Water Bodies Protection Index for assessing the sustainability status of lakes under the influence of urbanization: a case study of south Chennai, India

Vulnerability of water resources to degradation is one of the critical issues facing developing countries. Changes in population and land use associated with urbanization may alter social interdependence of water bodies in the vicinity of urban and periurban areas thereby affecting their sustainability. Preservation and proper management of lakes are urgently needed to ensure that these freshwater ecosystems continue to deliver their services to the people in the changing scenarios resulting from urbanization. In this paper, we make use of indicators, a powerful tool in decision making, and propose Water Bodies Protection Index (WBPI), which can serve as monitoring cum ranking tool to prioritize conservation efforts for periurban water bodies. Water quality, biological diversity, encroachment of the lakes, role played by the local community in lake management and preservation, and implementation of existing Acts for protection of water resources by government agencies are the five factors chosen for formulating this index. The data and information for this were obtained through socio-ecological study of six water bodies situated in the urban to rural gradient at the southern fringe of Chennai city in south India. Weightages were assigned to the above factors based on a Delphi study. A simple aggregation of weighted factors yields the index that classifies the protection status from poor (<2.5) to sustainable (>9). Application of the WBPI to the study lakes and comparing it with an urbanization index from the literature for the locations of the study lakes provided satisfactory classification and correlation, respectively. The WBPI is expected to help assess many such water bodies elsewhere to set targets for their revival and preservation.     

江苏湖泊富营养化特征、成因及解决途径

应用湖泊营养类型评价标准对江苏省主要湖泊富营养化进行了评价,以区域环境特征对苏南和苏北湖群及城郊湖泊富营养化现状、发生原因及对策进行了探讨,分析表明：城郊湖泊全部为富营养和重富营养水平,苏北湖群营养程度已接近苏南湖群,呈中富营养中期,太湖东部营养程度较之太湖西部高出一个营养级别以上。苏北湖群多为过水性湖泊,易受高浓度工农业污水脉冲式入湖影响;苏南湖群污染成因则相对较复杂,主要受城镇生活和工农业生产高污染负荷的氮磷排放影响。严格控制流域内各类污染源的源头污染物排放量、充分利用河网湿地净化功能、适度进行湖内污染底泥疏浚和生态重建工程,对控制江苏湖泊富营养化将是较有效的途径。     

利用中巴地球资源卫星数据反演武汉市湖泊营养状态指数

以武汉市主要湖泊为例,研究了利用中巴地球资源卫星（CBERS2）数据反演水体营养状态指数（TLI）。研究旨在评估利用中巴地球资源卫星数据来估算内陆水体富营养化程度的可能性。首先利用地面水质监测数据计算武汉市某些湖泊监测点的“真实的”营养状态指数（包括综合营养状态指数和修正的Carlson营养状态指数）,同时,在事先经过辐射校正和几何校正的CBERS2图像上,以9×9像元为采样窗口,提取各个对应地点的灰度值均值（从波段1至波段4）;然后,采用多元逐步回归分析,以各波段灰度值均值为自变量,建立营养状态指数经验遥感反演模型;最后,利用模型对整个湖泊水体的营养化状态指数进行反演,并绘制了其空间分布图。 结果显示,营养状态指数的自然对数值与CBERS2图像各波段灰度值之间存在较好相关关系,回归系数平方值(R²)为0.51。利用反演模型反演得到的湖区水质分布与实际情况基本相符。由于CBERS2图像数据可以从我国许多数据分发中心免费获取,这为低成本的水质遥感监测提供了一条途径。     

南水北调东线湖群水体营养状态评价及其限制因子研究

湖泊富营养化问题是我国湖泊保护面临的紧迫问题,开展湖泊营养状态评价及其限制因子研究,对于富营养化湖泊治理和生态系统修复具有重要意义。该研究以南水北调东线工程调蓄湖群-高邮湖、洪泽湖、骆马湖、南四湖、东平湖为研究区域,于2018年4月非调水期和10月调水期对调蓄湖群109个样点开展了系统监测,采用综合营养状态指数法对调蓄湖群营养状态进行了评价,运用多元统计分析方法分析了湖群富营养化特征及其限制因子。结果表明:同一水期内调蓄湖泊间水质指标不尽相同,各调蓄湖泊非调水期水质优于调水期,影响水质达标的主要因子为总氮和总磷。调蓄湖群调水期均处于轻度富营养状态,非调水期均处于中营养状态,非调水期优于调水期。透明度和叶绿素a是决定调蓄湖群富营养化水平的限制性因子。     

Accumulation of Chernobyl-derived 137Cs in bottom sediments of some Finnish lakes

The amount and vertical distribution of Chernobyl-derived 137Cs in the bottom sediments of some Finnish lakes were studied. Sediment and surface water samples were taken in 2000 and 2003 from 12 stations in nine lakes and the results were compared with those obtained in corresponding surveys carried out in 1969, 1978, 1988 and 1990. Each of the five deposition categories of Chernobyl fallout in Finland were represented. The depth profiles of 137Cs in the sediments showed considerable variety in the lakes studied. The peak values varied between 1.5 and 46 kBq kg(-1) dry wt. The size and shape of the peak did not always correlate with the amount of deposition in the area, but on the other hand, reflected differences in sedimentation processes in different lakes. In some of the lakes the peak still occurred in the uppermost (0-2 cm) sediment layer, but in an extreme case the peak occurred at a depth of 22-23 cm corresponding to a sedimentation rate of 16 mm year(-1) during the 14 years after the Chernobyl accident. The total amounts of 137Cs in sediments varied from 15 to 170 kBq m(-2) at the sampling stations studied. Since 1990, the amounts have continued to increase slightly in two lakes, but started to decrease in the other lakes. In most of the lakes, the total amounts of 137Cs in sediments were about 1.5-2 times higher than in local deposition. In two lakes, the ratio was below 1, but in one case 3.2. Compared with the total amounts of 137Cs at the same stations in the late 1960s and 1970s, the values were now at their highest, at about 60-fold. The most important factors affecting 137Cs values in sediments were the local amount of deposition and the type of the lake and the sediment, but in addition, there were a number of other factors to be considered.     

武汉地区湖泊沉积物重金属的分布及潜在生态效应评价

对武汉地区6个湖泊沉积物重金属元素Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Cr、Ni的空间分布特征及其潜在生态效应进行研究。调查区的湖泊底泥重金属含量表现出市区内湖泊沉积物的重金属含量普遍高于郊区湖泊,其中墨水湖中重金属含量最高;湖泊沉积物柱重金属元素垂向分布表现为城区受到一定程度污染的湖泊某些元素表现出表层沉积物显著高于底部沉积物含量的特征,而郊区湖泊除Cd外其它元素垂向含量变化不大,说明郊区湖泊受到人为影响较小。利用潜在生态危害指数法对湖泊沉积物进行生态危害评价,显示武汉地区湖泊元素生态危害排序为：Cd>Hg>As>Cu>Pb>Zn;墨水湖沉积物重金属潜在生态危害相对最高,其次是金银湖;其它湖泊重金属生态危害都比较轻,总体而言武汉湖泊重金属生态危害还是较小的。但参照国外沉积物基准的生态数据库阈值,市区受到人为污染较严重的湖泊沉积物可能会对生物产生负面影响。     

鄱阳湖蝶形湖泊水体氮磷等的变化及污染初步评价

分别于2014年夏季7月和冬季12月对鄱阳湖蝶形水域的9个湖泊进行了采样,并对湖泊水质基础性指标TN、TP、NH_3-N、NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N、溶解性磷酸盐、TOC、COD_(Mn)和叶绿素a进行了测定与分析。据此同时运用单因素评价法、均值型指数综合评价法和营养状态指数法对鄱阳湖蝶形水域的地表水水环境的污染现状和污染程度进行了评价,以更全面和准确地反映鄱阳湖蝶形水域的水质状况。结果显示:(1)鄱阳湖蝶形水域水质总体符合GB3838-2002III类水标准;(2)7月水质总体优于12月水质。12月总氮含量和总磷含量基本都高于7月,叶绿素a含量除中湖池12月值略低于7月外,其它点位12月值均高于7月。7月总氮值为0.6~1.3 mg/L,总磷值为0.02~0.15 mg/L,叶绿素a为2.2~6.7 mg/L;12月总氮值为0.6~2.0 mg/L,总磷值为0.04~0.19 mg/L,叶绿素a为3.8~34.7 mg/L;(3)7月和12月水质营养状态介于中营养和轻度富营养,水体主要污染物质为总氮和总磷。7月蚌湖营养状态为轻度富营养,其它点位为中营养,12月除常湖、梅溪湖和大汊湖营养状态为中营养,其它点位均为轻度富营养;(4)位于南部的象湖、常湖、白沙湖和大汊湖水质整体较其它蝶形湖泊差,主要是受到工业废水、生活污水和农业面源污染的赣江和饶河的污染输入影响所致。基于以上调查测试结果提出保护和改善鄱阳湖水环境的可行性措施,以促进鄱阳湖蝶形水域水资源的开发利用,实现经济与环境及资源的协调可持续发展。     

Lake eutrophication and brownification downgrade availability and transfer of essential fatty acids for human consumption

Fish are an important source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for birds, mammals and humans. In aquatic food webs, these highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) are essential for many physiological processes and mainly synthetized by distinct phytoplankton taxa. Consumers at different trophic levels obtain essential fatty acids from their diet because they cannot produce these sufficiently de novo. Here, we evaluated how the increase in phosphorus concentration (eutrophication) or terrestrial organic matter inputs (brownification) change EPA and DHA content in the phytoplankton. Then, we evaluated whether these changes can be seen in the EPA and DHA content of piscivorous European perch (Perca fluviatilis), which is a widely distributed species and commonly consumed by humans. Data from 713 lakes showed statistically significant differences in the abundance of EPA- and DHA-synthesizing phytoplankton as well as in the concentrations and content of these essential fatty acids among oligo-mesotrophic, eutrophic and dystrophic lakes. The EPA and DHA content of phytoplankton biomass (mg HUFA g^− 1) was significantly lower in the eutrophic lakes than in the oligo-mesotrophic or dystrophic lakes. We found a strong significant correlation between the DHA content in the muscle of piscivorous perch and phytoplankton DHA content (r = 0.85) as well with the contribution of DHA-synthesizing phytoplankton taxa (r = 0.83). Among all DHA-synthesizing phytoplankton this correlation was the strongest with the dinoflagellates (r = 0.74) and chrysophytes (r = 0.70). Accordingly, the EPA + DHA content of perch muscle decreased with increasing total phosphorus (r² = 0.80) and dissolved organic carbon concentration (r² = 0.83) in the lakes. Our results suggest that although eutrophication generally increase biomass production across different trophic levels, the high proportion of low-quality primary producers reduce EPA and DHA content in the food web up to predatory fish. Ultimately, it seems that lake eutrophication and brownification decrease the nutritional quality of fish for human consumers.     

Inventories of Pu, Cs, and excess Pb in sediments from freshwater and brackish lakes in Rokkasho, Japan, adjacent to a spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant

We investigated the vertical profiles of ^239+240Pu, ¹³⁷Cs, and excess ²¹⁰Pb (²¹⁰Pb_ex) in sediment core samples obtained from two freshwater lakes and two brackish lakes situated near the first commercial spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Rokkasho, Japan, before the final test of the plant using actual spent nuclear fuel. The inventory of ^239+240Pu in those lakes was larger than that in soil in Rokkasho, which indicated the inflow of ^239+240Pu from the catchment area in addition to direct deposition on the lake surfaces. The ¹³⁷Cs inventory in sediments of the brackish lakes was lower than that in the soil, which showed that part of the ¹³⁷Cs was removed from the sediments by the brackish water or that it was not deposited into the sediments, because of the high solubility of Cs in brackish water. The ¹³⁷Cs inventory in sediments of the freshwater lakes was higher than that of the brackish lakes, and comparable with that in soil except for one core sample out of four. The ^239+240Pu/¹³⁷Cs ratio in freshwater lake sediments was higher than that in soil, and that indicated that part of the ¹³⁷Cs was lost from the sediments. The low inventory of ¹³⁷Cs may be attributable to competition for absorption sites in sediments with ammonium ions formed in the reducing environment which occurs from summer to fall in the sediments. Those data will be used as background data on the artificial radionuclides in the lakes to assess the effect of released radionuclides on their concentrations.     

江西省中小型湖泊富营养化控制指标的建议值

利用在2010年3月~2011年2月江西省25个中小型湖泊水质监测指标的分析数据,采用综合营养状态指数（TLI）法对调查湖泊进行各季节和全年的营养状态评价,并分别计算在各季节和全年内调查湖泊中发生富营养化的概率。在全年营养状态评价的基础上,运用Bootstrap方法,寻找在不同营养状态下的置信区间,并推断富营养化控制指标的建议值。结果表明,在被调查的湖泊中,春、夏季发生富营养化的概率是接近的,秋季是最高的,冬季是最低的。在春、夏和冬季时,调查湖泊的营养状态以中营养为主;在秋季时,中营养状态湖泊所占比例下降,富营养状态湖泊所占比例上升。在全年中,富营养和中营养状态湖泊所占比例分别为32%和68%。江西省中小型湖泊富营养化控制指标透明度（SD）、总磷（TP）、叶绿素a（Chl a）和高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）等的建议值,分别为044 m、005 mg/L、1000 mg/m3和2 70 mg/L。为湖泊富营养化的分区控制与治理提供基础资料和理论依据     

长江中下游湖区浮游植物初级生产力估算

长江中下游是我国淡水湖泊最集中的区域,也是富营养化较为严重的地区。作为湖泊系统初级生产力的主要影响因子氮、磷等营养元素增加,会显著影响湖泊系统的初级生产力。近几十年来越来越多的学者运用模型来模拟湖泊等水体的初级生产力。而VGPM模型和Talling模型综合考虑了水温、光合有效辐射、湖泊叶绿素浓度和真光层深度等因素,能较准确地模拟水柱初级生产力。1987~1991年、2001～2005年长江中下游湖区湖水中TP浓度分别为0059～0105和0070~0167 mg/L,湖泊TP浓度升高,导致湖泊藻类初级生产力增大。15 a间湖区的初级生产力由0139～0381 gC/(m2〖DK〗·d)上升到0128～0504 gC/(m2〖DK〗·d)。在VGPM模型1987～1991年、2001～2005年湖区固碳量由3 32125 tC/d上升到3 76502 tC/d,增加1336%;在Talling模型中湖区固碳量由2 39964 tC/d上升到3 27242 tC/d,增加3637%     

武汉城市湖泊水环境现状及综合整治途径

近十几年来,随着人口的增长,现代工业和农业的发展,湖泊的老化过程受到人类活动的影响而大大加速。过量营养物质的富集,使水体产生了一系列的变化。结合武汉市湖泊水环境现状分析,指出了武汉市湖泊当前存在的三个突出的问题,即污染严重、湖泊萎缩和水量锐减、湖泊生态系统遭破坏。在此基础上,提出了一套适合武汉湖泊整治的综合途径,具体包括以下四个方面的内容：①管理组织模式与政策法规;②提高工程的科技含量,重点实施湖泊生态修复工程;③发展水经济,形成新的产业增长点;④加强水文化建设,提高市民的环保意识。武汉市湖泊水环境作为修复对象,由此形成的适于国内城市严重富营养景观水体整治的技术和管理体系,具有十分重要的现实意义和推广应用价值。     

Occurrence of phthalate esters in water and sediment of urban lakes in a subtropical city, Guangzhou, South China

Extensive use of phthalate esters (PAEs) in both industrial processes and consumer products has resulted in the ubiquitous presence of these chemicals in the environment. This study reports the first data on the concentrations of 16 phthalate esters (PAEs) in water and sediments of the urban lakes in Guangzhou City. PAEs were detected in all samples analyzed, mainly originating from urban stormwater runoff, atmospheric deposition, as well as untreated discharge of industrial wastewater and municipal sewage. The Sigma(16)PAEs concentrations in water and sediments ranged from 1.69 to 4.72 microg L(-1) and 2.27 to 74.94 microg g(-1)-dry weight (dw), with the mean concentrations of 2.91 microg L(-1) and 20.85 microg g(-1)-dw, respectively, which indicates that sediment is a significant sink for PAEs. Variability of the Sigma 16PAEs concentrations in water and sediment in the urban lakes was almost consistent. The spatial distribution of PAEs was site-specific. Of the 16 PAEs, DMP, DEP, DnBP, DiBP, DMPP, and DEHP were present in all water and sediment samples. DnBP was abundant in water (53.0-81.2%), while no single dominant congener was found in sediments. The abundances of DiBP were similar to those of DEHP, and DiBP and DEHP collectively accounted for 77.2-97.6% of the Sigma 16PAEs concentrations. Congener specific analysis confirmed that DnBP was a predictive indicator for the dissolved summation operator16 PAEs concentration (correlation coefficient r=0.968, p<0.01), and that DiBP was a predictive indicator for the sediment summation operator16 PAEs concentration (r=0.975, p<0.01). As compared to the results for other studies, the urban lakes of Guangzhou were moderately polluted by PAEs.     

Use of 210Pb and 137Cs to simultaneously constrain ages and sources of post-dam sediments in the Cordeaux reservoir, Sydney, Australia

Environmental radionuclides can be employed as tracers of sediment movement and delivery to water bodies such as lakes and reservoirs. The chronologies of sediments that have accumulated in the Cordeaux reservoir in Sydney, Australia, were determined by the rate of change of (210)Pb(ex) with depth and indicate slow accretion in the reservoir. The ratio of enrichment of radionuclides in sediment cores to (210)Pb(ex) and (137)Cs concentrations in a reference soil sample within the Cordeaux catchment indicates that the dominant source of sediment in the Cordeaux reservoir is surface erosion (detachment and removal of sediment at depths less than 30 cm). However, in the Kembla Creek arm of the reservoir a mixture of sources was detected and includes sheet and rill erosion together with sub-soil contributions. Implications for the utility of these radionuclide sedimentation assessments, especially where samples are limited, are that well-constrained chronologies and sources of soil erosion are facilitated.     

内陆水体有色溶解有机物的变化特征

有色溶解有机物(CDOM)是水体中的光学活性物质,其光化学变化对水体中碳循环过程具有重要作用。评价分析不同纬度、不同营养状况下内陆水体的CDOM吸收特性,对建立不同水体的固有光学特性数据库具有重要意义。基于太湖、石头口门水库、巢湖和鄱阳湖的现场CDOM吸收系数,分析aCDOM(412)时空变化特征,并基于不同波段拟合光谱斜率S,利用SA/aCDOM(412)判断了研究区CDOM的不同来源。结果表明,不同纬度、不同营养状况的CDOM吸光特性差异显著,高纬度水体的CDOM含量高于低纬度水体,而浮游植物大量生长的富营养化水体的CDOM吸收大于贫瘠营养水平的水体。受藻类的影响,巢湖部分样点的CDOM吸收光谱特征发生改变,在320nm和600nm处有明显的吸收峰;aCDOM(412)与SA呈较好的负相关关系;并且SA/aCDOM(412)可有效判断研究区CDOM的不同来源。     

典型城内过富营养湖泊沉积物和间隙水中各形态磷的相关性研究

研究了武汉市繁华市中心典型过富营养湖泊沉积物—间隙水体系磷形态的相关性。对沉积物—间隙水中磷形态的连续提取分析发现,自然粒度下,沉积物中有机质含量与沉积物中有机/细菌聚合磷存在很好的线性相关性,说明沉积物中有机质是有机/细菌聚合磷的源;沉积物中总磷决定间隙水中总溶解性磷和溶解性磷酸盐的含量,并且总磷与间隙水中总溶解性磷和溶解性磷酸盐存在很好的相关性;沉积物中Fe P和Al P分别与间隙水中的Eh和溶解性磷酸盐存在相关性,说明Eh的大小严重影响Fe P和Al P的含量,但是Fe P和Al P含量之和又主导着间隙水中溶解性磷酸盐的含量。对典型市内过富营养湖泊的沉积物－间隙水体系中形态磷的相关性研究,旨在为控制这种典型过富营养湖泊沉积物中磷向水体释放提供理论参考。     

墨水湖上覆水与沉积物间隙水中重金属的分布特征

武汉市墨水湖重金属污染严重，在我国内陆城市受污染湖泊中具代表性。应用 ICP MS对墨水湖上覆水和沉积物间隙水中的主要重金属元素进行了定量测试，并分析了其空间分布特征和变化规律。在此基础上，结合微量重金属界面扩散通量的计算，定量评估了其对上覆湖水水质的影响，以期为浅水湖泊的重金属污染防治提供科学依据。研究结果表明，墨水湖沉积物间隙水中重金属的浓度由高到低依次为：Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb；上覆水和沉积物间隙水中微量重金属浓度剖面均表现出明显相似的峰形分布特征，指示了湖泊沉积物中普遍存在微量重金属的沉积后再迁移现象；Fe和Mn在间隙水中的浓度远大于它们在上覆水中的浓度，其剖面分布特征主要是参与氧化还原反应的结果，Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn等的浓度也因受氧化还原过程及矿物平衡作用的影响而波动；微量重金属元素按照浓度梯度经孔隙水从沉积物向上覆水中扩散，并最终影响上覆水.     

Quantitative assessment of the long term behaviour of 90Sr in Lake Uruskul,Southern Urals,Russia

The present paper is aimed at assessing the long term behaviour of 90Sr migration from water to bottom sediments of Lake Uruskul, Southern Urals, Russia. The lake was contaminated following the nuclear accident at the Mayak nuclear complex in 1957 (the Kyshtym accident). Some transfer parameters relevant to the behaviour of 90Sr in the water-sediment system were evaluated: a) the radionuclide migration velocity from the water column to the bottom sediment, b) the radionuclide migration rate from bottom sediment to water, and c) the radionuclide migration rate from bottom sediment to deep sediment. The estimated values of the above parameters were 6.4 x 10(-1) m s(-1), 5.7 x 10(-10) s(-1) and 5.2 x 10(-10) s(-1), respectively. These values were compared with data obtained for some Italian lakes contaminated by 90Sr after the nuclear weapons tests fallout. The relatively low radionuclide migration from water to sediment of these lakes is reflected by the values of the ratio migration velocity/migration rate from sediment to water (4 m and 12 m) that are significantly lower than the corresponding value in the Russian lake (112 m). The peculiar hydrochemical conditions of Lake Uruskul (high pH, high mineralisation, etc.) are considered to be responsible for the high radionuclide migration from water to sediment.     

浅析轮藻植物与水体富营养化的关系

近几十年来,轮藻植被从许多富营养化的浅水湖泊中逐渐消失。然而作为浅水湖泊稳态转换模型的代表植物,轮藻植物被证明在湖泊水体的修复中有着重要的作用和功能,因为轮藻植被通过对水体浊度和营养水平的多重反馈机制能稳定湖泊清水稳态。基于此,介绍了轮藻植物及其在水体的分布和浅水湖泊稳态转换概念模型,重点阐述了轮藻与水体富营养化的关系,并介绍了影响轮藻生长繁殖的环境因子,分析了国内外轮藻生态学研究的现状及其特点     

On the radiocesium carbonate barrier in organics-rich sediments of Lake Juodis, Lithuania

Radiocesium vertical profiles in organics-rich sediments of running shallow eutrophic Lake Juodis (Lithuania) were studied in relation to seasonal variations of vertical profiles (in water column and sediments) of standard variables (pH, redox potential, temperature, oxygen concentrations, conductivity). It is shown that the sedimentation rate, radiocesium mobility and its vertical profiles in sediments are controlled by the vital cycle (processes of the growth, accumulation and decomposition) of green algae covering the main bottom areas of the lake. It is also shown that calcite deposits are formed in the shallow bottom areas that are oxygenated throughout the year because of the photosynthetic activity of the green algae covering the sediment. Formation of the calcite coatings on freshly accumulated organics is remarkable for causing elevated densities of sediment solids in the upper part of the respective vertical profiles. These calcite deposits behave as a barrier for radiocesium backward flux to the bottom water making the respective bottom areas a radionuclide sink. Together with the jelly-structured sediments lying below these deposits, the calcite preserves the shape of the primary radiocesium vertical profiles formed due to free-ion diffusion after the deposition event. It was determined that bottom areas anaerobic in winter are the main radiocesium source in the water column and cause characteristic radiocesium redistribution in surface sediments.