磷钼杂多化合物脱除H2S回收硫磺反应机理研究

综合运用离子选择电极分析、微分量热分析与能谱分析等手段对磷钼杂多酸钠盐与硫化氢的反应机理进行了研究。发现：1）磷钼酸钠体系在脱硫过程中具有稳定的化学性能,硫产物中基本不含Mo,V的物相;2）脱硫过程中,复配体系磷钼酸钠与偏钒酸钠独立作用,两者之间不存在协同效应;3）磷钼酸钠吸收H2S过程的化学反应式为：H2S Na3PMo( Ⅵ）12O40→S↓＋Na3H2PMo(Ⅵ)10Mo(Ⅴ)2O40。即在磷钼酸钠分子中有2个Mo(Ⅵ)被还原成Mo(Ⅴ),因此,相同摩尔浓度下,磷钼酸钠的饱和硫容量是螯合铁的两倍。     

过碳酸钠/钼酸钠体系对2-氯乙基乙基硫醚的降解机理与动力学研究

研究了不同温度下过碳酸钠/钼酸钠体系和单一过碳酸钠对芥子气模拟剂2-氯乙基乙基硫醚（2-CEES）降解动力学规律,建立了相应的反应速率方程;利用液质联用技术分析了降解产物,并利用顺磁共振技术检测了过碳酸钠/钼酸钠体系产生的活性成分,推测了反应机理.结果表明,两种体系对2-CEES降解反应均为一级反应,过碳酸钠/钼酸钠体...     

铁还原菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-1对铁磷复合物中铁、磷释放规律的影响

中国南方红壤中的磷素大多以铁磷复合物的形式被固定于土壤中,磷的利用率较低。通过向土壤中添加以S.oneidensis MR~(-1)为主的生物肥料,促进土壤磷的释放,减少外源磷肥的输入,以期达到保护环境和资源节约的目的。采用室内模拟试验,在纯化学培养的条件下,采用接种S.oneidensis MR~(-1)的厌氧体系进行培养,分别以磷吸附态的水铁矿(水铁矿-磷)、磷吸附态的针铁矿(针铁矿-磷)和磷酸铁(FePO_(4-)磷)作为体系唯一的磷素和Fe(Ⅲ)来源,3种磷均为土壤中铁磷复合物的组成成分。结果表明,S.oneidensis MR~(-1)对3种铁磷复合物中的Fe(Ⅲ)产生了还原效应并将其还原成Fe(Ⅱ),且Fe(Ⅱ)质量浓度随试验时间延长总体呈先增长后稳定的变化趋势;当3组加入S.oneidensis MR~(-1)的体系Fe(Ⅱ)质量浓度均为最高时,Fe(Ⅱ)平均生成速率表现为:针铁矿(30.44 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1))水铁矿(21.05 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1))磷酸铁(6.62 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1));3组加入S.oneidensis MR~(-1)的体系Fe(Ⅲ)质量浓度与初始质量浓度相比较均发生了改变,在针铁矿-磷-菌体系中Fe(Ⅲ)质量浓度极低,而水铁矿-磷-菌体系和磷酸铁-磷-菌体系中则大量存在Fe(Ⅲ);至试验结束时,磷酸铁-磷-菌体系中总磷质量浓度是初始时的2.3倍,而针铁矿-磷-菌和水铁矿-磷-菌体系的总磷约为初始质量浓度的1/10。因此,S.oneidensis MR~(-1)利用磷酸铁-磷的过程会促进磷的释放,使磷酸铁中磷得以活化,而利用针铁矿-磷和水铁矿-磷的过程则会消耗磷,不会造成磷累积。     

微生物作用对太湖沉积物磷释放影响的模拟实验研究

以太湖沉积物为研究对象,通过沉积物-湖水体系的好氧厌氧连续模拟实验,研究添加和不添加抑菌剂条件下该体系对磷的释放和积聚的影响,以及微生物作用下内源磷的释放过程.结果表明:好氧环境下,微生物作用有助于磷的积聚;而在厌氧环境下,微生物作用强化了磷的释放.沉积物磷形态的分析结果表明微生物作用下,铁结合态的磷更容易释放出来.     

不同母质砖红壤的磷有效性差异

不同母质的砖红壤,其磷素含量有差异;磷的有效性受土壤营养体系中其它元素的制约;桉树植株的磷营养受土壤有效磷含量和土壤营养体系中多种元素相互作用的影响。     

脱硫石膏对重金属污染沉积物中Cd的稳定固定化作用

研究了掺杂不同比例脱硫石膏的沉积物中Cd的吸附热力学特征及其稳定固定化效果。实验将脱硫石膏掺杂比例不同的沉积物与不同初始质量浓度的Cd溶液混合、振荡、离心后测定上清液中Cd的质量浓度,结果表明,脱硫石膏掺杂量不同的沉积物吸附Cd的热力学过程均符合Langmuir吸附等温线;脱硫石膏掺杂比例的提高增强了沉积物对溶液中Cd的吸持能力,二者显著正相关;脱硫石膏的掺杂还削弱了溶液中Cd初始质量浓度对其固定率的影响,使研究中8个初始质量浓度下沉积物对Cd的固定率均维持在较高水平。通过16个时间点对连续搅拌下的沉积物样品溶液中Cd质量浓度的测定,研究了模拟重金属污染沉积物和自然沉积物掺杂脱硫石膏前后对照了其中Cd的稳定性,结果表明,脱硫石膏的掺杂降低了沉积物中Cd的释放量,并将实验条件下两种沉积物中Cd的固定率均保持在99.2%以上且保持相对平稳状态。同时,脱硫石膏的掺杂可导致吸附体系pH的升高,促进了Cd与固相介质之间由吸附向沉淀作用的转化,从而提高了沉积物中Cd的稳定性,有利于重金属污染沉积物中Cd的稳定固定化。     

次生演替过程中土壤磷组分及有效性研究进展

磷是植物生长发育所需的重要营养元素.次生演替是陆地退化生态系统恢复的重要途径,但土壤磷缺乏会对次生演替过程中的植物生长造成限制,因此深入理解次生演替对土壤磷组分的影响,对解决生态系统恢复过程中养分管理具有重要意义.在介绍土壤磷循环和磷组分的基本概念及生态学意义的基础上,对次生演替过程中不同土壤磷组分的变化规律、影响因素及其磷有效性进行全面梳理和分析.发现在次生演替过程中,高活性的树脂磷（Resin-P）没有特定的变化规律;较高活性的碳酸氢钠无机磷和有机磷（NaHCO3-Pi和NaHCO3-Po）随演替逐渐增加,主要与凋落物归还、有机质积累和微生物群落变化有关;中等活性的氢氧化钠无机磷和有机磷（NaOH-Pi和NaOH-Po）在演替过程中无明显变化趋势,可能受到土壤pH值和矿物离子（如铁和铝）的影响;中等活性的原生矿物磷（Primary mineral P）在大多数情况下会随着次生演替而降低.由于土壤有机质和微生物组成等与土壤磷组分显著相关,为提高次生演替过程中土壤磷有效性,应重点关注次生演替过程中土壤的理化特性（例如土壤pH值、含水量和有机质）以及微生物群落（例如溶磷菌群落）的变化;同...     

NH3再生提高蜂窝状V2O5/ACH催化剂脱硝活性的机理

对NH3再生提高V2O5/ACH催化剂脱硝活性的微观机理进行了分析.结果表明,在初次同时脱硫脱硝过程中,V2O5/ACH催化剂表面会形成一定量的含氧官能团和有利于NH3化学吸附的SO2-4离子,进而在330℃NH3再生过程中,含氧官能团与吸附的NH3反应转化为含氮官能团;在二次同时脱硫脱硝过程中,NO不仅与NH3反应,而且也与催化剂表面形成的含氮官能团反应,从而提高了V2O5/ACH催化剂的脱硝活性.     

养分(磷)吸收机理模型的应用研究──Ⅱ.模型参数的敏感性分析

采用Claassen的养分吸收机理模型探讨了玉米与大豆幼苗磷吸收过程中的参数敏感性,结果表明：在一般土壤与施肥条件下,玉米与大豆幼苗吸收磷的高度敏感性参数或重要限制因素为根系伸长速率与根半径;在相同土壤供磷条件下,供试大豆幼苗根系的磷摄取能力远低于玉米幼苗根系的磷摄取能力,其原因归结于两者在根系最大养分流Imax与根系伸长速率K两个敏感性参数上的差异;玉米与大豆幼苗磷吸收过程中三种根毛参数的敏感性均较低,这主要与土壤供磷水平较高有关;土壤含水量在玉米幼苗磷吸收过程中表现了极高的敏感性,当土壤含水量降低时,土壤养分供应参数对玉米幼苗磷吸收的敏感性与限制作用均增大。     

富营养化水体生态修复技术中凤眼莲与磷素的互作机制

为进一步完善富营养水体生态修复技术体系,提升除磷效能,从磷素对水体富营养化进程的贡献展开分析,指出磷素是制约浮游藻类生长的关键因素,并分析了凤眼莲Eichhornia crassipes与磷素的互相作用机制,即磷素对凤眼莲植株生理性状具有影响,而凤眼莲对磷的吸收同化作用又促成了除磷目标。研究显示:随着水中可获取磷浓度的升高,凤眼莲吸收的磷素更多地分配在茎叶部分。水体磷浓度过高,将激发凤眼莲对磷素的超累积性;水环境中磷素缺乏,凸显出凤眼莲的根部形态可塑性。水体氮磷浓度比(N/P)为2.5~5时凤眼莲可获得最大生物产量。凤眼莲对可溶性反应磷具有极优的净化效果;在藻华爆发期间,凤眼莲能通过密集根系捕获飘移的蓝藻,并吸收利用藻细胞衰亡所释放的磷素。在工程实践中,需统筹考量磷去除效果与去除速率,在高污染负荷的情况下,应优先考虑去除速率;当水再生作为饮用水源时,应优先考虑去除效果。凤眼莲生态修复工程设计须遵循先后次序:(1)最终水质目标;(2)生物产量;(3)植株品质。最终水质目标及营养去除与营养负荷水平密切相关。在大型湖泊和水库实践应用中,须先控制外源磷负荷,再逐步削减内源磷负荷。利用凤眼莲深度净化污水处理厂尾水,或在高负荷的入河、湖口处种养凤眼莲,可减轻外源磷负荷;在蓝藻积累和衰亡的背风区域种养凤眼莲,以吸收蓝藻释放的营养,从而减轻内源磷负荷。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture