江淮农村生态型排水系统构建及截污作用研究

以安徽省巢湖北岸牌坊陈村为例,构建了一种由沟渠、水塘和湿地组合而成的生态型排水系统,并研究了该系统对农村降雨径流污染的截控作用.构建的牌坊陈村生态型排水系统实现了污水排放、收集和处理一体化,系统通过各组成单元物理、化学和生物综合作用,对降雨径流中污染物具有较高的截留率,减少了营养盐对周围水体输出负荷.3场降雨监测结果表明,系统对TSS、COD、TP和TN的平均截留率分别为78.2%、57.8%、55.5%和64.2%,系统出水中TSS、COD、TP和NH4+-N平均质量浓度分别为23.5、66.3、0.49和3.03 mg·L-1,达到《污水综合排放标准》一级标准要求.水塘作为系统主要截流、纳污以及蓄水单元,其日常水质指标TSS、COD、TP和TN平均质量浓度分别为28.0、31.2、0.47和4.65 mg·L-1,基本符合《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅴ类标准要求.     

多塘湿地对降雨径流的截留特点

为考察降雨过程对径流发生的影响及其对多塘湿地进出水水质、水量的影响,基于2017年8月25日和9月6日两次降雨过程中湿地进出水水质水量长时间的变化特征,探究降雨过程中湿地水质水量变化及污染物净化特征. 结果表明:①多塘湿地进水量峰值出现的时间滞后于降雨雨强峰值及累计雨量峰值. 降雨雨强对湿地进水量影响不显著,而累计雨量影响径流的产生量,进而影响湿地进水量,造成湿地水力负荷急剧上升,最高达2.45 m3/(m2·d). 降雨过程中多塘湿地水位上升,水深加深,有效容积增大,水力停留时间延长. ②进水水质变化随降雨过程无显著规律,但进水污染物负荷量始终大于非降雨期,说明降雨期间径流污染仅采用污染物浓度洪峰控制是不充分的,特别是雨季降雨频繁的地区,应重视污染负荷对多塘湿地净化效能的影响. ③降雨期间多塘湿地对径流污染有良好的截留作用,TN、TP去除率分别为33.6%~88.7%和25.2%~78.0%. 研究显示,进水水力负荷的增加增强了湿地的扰动,导致部分单元污染物出口浓度高于进水,但由于调蓄塘-表流湿地-塘-生态浮床-稳定塘耦合工艺的梯级单元有助于湿地系统对污染物消纳截留,增强了湿地对降雨径流的截留稳定性.      

城市道路径流的排污特征

为了解城市道路径流污染物的排放特征,于2013年6~9月期间,观测了北京市区内环路降雨径流污染的状况,并分析了径流中颗粒物、氮和磷的排放特征及其关系,在此基础上评估了氮、磷和颗粒物的负荷.结果表明道路径流中颗粒物主要是1~10μm粒径的为主,占60%,道路径流中89%的氮是以溶解态排放(粒径小于0.45μm),80%的磷是以颗粒态排放.根据电导率(EC)和总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)与总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)相关性关系,EC和TSS可分别作为城市道路降雨径流溶解态氮和颗粒态磷污染程度的指示指标.据估算,北京环路径流中颗粒物、氮和磷污染物单位面积年负荷分别为16 725.69、1 777.91和24.23 mg·(m2·a)-1.道路径流污染物的排放特征为城市非点源污染的管理及其降雨径流污染物控制方法的选择提供了科学依据.     

植草沟-湿地滞留塘控制农田径流污染效能

植被拦截是控制非点源污染的最佳管理措施之一。为了探讨植草沟与湿地滞留塘组合系统对农田径流污染控制效能,研究以江苏金坛市某农业科技园为对象,对农田降雨径流特征进行了现场测试,并通过相关性分析对农田径流各污染物相互关系及成因进行了探讨。考察了4场典型降雨下植草沟-湿地滞留塘组合系统对农田径流污染实际控制效能,结果表明植草沟-湿地滞留塘组合系统是控制农田径流污染的有效措施。     

北京城市主干道降雨径流污染负荷分析

为了解城市主干道径流污染特征,于2018年6—9月对北京城市主干道降雨径流进行取样监测,运用EXCEL和SPSS软件统计分析径流污染物TSS、EC、COD、TN、TP、Zn和Ni之间的污染特性,并在此基础上估算污染物年污染负荷.研究结果表明,北京城市主干道径流水质为劣Ⅴ类;污染物浓度与降雨量、平均降雨强度、降雨历时和雨前干期长度存在一定的相关关系,依据冲刷作用与稀释作用的强弱变化,相关性有一定变化;用TSS和EC表征污染物在径流中的存在状态,发现COD、TN、Zn和Ni在径流中主要以溶解态存在,TP主要以颗粒吸附的形式存在;据实际监测数据估算,北京城市主干道年污染负荷TSS、COD、TN、TP、Zn和Ni分别为3273.15、266.86、16.24、1.89、0.097和0.008 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1).城市主干道径流污染特征研究可以为城市道路径流污染防控与管理提供科学依据.     

农业流域“汇”型景观结构对径流调控及磷污染物截留作用的研究

选取天津于桥水库北岸桃花寺流域作为实验流域,进行了流域景观格局对生态水文及磷污染物迁移转化过程影响的野外实验研究.研究结果表明,流域中广泛分布于季节性河流附近的汇型景观结构(石坝、植草水道、植被过滤带、干塘、缓冲区等),通过滞留/缓冲功能,对地表径流的流速及流量具有双重调控作用,延长了养分物质在流域内部的滞留时间,对产生于不同源区的面源污染径流具有截留、吸纳、贮存作用,使径流中泥沙和磷素浓度逐渐得到降低,减少了养分对下游水体的负荷输出.多次降雨径流的监测结果表明,无论在大暴雨下的连续流事件还是在小雨下的间断流事件中,汇型景观结构均能表现出良好的养分持留功能.在2003年6月22日连续径流事件中,地表径流的流速可由系统入口处的37.2 cm·s-1降至系统出口处的11.1 cm·s-1,污染径流体积可削减50.2%,TSS、TP、TDP、DRP的持留率分别可达72.7%,69.3%,59.8%和57.9%.在间断径流事件中,污染径流全部为汇型景观结构所截留,泥沙和磷素的持留率更高.对21场降雨-径流事件的统计分析结果表明,干塘和植被过滤带是本实验流域控制污染物输出较为稳定的两种结构.     

前期晴天时间对城市降雨径流污染水质的影响

识别影响城市降雨径流污染的主要因子是城市降雨径流污染治理和管理的前提和基础.为此,从2006年5月开始,选择镇江具有代表性的土地使用类型监测城市地表径流水质,分析前期晴天时间对城市地表降雨径污染物的影响.结果表明,随着前期晴天时间的增加,径流中粒径<40 μm的颗粒物粒径体积分数增加;径流中主要水质参数(TN、TP、Zn、Pb、Cu、TSS和COD)与前期晴天时间呈显著正相关,初期地表径流中溶解态污染物增加,说明前期晴天时间是影响城市径流污染浓度和形态的主要因子,从而为城市降雨径流污染的控制和治理提供科学依据.     

重庆市不同材质屋面径流水质特性

2010年雨季对重庆市6场降雨时段的屋面径流进行采样监测,分析了水泥屋面和瓦屋面径流污染物的出流过程和初始冲刷现象,并且运用多元统计方法分析了降雨特征对径流水质的影响.结果表明:2种材质屋面径流水质参数中CODCr和TN的次降雨平均浓度(EMC,以ρ计)均超出GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》的Ⅴ类标准,为屋面径流主要污染物.水泥屋面的CODCr、TN、NO3--N、TSS、Cu和Zn的EMC明显高于瓦屋面,分别高出1.63、1.57、1.15、1.70、1.50和1.88倍.在水泥屋面上,ρ(CODCr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)和ρ(TSS)变化幅度大于瓦屋面,并且其峰值滞后或同步于最大雨强;在瓦屋面上,ρ(CODCr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)和ρ(TSS)的峰值提前或同步于最大雨强.瓦屋面各污染物FF30(初期30%径流携带的污染负荷)的平均值均高于水泥屋面;水泥屋面各污染物(除Zn和Cd外)FF30的标准差均高于瓦屋面.各污染物的EMC与降雨量、平均雨强、径流量和最大雨强呈负相关;溶解态重金属的EMC与前期晴天数呈负相关,其余指标均与前期晴天数呈正相关.      

北京城市典型下垫面降雨径流污染初始冲刷效应分析

城市硬化地表的迅速增加使得降雨径流量增加,屋面和路面等下垫面上污染物的大量累积并随径流进入城市排水系统,对城市水环境造成威胁.为了解径流污染过程和给径流污染控制提供科学依据,于2004～2006年选取典型屋面和路面对径流污染过程进行了监测和分析,计算了两种径流的次降雨平均浓度(EMC)水平,发现两类径流的COD和TN污染较为严重;屋面径流的化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)分别超标(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002 V类)3.64和4.80倍;路面径流的COD、TN分别超标3.73和1.07倍.利用M(V)曲线,判断径流量同径流污染负荷的关系,发现屋面径流污染物总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)、COD、TN和总磷(TP)发生了不同程度的初始冲刷现象;路面初始冲刷现象主要表现为TSS和TP,总体上初始冲刷效应不明显.汇水面性质、降雨强度、污染物累积状况等都是影响屋面和路面径流污染物排放特征的重要影响因素.     

城市典型不透水下垫面径流中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染特征

在我国属于优先控制污染物的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)应用依然广泛,径流中的PAEs对受纳水体的污染值得高度关注.对上海典型的城市不透水下垫面路面及屋面降雨径流中6种优先控制PAEs的质量浓度进行监测,评价城市不透水下垫面径流中PAEs的污染特征.结果表明,上海市路面及屋面径流中Σ_6PAEs的EMC平均值分别为170. 64μg·L~(-1)和40. 92μg·L~(-1),与国外城市相比污染严重,DEHP为主要PAEs污染物.对不同类型水样中PAEs含量差异的显著性分析发现,不同下垫面径流中低分子量(LMW) PAEs浓度不存在显著性差异,路面径流中高分子量(HMW) PAEs浓度显著高于屋面径流及雨水(P 0. 01),道路交通是造成下垫面径流PAEs污染的重要因素.路面径流中PAEs、TSS及COD浓度随降雨历时的变化特征表明,PAEs的变化趋势与TSS及COD相同,初期径流浓度较高,存在初期冲刷效应.不透水下垫面径流中PAEs浓度及其影响因素的相关分析表明,屋面径流中Σ_6PAEs浓度与降雨强度呈负相关,与TSS呈正相关.路面径流中Σ_6PAEs浓度与降雨量、降雨强度呈负相关,与前期晴天数、TSS、COD呈正相关.下垫面径流中Σ_6PAEs浓度与表面累积的颗粒物含量有关. DEHP、DBP为我国《地表水环境质量标准》控制污染物,路面及屋面径流中DEHP的浓度超过8μg·L~(-1)的标准值分别达到32、7倍,路面径流中DBP浓度在多数降雨事件中超过标准值3μg·L~(-1),屋面径流中DBP浓度在多数降雨事件中低于标准值,下垫面径流直接排放对受纳水体,特别是饮用水水源地存在威胁.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.