我国主要流域水质污染状况呈逐年好转趋势

据中国环境监测总站最新监测结果显示 ,2 0 0 2年长江、珠江等主要流域水质污染状况有所好转。2 0 0 2年七大水系干流和主要一级支流国控监测断面 ,一至三类水质占 48.6% ,与 2 0 0 0年相比提高了 7.4个百分点 ;与1998年相比提高了 16.5个百分点 ,呈逐年好转趋势。七大水系中 ,长江、珠江水质较好 ,淮河水质有所改善 ,而辽河和海河水质污染较重。各流域按照污染程度由重到轻排序依次为 :海河、辽河、松花江、黄河、淮河、珠江、长江 ,各流域主要污染指标为氨氮和高锰酸钾指数 ,其中各流域干流水质稍好于支流水质。另外太湖、巢湖和滇池的富…     

河流综合水质评价方法比较研究

为探讨综合水质评价结论的科学合理性,对典型的7种河流综合水质评价方法,包括单因子评价法、污染指数法、模糊评价法、灰色系统评价法、层次分析法、人工神经网络法、水质标识指数法,在归类分析其特性的基础上,针对代表性的评价样本,进行了综合水质评价比较研究。主要结论为：①单因子评价法以最差水质指标所属类别作为综合水质类别,评价结论表现为过保护;②污染指数法能够直观判断综合水质是否达到功能区目标,但是不能判断综合水质类别;③对模糊数学法、灰色系统评价法、层次分析法、BP人工神经网络法和水质标识指数法等5种典型评价方法,当综合水质为Ⅰ~Ⅴ类水情形时,这几种方法评价结论基本一致,证明这5种典型评价方法对Ⅰ~Ⅴ类水的评价结论具有科学合理性;④当综合水质为劣Ⅴ类水时,模糊数学法、灰色系统评价法、层次分析法、BP人工神经网络法的评价结论偏保守,而水质标识指数法解决了劣Ⅴ类水质的连续性描述问题,能够对劣Ⅴ类水进行科学合理评价,并对Ⅰ~Ⅴ类水、劣Ⅴ类水不黑臭、劣Ⅴ类水黑臭进行全面、科学合理的定性与定量评价.     

赤水河流域枯水期水环境质量评价研究

赤水河是长江上游唯一没有筑坝的一级支流,是长江上游珍惜特有鱼类自然保护区,被誉为美酒河、美景河、英雄河和生态河,具有重要的保护价值。选取枯水期赤水河为研究对象,进行全流域的采样与分析,总计37个采样点。运用箱线图直观表现出各个水质指标的分布情况,并运用综合水质标识指数法得出赤水河枯水期的水质类别,进行水质定性评价,然后根据水质标识指数的变化分析了赤水河干流的水质空间分布变化特征。结果表明：赤水河水质总体较为良好,流域总体水质标识指数X1.X2为16;干流的水质标识指数X1.X2为15;各个支流来看,桐梓河、古蔺河和习水河的水质标识指数X1.X2分别为15、17和15,均为Ⅰ类水,水质与干流差别不大,但是盐津河污染较为严重,X1.X2为32,为Ⅲ类水,特别是TP浓度达到06 mg/L。各个采样点水质评价结果均为优秀（源头除外）。另外城镇污水对赤水河的影响不容忽视,要提高警惕,限制或减少城镇污水的排放     

基于大型底栖动物的沙颍河干流水质生物学评价——两种方法体系的比较分析

于2013年4月在沙颍河干流进行了大型底栖动物的调查,共设置21个采样站位。为进行水质生物学评价,选取5个生物指数(Shannon-wiener指数、Margalef指数、FBI科级生物指数、BPI生物污染指数和Simpson指数),并采用综合生物指数法(BI)和模糊数学法等两种不同的方法体系进行了综合评价。根据综合生物指数法(BI)进行评价,沙颍河干流有90.05%的站位处于轻度污染状态,9.52%的站位处于中度污染状态;而根据模糊数学法进行评价,33.33%的站位处于轻度污染状态,61.90%的站位处于中度污染状态,只有4.76%的站位处于重度污染状态,两者站点评价结果的一致率为38.10%。经分析,模糊数学法综合评价结果与沙颍河的现实情况较为吻合,更为合理可靠。基于模糊数学综合评价结果,沙颍河干流的不同闸坝河段的污染程度呈不连续分布,表明其水质在局部河段有所提高和改善,这可能与河段较长,河流具有一定的自净能力有关。     

多种改进模糊概率模型对比研究

本文以超标法、层次分析法、信息熵法三种方法分别计算权重的模糊概率模型,依据2003-2013共10年的黄河水系6个国家监测点的水质监测数据,对黄河华北西部段水质进行评价。与传统方法相比,模糊概率评价法用概率处理污染物浓度,用隶属度描述水质等级界限,使评价结果与实际情况更接近;空间评价分析结果显示除宁夏吴忠新墩断面有上游水质优势外,其他断面水质情况只与附近环境相关而与其所处流域位置无关。三种模型结合单因子评价模型在结果和原理上进行比较分析发现,强调了不同类指标因子权重值差异及客观性的层次分析法,是最适合模糊概率模型的权重计算方法,其评价结果更为客观、可靠,可广泛用于河流水体的综合水质评价。     

淮河干流大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

2011年3月、6月、9月和12月对淮河干流大型底栖动物群落进行了取样调查,共采集到大型底栖动物4门41科94种。结果分析表明,淮河干流大型底栖动物群落结构具有一定的时空变化。在时间尺度上,生物密度呈极显著的季节性变化(p=0.002),其最大值332.5 ind./m2出现在6月,最小值96.6 ind./m2则出现在9月;生物量的变化趋势与生物密度不同步,其最大值155.8 g/m2出现在9月,最小值40.0 g/m2则出现在3月,且季节性差异不显著。冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,溶解氧、盐度、溶解性总固体、水温和底质类型是影响底栖动物群落结构的主要环境因子。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的季节性变化不显著,Margalef丰富度指数的季节性差异极显著(p=0.000);自上游至下游,这2个指数的变化规律表现出高度的一致性,其水质评价结果表明淮河干流水质总体上处于中度污染的水平。     

三峡库区藻类种群结构与密度变化及其与氮磷浓度的相关性分析

2003年1月~2004年12月对三峡湖北库区江段5个采样点及其一级支流——香溪河流域6个采样点的浮游藻类进行了为期2周年的调查,共采集和鉴定浮游藻类定性和定量水样1 000余个,获得有效数据2 000多个。数据显示,蓄水前（2003年1月~2003年6月）、蓄水1周年（2003年6月~2004年5月）和蓄水1.5年（2004年6月~2004年12月）3个时间段之间,被调查水域的浮游藻类群落结构、细胞密度和水质状况均存在一定的差异。总体而言,藻类的群落结构干流江段以硅藻为主,绿藻次之;支流水域以绿藻占据首位,硅藻次之。被调查水域藻类的细胞密度随蓄水时间的延长呈增长趋势,并显示一定的季节性差异;藻类细胞密度与TP的相关性比与TN的相关性更为密切。目前干流江段和支流水域的水质状况分别为中营养型和中－富营养型,较建坝蓄水前的水质有所下降。在分析导致藻类种群结构和细胞密度变化原因的基础上,建议加强对库区水质的检测和保护,以杜绝和防止库区的水域环境进一步恶化。     

汛末长江中下游主要营养盐输送特征及支流水系贡献

为分析长江中下游氮、磷、硅等营养盐的输送特征及洞庭湖、汉江、鄱阳湖对干流营养盐输送的贡献,于2020年9月自三峡坝前至河口及洞庭湖、汉江、鄱阳湖长江入汇口沿程采集水样,测定氮、磷、硅等营养盐浓度并分析沿程变化趋势,计算总氮、总磷和溶解硅通量及主要支流贡献。结果表明：长江中下游总氮浓度沿程下降,在1.23～2.32 mg/L间波动,溶解态占比超过95%;总磷浓度沿程上升,在0.01～0.08 mg/L间波动,以颗粒态为主;溶解硅浓度在汉口断面突增,三峡坝前-汉口江段均值为5.52 mg/L,汉口-河口江段均值升高为10.8 mg/L。总氮、总磷、溶解硅通量均沿程明显上升。洞庭湖、汉江及鄱阳湖对干流营养盐输送贡献较大,其中洞庭湖对总氮、总磷、溶解硅输送通量的贡献分别达到163.2%、67.9%、23.6%,但其汇入后干流水质类别未发生明显变化。洞庭湖、汉江及鄱阳湖汇入后干流水体综合营养状态指数波动范围在-12.72%至7.85%。本研究有助于了解长江中下游营养状态及支流湖泊对干流的贡献,为中下游水环境管理提供科学依据。     

三峡水库干流与香溪河库湾水体营养状态及其对水文条件的响应

基于三峡水库干流和香溪河库湾2003年7月至2013年7月10年间的水质数据,采用Carlson营养状态指数营养状态指数及差值二维坐标评价方法,阐述三峡水库干流和香溪河库湾在蓄水前后10年以来的营养水平,评价其水体营养状态及其限制限制因素,通过建立干支流中营养状态与水动力条件的关系,判断在干支流上水动力条件是否是富营养化的限制因子.结果 表明:蓄水10年来,三峡水库水体营养状态没有出现显著的上升或下降趋势.在三峡水库长江干流水动力条件对营养盐利用几乎没有调控作用.与水库干流不同,在香溪河支流库水动力条件在一定程度上能影响藻类对营养盐的利用,即可通过调节香溪河支流库湾水动力条件来控制藻类水华的发生.     

长江干流典型区域河流生境健康评价

河流生境是河流生态系统中的重要组成部分，是维持河流健康的重要因素。河流生境健康的准确评估可以为河流生态系统的保护与修复提供重要依据。针对长江干流生境特点，从河流物理生境形态、河流岸边带生境和水环境特征3个方面选取了10个指标，构建了长江干流生境评价的指标体系。基于该评价体系，在2017年8~9月对长江干流的金沙江下游、三峡库区、长江中下游3个典型区域的127个调查断面进行河流生境综合评估。结果表明：金沙江下游、三峡库区、长江中下游河流生境综合指数（RHI）分值的分别为133.9、124.6、130.8，总体评价等级均为“良”。水流情势、受人类活动干扰是金沙江下游生境变化的主要驱动因子，河岸渠化硬化、河岸植被覆盖、河岸植被带宽则是三峡库区和长江中下游生境变化的主要驱动因子。建议长江上游区域强化水生生物重要栖息地完整性保护，中下游区域加强岸边带、洲滩的生态修复，恢复江湖连通性，构建长江流域生态廊道和生物多样性保护网络。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Quantifying the transfer of radionuclides to food products from domestic farm animals

Databases have been compiled to derive parameter values relevant to the transfer of radionuclides from feedstuffs to domestic animal products to provide a revision to the IAEA Handbook on transfer parameters TRS 364. Significant new data inputs have been incorporated into the databases from an extensive review of Russian language information and inclusion of data published since the early 1990s. Fractional gastrointestinal absorption in adult ruminants presented in the revised handbook are generally similar to those recommended for adult humans by the ICRP. Transfer coefficient values are presented in the handbook for a range of radionuclides to farm animal products. For most animal products, transfer coefficient values for elements additional to those in TRS 364 are provided although many data gaps remain. Transfer coefficients generally vary between species with larger species having lower values than smaller species. It has been suggested that the difference is partly due to the inclusion of dietary dry matter intake in the estimation of transfer coefficient and that whilst dietary intake increases with size nutrient concentrations do not. An alternative approach to quantifying transfer by using concentration ratios (CR), which do not consider dietary intake, has been evaluated. CR values compiled for the handbook vary considerably less between species than transfer coefficient values. The advantage of the CR approach is that values derived for one species could be applied to species for which there are no data. However, transfer coefficients will continue to be used as few studies currently report CR values or give data from which they can be estimated.     

A Dynamic model of Cs accumulation by fish of different age classes

A dynamic model of radionuclide accumulation in fish is developed. In the model, the fish population is represented by a set of discrete age classes. Each age class is characterized by a specific growth rate, diet and activity of metabolic processes. The model describes all known types of size effect in the contamination of fish with radiocaesium. The detailed dynamics of ¹³⁷Cs accumulation by fish are demonstrated using the results of the model's application to ichtiofauna in a water body which has a high level of contamination with radiocaesium — namely, the cooling pond of the Chernobyl NPP.     

Greenwashed sports and environmental activism: Formula 1 and FIFA†

ABSTRACT

Formula 1 motor sport and the Men's World Cup of association football, two major sporting events on our calendars, are indirectly and directly responsible for environmental despoliation. They serve as advertisements for heavy industry, are designed for elite as much as mass consumption, and provide sponsors with dubious social licenses to operate. This occurs through the very mechanisms of the events themselves (engines in Formula 1, tourism in the World Cup) as well as their promotional externalities. I look at greenwashing claims made about these two sporting events and examine counter-discourses, then investigate economic and ecological citizenship. I suggest that a progressive agenda can be forwarded if Greenpeace, which runs campaigns related to these sports, works with its fellow elites, in the case of Formula 1, and with fans in the case of football. Doing so may be more effective than business-as-usual direct action.     

江苏海洋开发的资源环境条件评述

江苏海洋的区位优越，海域广阔，环境条件总体有利，海洋资源种类多，数量大，具有综合开发功能，而且资源和环境的区域组合良好，有利于海洋产业的集约经营和协调发展，但也存在不少限制因素，如深水区离岸较远，海底矿产勘探程度低，自然灾害较多等。应根据实际情况确定本省海洋的开发战略。