SBAR中同步脱氮好氧颗粒污泥的菌种特性

采用气提式内循环间歇反应器进行好氧颗粒污泥培养,用分批培养法对好氧颗粒污泥中具有脱氮作用的菌种进行分离纯化.对各菌种进行了鉴别,通过培养过程中对氧气条件的控制,考察了各菌种反硝化生长特性和需氧性.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥纯化培养可得到异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌以及兼性亚硝化菌和硝化菌,分离得到的反硝化菌在有氧反硝化条件下能够生长,因此好氧颗粒污泥中微生物具有多样性和较强的适应性,从侧面体现出好氧颗粒污泥微观结构的复杂性.     

好氧亚硝化颗粒污泥特性的研究

对在小试曝气上流式污泥床反应器中成功培养出的好氧亚硝化颗粒污泥的特性进行了研究.工艺稳定运行时,亚硝化颗粒污泥的VSS/SS稳定在80%左右,粒径大于1.0 mm的颗粒污泥约占总数的70%,粒径大于0.8 mm的颗粒污泥的湿密度约为1?022 kg/m³.荧光原位杂交结果表明,亚硝化细菌主要分布在颗粒污泥的表层,而硝化细菌则分布在表层之下;最大可能数结果显示,亚硝化工艺稳定运行时亚硝化细菌的数量远多于硝化细菌,甚至可高于硝化细菌4个数量级以上.上述结果表明,硝化细菌（AOB和NOB）以接种的产甲烷颗粒污泥或其碎片为载体,通过在其表层附着生长,最终形成好氧亚硝化颗粒污泥.     

Cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification by seeding different inoculated sludge

Cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in two sequencing batch airlift bioreactors was studied. Conventional activated floc and anaerobic granules served as main two inoculated sludge in the systems. Morphological variations of sludge in the reactors were observed. It was found that the cultivation of aerobic granules was closely associated with the kind of inoculated sludge. Round and regular aerobic granules were prevailed in both reactors, and the physical charactedstics of the aerobic granules in terms of settling ability, specitic gravity, and ratio Of water containing were distinct wnen the inoculate sludge differe. Aerobic granules formed by seeding activated floc are more excellent in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification than that by aerobic granules formed from anaerobic granules. It was concluded that inoculated sludge plays a crucial role in the cultivation of aerobic granules for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.     

预加好氧颗粒对SBR中好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响

以活性污泥曝气池中的絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,采用人工配制的模拟生活污水,通过观测颗粒形态和粒径的变化,研究预先加入15%成熟好氧颗粒污泥对好氧颗粒污泥形成过程的影响.对比研究发现,2个反应器内小颗粒（0 .1～0 .3　cm）的形成均较快,但大颗粒的形成速度相差明显.培养过程中还能明显观察到丝状菌缠绕和絮状污泥黏附在小颗粒表面.反应器启动第1、7、14 d,污泥平均体积粒径分别从0 .10、0 .16 cm上升到0 .23、0 .30 cm,最终达到0 .28、0 .43 cm.研究结果表明,预先加入15%成熟好氧颗粒污泥,能加速好氧颗粒污泥在反应器内形成.     

SBR系统中好氧颗粒污泥的培养及脱氮除硫研究

采用SBR反应器进行了好氧颗粒污泥的培养和脱氮除硫研究.结果表明,以厌氧颗粒污泥为种泥,通过控制运行条件,在30d内可培养出好氧颗粒污泥.好氧颗粒污泥粒径以1~2mm为主, SVI为30~40mL/g,微生物组成以短杆菌为主,外部包裹大量丝状菌.当COD和NH4+-N负荷分别保持在1.65kg/(m3·d)和0.17kg/(m3·d),硫化物负荷从0.15kg/(m3·d)逐步提高到0.90kg/(m3·d)时,好氧颗粒污泥对硫化物、COD和NH4+-N的去除率分别>99%、>80%和>98%.在高硫化物浓度下,反应器仍然表现出良好的脱氮效果,可能是由好氧颗粒污泥的层状结构和硫化物能先于NH4+-N快速氧化的特点决定的.     

鼓泡和鼓泡-搅拌SBR好氧污泥颗粒化能耗分析

在高径比20的鼓泡SBR和高径比1.2的鼓泡-搅拌SBR反应器中,考察了好氧污泥颗粒化过程中,污泥粒径、分形维数、微生物特性的变化.建立流体动力学模型,对鼓泡和鼓泡-搅拌反应器中好氧颗粒污泥形成前后的能耗进行对比分析,从水力学角度分析2个反应器污泥特性出现差异的原因.结果表明,鼓泡反应器内在表观气速2.0cm/s条件下形成了均值粒径0.604mm,平均沉降速度（24±5.8） m/h,SVI 36.33mL/g,MLSS维持在4500mg/L左右,表面光滑的好氧颗粒污泥.鼓泡-搅拌反应器在搅拌速度300r/min、表观气速1.05cm/s的条件下,成功培养以丝状菌为骨架的好氧颗粒污泥,均值粒径可达1.123mm,污泥的平均沉降速度为（19.6±5.1） m/h,SVI为41.33mL/g,MLSS维持在3300mg/L左右.好氧颗粒污泥形成前后的能耗进行对比分析发现：好氧颗粒污泥培养初期,鼓泡-搅拌反应器因搅拌桨的加入,获得的湍动能远大于鼓泡反应器,约为100倍左右;而好氧颗粒形成之后,鼓泡反应器中上部位置的湍动能明显增加,且湍动能的大小大于鼓泡-搅拌反应器.相比较而言,鼓泡反应器相对节约能量.     

好氧颗粒污泥耐受PFOS的结构稳定性及微生物响应

以好氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,通过全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)长期驯化实现耐PFOS颗粒的培养,考察不同驯化时期的污泥基本特性,并结合微生物群落演替过程、微生物表型分布以及功能途径的变化情况,以揭示其耐受机制.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥经历解体、再形成和成熟3个阶段后可在PFOS暴露下稳定维持.驯化成熟后的好氧颗粒污泥表面丝状菌减少,并且被大量胞外聚合物(EPS)所包裹,结构更加致密.驯化期间颗粒污泥中存在大量抗性细菌以及维持颗粒稳定相关细菌,主要包括unclassified＿f＿＿Comamonadaceae、Defluviicoccus、Dongia、Rhodoplanes、Flavobacterium、Thauera、Azospira、Candidatus＿Competibacter、Azoarcus和norank＿f＿＿A4b,且部分菌属间存在显著的正相关性.群体感应途径和细菌趋化途径相关基因丰度在解体期上调,在颗粒形成和成熟期恢复至初始水平,说明细菌的群体感应效应和趋化性能够在颗粒应激过程中起重要作用.因此,好氧颗粒污泥可以通过特定菌群积极响应、促进细菌趋化作用和群体感应作用、提高EPS...     

SBR中厌氧颗粒污泥向好氧颗粒污泥的转化

在SBR反应器中以醋酸钠为碳源,UASB厌氧颗粒污泥作为接种污泥,在好氧曝气条件下运行.通过观察污泥颗粒形态、结构等的变化,发现在运行中污泥颗粒经历了形态保持,成分置换的过程.污泥浓度先增加后降低,在运行35 d后逐渐稳定在5g/L,SVI值稳定在30～40mL/g的水平.在40～60d内反应器中颗粒污泥一直占主体成分,悬浮相浓度低于0.5g/L.在好氧条件下最终颗粒污泥形态、大小稳定,表明好氧颗粒污泥已经成功获得,好氧颗粒污泥与接种污泥相比在粒径、沉降速度、含水率以及惰性成分的含量上都有一定的变化.电镜观察还表明,原厌氧颗粒污泥中的微生物以球菌为主,而获得的好氧颗粒污泥中的微生物以丝状菌和杆菌为主.     

Effect of seed sludge on characteristics and microbial community of aerobic granular sludge

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated by using different kinds of seed sludge in sequencing batch airlift reactor.The influence of seed sludge on physical and chemical properties of granular sludge was studied;the microbial community structure was probed by using scanning electron microscope and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE).The results showed that seed sludge played an important role on the formation of aerobic granules.Seed sludge taken from beer wastewater treatment plant(inoculum A) was more suitable for cultivating aerobic granules than that of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant(inoculum B).Cultivated with inoculum A, large amount of mature granules formed after 35 days operation, its SVI reached 32.75 mL/g, and SOUR of granular sludge was beyond 1.10 mg/(g·min).By contrast, it needed 56 days obtaining mature granules using inoculum B.DGGE profiles indicated that the dominant microbial species in mature granules were 18 and 11 OTU when inoculum A and B were respectively employed as seed sludge.The sequencing results suggested that dominant species in mature granules cultivated by inoculum A were Paracoccus sp., Devosia hwasunensi, Pseudoxanthomonas sp., while the dominant species were Lactococcus raffinolactis and Pseudomonas sp.in granules developed from inoculum B.     

好氧污泥颗粒化中胞外聚合物（EPS）的动态变化

在SBR中分别运行普通活性污泥和好氧颗粒污泥工艺,考察普通絮体污泥颗粒化过程中EPS的组分变化和分布情况.结果表明,通过减少沉淀时间可以获得质量高的颗粒污泥,污泥系统中的EPS可划分为紧密结合型、松散结合型和溶解性3种;普通污泥期、颗粒污泥初期和颗粒污泥稳定期的EPS含量均以紧密结合型EPS为主,颗粒污泥中总EPS和溶解性EPS含量均高于普通污泥,且颗粒形成初期溶解性EPS增长明显;颗粒污泥中紧密结合型EPS含量相对稳定,松散结合型EPS在不同污泥中含量很低,一个典型反应周期中蛋白质和多糖的变化趋势普遍是先降低后上升,普通污泥和颗粒污泥EPS中蛋白质含量均高于多糖,颗粒形成初期EPS中蛋白质含量有明显上升;普通絮体污泥中EPS和细菌分布均匀,颗粒污泥的表层聚集大量的细菌、内部主要成分是EPS.     

进水碳源对好氧颗粒污泥特性的影响

采用气升式内循环间歇反应器对好氧污泥颗粒化过程进行了研究,考察了反应器分别以蔗糖和乙酸钠为进水碳源时好氧颗粒污泥的特性.实验结果表明:好氧颗粒污泥的形成特性与进水碳源有很大的关系;以蔗糖为碳源时,好氧污泥颗粒化速度快,好氧颗粒污泥表面被丝状物包裹,颗粒中w(VSS)为92%;以乙酸钠为碳源时,污泥颗粒化速度慢,好氧颗粒污泥表面光滑,w(VSS)只有55%左右;不同碳源下形成的好氧颗粒污泥沉降性能差别不大,但好氧颗粒污泥胞外多聚物的含量有很大差别.结果表明,由于进水碳源不同,好氧颗粒污泥特性和废水处理能力有一定的差别.      

温度对好氧颗粒污泥吸附铅离子的影响

由活性污泥培养得到好氧颗粒污泥,研究了温度对好氧颗粒污泥吸附Pb²⁺的影响.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥主要含有C、H、N、O、P等元素,其经验结构式为C_5.7H_10.9O3.9NS_0.04.好氧颗粒污泥表面主要由球状细菌组成,具有明显的孔隙结构.在20～40℃时,Pb²⁺在好氧颗粒污泥上的吸附过程可以由Langmuir和Freundlich等温方程进行拟合（R²>0.914）.Pb2+最大吸附量Qmax由80.65 mg·g-1（20℃）增至97.09　mg·g-1（40℃）.吸附过程的表观自由能变ΔG<0、 ΔH>0、 ΔS>0,表明Pb2+在好氧颗粒污泥表面的吸附为吸热、熵增的自发过程.红外扫描分析(FTIR)结果表明,吸附过程Pb2+主要与—OH、蛋白质中的—COOH以及PO发生作用,与含氮官能团无关.     

曝气量对SBAR中好氧颗粒污泥特性的影响

采用SBAR反应器对比研究了颗粒化后表观气速为1.8 cm·s-1和0.9cm·s-1时对成熟好氧颗粒污泥形态结构、粒径、强度等物理特性和硝化性能以及胞外聚合物代谢的影响.结果表明,颗粒化后降低曝气量增加颗粒形态不规则程度,空隙增大;55d试验中,与高曝气量下相比,降低曝气量使表观污泥产率提高33%,颗粒粒径平均增长速率提高25%,相对颗粒强度降低6%, EP5含量平均降低12%.两反应器颗粒污泥SVI值均在10～15 mL·g-1,沉降性能良好,且均具有良好硝化性能和降解COD能力.与高曝气量下相比,低曝气量下硝化菌群活性低,而异养菌活性高.     

Influence of microbial community structure of seed sludge on the properties of aerobic nitrifying granules

In order to evaluate the influence of microbial community structure of seed sludge on the properties of aerobic nitrifying granules, these granules were cultivated with different seed sludge, and the variation of microbial community and dominant bacterial groups that impact the nitrogen removal efficiency of the aerobic nitrifying granules were analyzed and identified using 16s rDNA sequence and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles. The results presented here demonstrated that the influence of the community structure of seed sludge on the properties of aerobic nitrifying granules was remarkable, and the granules cultivated by activated sludge from a beer wastewater treatment plant showed better performance, with a stable sludge volume index (SVI) value of 20 mL/g, high extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) content of 183.3 mg/L, high NH₄⁺-N removal rate of 89.42% and abundant microbial population with 10 dominant bacterial groups. This indicated that activated sludge with abundant communities is suitable for use as seed sludge in culturing aerobic nitrifying granules.     

Influence of different substrates on the formation and characteristics of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactors

The effects of different substrates on the aerobic granulation process were studied using laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors （SBRs）. Four parallel granules sequencing batch reactors （GSBR）： R1, R2, R3, and R4 were fed with acetate, glucose, peptone and fecula, respectively. Stable aerobic granules were successfully cultivated in R1, R2, R4, and smaller granules less than 500 μm were formed in R3. Morphology and the physic-chemical characteristics of aerobic granules fed with different carbon substrates were investigated by the four reactors operated under the same pressure. The aerobic granules in the four reactors were observed and found that peptone was the most stable one due to its good settleability even after a sludge age as short as 10 d. A strong correlation was testified between the characteristics of aerobic granules and the properties of carbon substrates. The stability of aerobic granules was affected by extracellular polymer substances （EPS） derived from microorganism growth during feast time fed with different carbon substrates, and the influence of the property of storage substance was greater than that of its quantity. Optimal carbon substrates, which are helpful in the cultivation and retention of well-settling granules and in the enhancement of the overall ability of the aerobic granules reactors, were found.     

Aerobic granules cultivated and operated in continuous-flow bioreactor under particle-size selective pressure

A novel method based on the selective pressure of particle size （particle-size cultivation method, PSCM） was developed for the cultivation and operation of aerobic granular sludge in a continuous-flow reactor, and compared with the conventional method based on the selective pressure of settling velocity （settling-velocity cultivation method, SVCM）. Results indicated that aerobic granules could be cultivated in continuous operation mode by this developed method within 14 days. Although in the granulation process, under particle-size selective pressure, mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） in the reactor fluctuated greatly and filamentous bacteria dominated the sludge system during the initial operation days, no obvious difference in profile was found between the aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM and SVCM. Moreover, aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM presented larger diameter, lower water content and higher specific rates of nitrification, denitrifieation and phosphorus removal, but lower settling velocity. Under long term operation of more than 30 days, aerobic granules in the continuous-flow reactor could remain stable and obtain good chemical oxygen demand （COD）, NH4^＋-N, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） removal. The results indicate that PSCM was dependent on the cultivation and maintenance of the stability of aerobic granules in continuous-flow bioreactors.     

处理城市污水的好氧颗粒污泥培养及形成过程

在中试序列间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)反应器中采用有机物浓度低的城市污水培养好氧颗粒污泥. 运行过程中考察了污泥性能,并通过调整、优化沉淀时间和排水比等运行参数,培养出了高性能且稳定的好氧颗粒污泥. 活性污泥接种40 d后反应器内开始出现细小颗粒,160 d后颗粒污泥趋于成熟,粒径可达0.8 mm,且其周围有大量的原生动物. 颗粒化过程中,污泥密度、沉降速率和ρ(MLSS)分别从初期的1.004 0 g/cm3,6.8 m/h和4 000 mg/L升至1.010 5 g/cm3,38.5 m/h和8 000 mg/L,污泥容积指数(SVI₃₀)则从75 mL/g降至40 mL/g. 形成后的颗粒污泥对城市污水中COD_Cr和NH₄+-N有很好的去除效果,出水中ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(NH₄+-N)分别在50和5 mg/L以下.      

好氧颗粒污泥吸附Cu2+的研究

以厌氧颗粒污泥作为接种物,在序批式间歇反应器(SBR)中培养出沉淀性能较好的好氧颗粒污泥,研究了好氧颗粒污泥对Cu2+的吸附作用.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥主要由球状菌组成,具有明显的孔隙结构.在恒温水浴30℃、pH为7.5的条件下,Langmuir吸附等温模型较Freundlich等温吸附模型能更好的进行拟合(RL=0....     

好氧颗粒污泥中丝状微生物生长研究

通过在序批式摇床反应器(SSBR)中分别接种絮状活性污泥与厌氧颗粒污泥来处理含盐及淡水2种废水并培养好氧颗粒污泥,研究好氧颗粒污泥中丝状微生物的过度生长及可行的控制措施.结果表明,进水水质与接种污泥类型都会影响颗粒污泥中丝状微生物的生长.同是接种好氧絮状污泥的R1、R3,由于R1进水为含盐废水而R3为淡水,R1中颗粒污泥丝状化程度低于R3,而接种厌氧颗粒污泥并处理含盐废水的R2颗粒污泥丝状化程度最低.当好氧颗粒污泥外部出现明显丝状微生物过度生长时,各反应器中颗粒污泥平均丝状化程度△分别达到△R1=1.4、△R2=1.2及△R3=2.0.对各反应器颗粒污泥中丝状微生物进行鉴定,R1颗粒中丝状微生物主要为Eikelboom 0092及Nocardia spp.,R2中主要为.Fungi spp.及Nocardia spp.,R3中主要为S.natans 及H.hydrossis,这几种类型丝状微生物一般出现在污泥龄长、溶解氧浓度低及基质易降解的环境中,但由于好氧颗粒污泥结构不同于传统活性污泥,试验通过控制污泥负荷、污泥龄及曝气量等并不能有效控制颗粒中丝状微生物的过度生长.试验将各反应器进水基质由易降解的葡萄糖配水换为难生物降解废水时,能快速有效地控制颗粒污泥中丝状微生物的过度生长.     

废水生物处理好氧污泥颗粒化研究进展

综述了好氧污泥颗粒化技术在废水生物处理中的研究进展,着重讨论了好氧颗粒污泥理化特性及微生物结构、污泥颗粒化主控因子、颗粒污泥形成机理及其应用潜力等方面的研究,旨在阐明多种工艺操作条件下好氧污泥颗粒化过程.好氧颗粒污泥是近年来发现的、在好氧条件下污泥自絮凝形成的固定化颗粒,其外形规则、结构致密、沉降性能优异、抗冲击负荷能力强.污泥颗粒化过程取决于基质组成与负荷、适当的水力选择压和工艺操作参数等因素.