冲击规律,搭建10 m×1.5 m×1.5 m真实尺度污水系统模型,并开展细水雾抑制油气燃爆实验,结合数值模拟方法研究了细水雾覆盖区域、细水雾喷雾流量、可燃气初始浓度等因素爆炸冲击的影响。结果表明,通道前端覆盖细水雾使得腔体峰值超压明显增强,后端覆盖细水雾腔体内部爆炸超压被显著抑制;随着水雾起始位置距点火点距离D的增加,通道内爆炸超压峰值出现时间明显延后,且爆炸峰值超压逐渐减弱;腔体前端施加细水雾时,随着喷雾流量的增加爆炸超压峰值出现时间明显提前,且爆炸峰值超压逐渐增加,而后端施加细水雾时,规律相反;细水雾施加下,随着可燃气初始燃料配比ER增加,通道内爆炸超压峰值呈现先增后减、超压峰值出现时间先减小后增大。     

泥石流块石冲击下钢绞线网组合结构的动力响应模拟研究

针对泥石流块石冲击荷载作用下灾害的防治问题,引入钢绞线网组合结构,并利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对不同冲击物在不同的冲击点位置、冲击物速度和冲击物质量条件下钢绞线网组合结构对泥石流块石冲击的动力响应进行数值模拟。结果表明:①冲击物在不同的冲击点位置,钢绞线网组合结构的冲击力峰值不同,同一冲击高度,钢绞线网组合结构中间点处的冲击力峰值比两侧点要小;随着冲击高度的增加,钢绞线网组合结构的冲击力峰值减小;②在低速度冲击过程中,钢绞线网组合结构中钢绞线未断裂,结构的冲击能量守恒,在高速度冲击时,钢绞线网组合结构冲击点处横向钢绞线比竖向钢绞线的塑性应变和轴向力更早达到最大,横向钢绞线先发生断裂;③钢绞线网组合结构冲击点处位移峰值分析显示,随着冲击物速度和冲击物质量的增加,钢绞线网组合结构的位移峰值增加,但位移增幅降低。     

内爆炸载荷作用下爆炸容器振动响应试验研究

为研究具有密闭结构的装备、建筑物或地下工事在内爆炸载荷作用下的冲击振动响应,通过某一尺寸爆炸容器的冲击振动环境试验构建内爆炸振源模型和密闭结构响应模型,比较测量了几个典型位置在不同强度载荷下的振动情况并进行频谱分析,提出了基于振动主频的判断结构损伤和防止共振响应的方法,并对试验数据进行数值拟合,弄清振动参数在结构上的衰...     

模拟水下近距非接触爆炸环境的中量级冲击试验

由于非接触爆炸冲击环境引起的冲击值的范围取决于单位时间内的位移,中量级冲击试验条件是建立在舰船、装备受到剧烈的冲击载荷而不至于毁灭的基础上的,因此,采用了中量级冲击机进行试验,介绍了试验条件及参数。试验结果表明,用中量级冲击机来模拟水下近距离非接触爆炸性环境并对装备进行考核是当前可行的一种技术手段。     

冲击损伤对炸药装药冲击起爆特性的影响

目的研究冲击载荷下炸药内部损伤随时间变化特征对其冲击感度的影响规律。方法针对损伤状态随时间变化的两种典型情况,采用冲击波模拟加载的方式对炸药装药进行损伤实验。损伤的恢复时间很长时,在损伤后将试样放置7天后,再研究其损伤状态对其冲击起爆特性的影响;恢复时间很短时,通过控制冲击损伤实验和冲击感度实验之间的时间间隔模拟多层靶板撞击的实际情况。选择常用的两种奥克托金基炸药作为研究对象,通过冲击感度实验确定临界隔板厚度、设计损伤条件,然后进行两种不同损伤愈合时间后的冲击起爆特性实验,研究损伤状态对炸药装药冲击起爆特性的影响。结果在文中损伤条件下,放置7天后,炸药装药的冲击感度均显著下降,而类似于侵彻多层靶板条件的实验后,炸药装药的冲击感度显著增加。结论炸药装药损伤状态随时间的变化对炸药装药冲击起爆有完全不同的影响趋势,在相关的炸药装药安全性设计时,必须考虑与损伤时间状态相关的冲击起爆特性。     

爆炸螺栓分离对热防护系统冲击响应分析

目的考察在爆炸螺栓分离过程中,作用在TPS(热防护系统)上的冲击响应是否会导致其破坏,从而影响航天器飞行安全,对过程进行数值仿真分析。方法提出四阶段仿真方案,基于MSC.Dytran软件,采用流固耦合方法对爆炸螺栓分离过程进行动力学仿真;根据单个爆炸螺栓地面分离试验的结构进行建模和分析,获取结构响应曲线;再根据实测的冲击响应数据,对爆炸过程中炸药及JWL方程的参数等设置进行调整,获取准确爆炸螺栓的分析模型;最后应用于对真实结构中TPS(热防护系统)在分离过程里受爆炸螺栓冲击响应的动力学分析与评估。结果通过参数调整,获得的仿真模型与爆炸螺栓地面分离试验实测结果一致,证明了仿真模型的有效性和四阶段仿真方案的可行性。结论提取的真实结构爆炸螺栓分离过程中作用在TPS(热防护结构)上的最大加速度响应曲线,可用于指导TPS(热防护系统)的设计。     

基于瞬态分析的浮动核电站高能管路冲击疲劳寿命评估

目的合理评估浮动核电站高能管路在水下冲击载荷下的疲劳寿命。方法开展高能管路静载、模态和瞬态响应分析,得到管路在水下冲击作用下的应力时程曲线,为管路疲劳寿命估算提供基本应力谱输入。基于冲击疲劳损伤模型,运用nCode疲劳分析软件,估算管路的冲击疲劳寿命。结果管路在一次冲击载荷作用下会经历多次应力循环,最大应力值超过材料屈服极限的11%。管路在横向冲击作用下的冲击疲劳寿命为3.95×10~4次。结论管路在冲击载荷作用下的最大应力响应发生在冲击输入的正向三角波之后,反向三角波之内,是由于惯性效应造成的响应滞后现象。管路固定端、弯头和三通是应力集中区域,管路疲劳破坏一般发生在这些局部区域。     

基于应变模态方法的飞机蒙皮分布动载荷识别

目的解决飞机蒙皮分布动态载荷确定的工程实际问题。方法将基于广义正交多项式的复杂分布动载荷识别技术与应变模态理论相结合,建立利用有限个测点的应变响应和结构应变频响函数作为已知参数的飞机蒙皮分布动载荷识别模型。利用Nastran软件,以某型飞机机身中段外蒙皮为例,分别采用位移模态方法和应变模态方法进行了70、80、90、100 Hz下的蒙皮分布动载荷识别,并进行对比分析。结果以应变响应作为已知参数的应变模态载荷识别方法,在各计算频率下均具有较好的识别精度,最大识别误差为8.9%,能够满足工程应用。在各识别频率下,采用应变方法识别过程中的积分矩阵条件数小于位移方法。在100 Hz识别频率下增加3%随机误差干扰后,位移识别方法最大误差为19.4%,采用应变方法的载荷识别最大误差为9.8%。结论相比于传统的采用位移模态的载荷识别方法,以应变响应作为已知参数的应变模态载荷识别方法具有更好的数值稳定性,对于解决结构共振频率附近频响函数矩阵奇异性问题具有很好的应用价值。     

气囊回收系统的着陆适应性仿真分析

目的提出一种气囊着陆缓冲等效分析方法,将有限元仿真和理论分析相结合,借助理论分析的优点实现对气囊回收系统着陆缓冲冲击性能快速评估的目的。方法首先建立气囊有限元模型,通过有限元分析获得载荷-压缩量曲线,根据曲线拟合出接触载荷与气囊压缩量的关系式。同时,利用高斯函数模拟斜坡,考虑一质量块和气囊以一定初速度竖直向下撞击到该坡面上,只考虑坡度大小和表面粗糙度对气囊冲击载荷的影响。最后,利用中心差分法计算出质量块的位移、速度以及加速度。结果在撞击点的坡度为0°,20.27°和31.24°时,得到理论的水平方向和竖直方向上的最大过载,与仿真输出的结果进行对照,在误差允许的范围内,理论与仿真结果一致。分析比较不同撞击点的坡度下水平和竖直方向最大过载以及气囊离开地面时的角速度。当撞击点坡度为0°时,水平方向最大过载为0,随着撞击点坡度增大,水平方向的最大过载逐渐增大;竖直方向最大过载的值最大,为224.5 m/s2,随着撞击点坡度增大,竖直方向的最大过载逐渐减小。当撞击点坡度为0°时,角速度为0,气囊离开地面时的角速度逐渐增大,其增幅在0°到20°之间较大。结论气囊着陆缓冲等效分析方法计算得到的结果与仿真得到的结果相一致,验证了该理论计算方法的有效性,因此可以利用该方法对缓冲气囊的冲击性能进行快速评估。     

不同粒径PMMA粉尘爆炸特性研究

采用20L球形爆炸测试装置,对比研究了30μm、800 nm、100 nm的微纳米PMMA(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)粉尘的爆炸特性,得出纳米粉尘相比微米粉尘具有爆炸升压速率大、爆炸持续时间短的特性;在密闭容器内,100 nm和800 nm粉尘颗粒的最佳爆炸浓度为250 g/m~3,最大爆炸压力P_(max)分别0.821 MPa和0.865 MPa,爆炸指数K_(st)分别为27.3 MPa·m/s和25.8 MPa·m/s;30μm粉尘颗粒最佳爆炸浓度为750 g/m~3,最大爆炸压力0.708 MPa,爆炸指数K_(st)为10 MPa·m/s~1,总体上纳米粉尘的爆炸危害远大于微米粉尘,但由于粒径减小团聚效果增大,100 nm粉尘只在低浓度下(250 g/m~3)的爆炸威力高于800 nm粒径,当浓度增大,团聚严重,其爆炸威力却低于800 nm粒径,所以对有机纳米粉尘并非粒径越小,爆炸威力越大,而更应关注纳米粉尘在低浓度下的爆炸危害,研究结论可为加工、储存有机纳米材料的安全防护与安全设计提供指导。     

用板坯切分法生产H型钢技术在日本的应用

介绍了用切分法进行H型钢粗轧开坯的孔型系统,典型工艺及其适用范围,并较为详细地介绍了定位孔、切分孔、展平孔及异型孔等具体孔型的设计方法,对用板坯切办法生产H型钢的优缺点做了分析.     

联合上限法和主应力法(UBM/SM法)确定模具表面压力分布的研究(Ⅱ)

本文根据前文所提联合上限法和主应力法确定模具表面压力分布的基础原理,计算了圆柱坯料正挤压和十字头锻件镦挤时模具表面的压力分布,所得结果与测定值很吻合,进一步证明了UBM/SM法实际应用的可靠性.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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