环境协调性评估

本文从ＬＣＡ的基本概念开始,全面介绍最近二十年发展起来的ＬＣＡ的组成,过程,评估方法,主要用途等。     

生命周期评价研究

介绍了生命周期评价(LCA)的基本定义、技术框架及目前的研究方法，指出LCA方法的局限性，提出应该发展实用的LCA。     

生命周期评价综论

生命周期评价已被纳入到ISO14000环境管理体系中,将成为本世纪最有效的环境管理工具之一。通过综述生命周期评价的概念、起源和发展、技术框架及其应用,指出了当前生命周期评价的方法论和实践上存在的局限性,并对未来发展方向作了展望。     

棉织品的生命周期评价

生命周期评价（LCA）是ISO14000管理体系的重要组成部分，本文将棉捉品生命周期的四个阶段对环境的影响分别进行了评估，并将结果汇总计算，比较分析了在棉织品生命周期中，对环境影响最大的阶段，从而为棉织品的生态设计提供了依据。     

Use of Life Cycle Assessment in Environmental Management

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how life cycle assessment (LCA) can be used to develop strategic policies that can lead to a minimization of the environmental burden resulting from the provision of services or the manufacture, use, and disposal of products within the economy. We accomplish this aim by presenting a case study that evaluates the greenhouse gas contributions of each stage in the life cycle of containerboard packaging and the potential impact on emissions of various policy options available to decision-makers. Our analysis showed that, in general, the most useful strategy was to recycle the used packaging. However, our analysis also indicated that when measures are taken to eliminate sources of methane emissions, then recycling is no longer beneficial from a greenhouse perspective. This is because the process energy required in the form of gas and electricity is substantially greater for containerboard manufactured from recycled material than it is for virgin fiber.     

对氨基苯胂酸的生命周期评价

本文介绍了最常用的有机胂制剂——对氨基苯胂酸的主要用途和污染特征,从生命周期的角度识别并定量评价了其生产、使用和残留过程的环境影响,评价结果表明对氨基苯胂酸在土壤中最终残留的环境骰响占其整个生命周期的99％以上,指出了常规环境影响评价在评价其环境污染上的局限性,据此提出逐步减少或禁止有机胂制剂的生产和使用、并在一些特殊的建设项目环境影响评价中推广生命周期评价的建议。     

浅谈生命周期评价与应用

本文介绍了生命周期评价的发展历史、定义、技术框架及主要内容,提出将生命周期评价应用于环境管理的良好前景。     

国外生命周期影响评价中酸化模型的方法概述

生命周期影响评价是生命周期评价的重要组成部分,而其中的特征化过程是实现定量评价的关键步骤。酸化（Acidification）是生命周期影响评价（LCIA）中最为普遍的影响类型之一,指由酸性气体排放引起生态环境破坏以及人体健康的损害。欧洲、北美、日本等发达国家都建立了自己的生命周期影响评价体系,本文分析了这些地区存在的酸化模型方法,对建立中国的生命周期评价数据库具有重要的意义。     

酒店服务业生命周期评价体系研究

生命周期评价被认为是解决环境污染问题,实现可持续性发展的重要工具。初步建立了酒店服务业生命周期评价模型,并详细地分析了酒店服务业生命周期评价的框架结构,讨论了生命周期评价在酒店服务业中的应用前景。酒店服务业生命周期评价体系必将成为未来酒店服务业实现可持续发展的主要工具。     

Implementing by-product management into the Life Cycle Assessment of the mussel sector

In Galicia (NW Spain), the mussel sector is an economic and social cornerstone, with great relevance at both regional and international scales. The environmental impact of this sector has been recently discussed from a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) perspective. In previous studies, it was concluded that the management of mussel shells and mussel organic by-products needed to be implemented into future life cycle assessments. In this article, LCA methodology was used in order to assess the environmental performance of two valorization alternatives for mussel by-products: mussel shell valorization to produce calcium carbonate, and mussel organic remains valorization to produce pâté.From the environmental characterization for mussel shell valorization, propane and electricity production, sludge and ash management, haulage and atmospheric releases were identified as the hot-spots on which improvement potentials should be focused. Furthermore, the environmental profile for mussel shell valorization was compared to those for incineration and landfilling as alternative management options.The environmental characterization of pâté production from mussel organic by-product led to the recommendation of acting on the formulation of mussel pâté, the thermal energy demand and the product transport. Additionally, this valorization alternative was compared to another common scenario which considered the use of mussel organic by-product to manufacture fish meal.Finally, the valorization of mussel shells and organic by-products was implemented into the assessment of the Galician mussel sector. Thus, mussel by-product management was found to contribute to the potential environmental impacts to a lesser extent than mussel culture, purification and canning transformation.     

镁合金在笔记本电脑外壳材料替代中的环境协调性评价

本文应用生命周期评价,（life cycle assessment,LCA）方法,对镁合金以及塑料这两种笔记本电脑外壳进行了初步评价和比较,结果表明镁舍金能源消耗、温室效应方面为塑料的556．31％、383．30%。但在材料的性能、资源消耗、酸化效应、生态毒理、材料的再生性等方面明显优于塑料。     

基于LCA方法评价多晶硅片生产的环境影响

多晶硅片制造是光伏产品生命周期过程中能耗及环境影响较大的环节之一.以四川某硅片企业一期(国内普遍水平)和二期(国内较先进水平)的实际生产数据为例,运用生命周期评价方法的分类、特征化、量化处理方法,定量计算单位多晶硅片生产的环境影响,计算结果显示:国内较先进水平比普遍水平提高了资源、能源的利用率,减少了污染物的环境排放,尤其表现在粉尘排放量、酸化潜值、全球变暖值和臭氧消耗潜值方面;并提出国内多晶硅片企业节能减排方法技术方法为利用清洁能源,提高循环水利用率,改进铸锭工艺,增大晶锭中晶粒的尺寸,改用环境污染物排放较少的硅片清洗原料.     

生命周期评价在我国固体废物环境管理中的应用

生命周期评价是评价产品、工艺或活动（服务）整个生命周期阶段有关环境负荷,进而辨识和评价减少环境影响机会的一种非常有用的工具。将生命周期评价应用于固体废物环境管理,无疑对于我国建立科学化的固体废物环境管理模式具有十分重要的作用。本文对生命周期评价的定义、主要阶段、应用工具、特点进行了阐述,并对生命周期评价如何应用于我国固体废物环境管理进行了探讨。     

Environmental Assessment Framework for Policy Applications: Life Cycle Assessment,External Costs and Multi-criteria Analysis

The paper presents a framework for the analysis of external costs of environmental burdens, namely an impact pathway analysis, often coupled with the inventory stage of life cycle assessment (LCA). The ground rule is: quantify as much as possible in terms of burdens (pollutant emissions, etc.), impacts, and their monetary equivalent, then use multi-criteria analysis (MCA) for any remaining impacts that are considered to be too uncertain or defy quantification through to monetization. Although MCA could be used directly on estimates of burdens or impacts, monetary valuation provides a mechanism for consistent weighting of impacts categories based on assessment of public preference. Further advantages of extending LCA through detailed impact assessment combined with monetary valuation are that it greatly simplifies MCA by combining a large number of different environmental impact categories, thereby avoiding an unmanageably large number of criteria, and also facilitates cost benefit analysis (CBA). The risks are noted of inappropriate use of the tools or interpretation/use of the results, and recommendations are made for improved practice. These points are illustrated with examples. The key messages are: (1) that policies should be targeted correctly to give a clear signal which source of a burden should be reduced by how much; (2) that analysts should take into account the needs of policy makers and the link between the analysis and possible policy applications; and (3) that current LCA practice gives limited guidance in both areas, largely through a lack of consideration of the relative and absolute importance of different types of impact. However, this is precisely the strength of external costs analysis, particularly when used with MCA.     

环保购物袋的生命周期评价与环保性能研究

"限塑令"实施后,环保购物袋作为一次性塑料购物袋的替代品大量进入市场,本文运用生命周期评价方法对聚乙烯、牛皮纸、淀粉基塑料、无纺布和棉布等环保购物袋的环保性能进行了比较研究,旨在为提高购物袋的环保性能提供有益参考.     

Life Cycle Assessment of a Wastewater Treatment Plant Focused on Material and Energy Flows

Life cycle assessment (LCA) was applied to analyze a food-processing wastewater treatment plant and investigate the economic and environmental effects of the plant. With the long-term operational data of this plant, an inventory of relative inputs, e.g., flow rate, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and suspended solids, etc., and outputs of the plant, e.g., effluent COD and suspended solids, methane production, etc., was compiled. The potential environmental effects associated with those inputs and outputs were evaluated, and the results of the inventory analysis and impact assessment phases of the plant were interpreted. One feature of this study was the assessment of the treatment plant based on both energy and material flows. Another feature was the establishment of an assessment model with an integration of plant operating parameters, system recognition and grey relation. The analytical results are helpful for the design and operation of wastewater treatment plants.     

成都市生态足迹分析评价研究

生态足迹分析法是一种全新的生态承载力计算方法.从生态足迹分析原理出发,分析统计了成都市生物资源消费、碳吸收地、建设用地的生态足迹,得到人均生态赤字为1.183gha,属于较严重生态赤字区的结论.结果表明,该区域对自然的影响超出了其生态承载能力的范围,需要进行调整.     

Analysis of the recycling potential of used automotive oil filters using the Life Cycle Assessment approach

The aim of this study is to evaluate whether a specific recycling system for used oil filters (UOFs) is environmentally viable by considering all steps of the product's life cycle. In that aspect an analysis of the environmental impacts regarding different waste management scenarios of UOFs in Greece is presented using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. Waste scenarios varied from maximum feasible recycling and recovery of metals and used lubricant oil, to disposal of UOFs to landfills without any prior treatment. In order to perform this analysis, the principles of ISO 14040 were followed and a relevant LCA software was used (SimaPro 7.2). Additionally, the results of a previous work conducted by the authors were deployed, including some experimental measurements undertaken so as to evaluate and quantify the factors affecting the recovery of the lubricant oil contained in used automotive filters. Indicatively, it was estimated that a maximum of 1340 tons of used oil and 1810 tons of steel are disposed every year in Greece, as a result of the non-effective management of used automotive filters.     

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Lignocellulosic Ethanol Production: Biochemical Versus Thermochemical Conversion

Lignocellulosic biomass can be converted into ethanol through either biochemical or thermochemical conversion processes. Biochemical conversion involves hydrolysis and fermentation while thermochemical conversion involves gasification and catalytic synthesis. Even though these routes produce comparable amounts of ethanol and have similar energy efficiency at the plant level, little is known about their relative environmental performance from a life cycle perspective. Especially, the indirect impacts, i.e. emissions and resource consumption associated with the production of various process inputs, are largely neglected in previous studies. This article compiles material and energy flow data from process simulation models to develop life cycle inventory and compares the fossil fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and water consumption of both biomass-to-ethanol production processes. The results are presented in terms of contributions from feedstock, direct, indirect, and co-product credits for four representative biomass feedstocks i.e., wood chips, corn stover, waste paper, and wheat straw. To explore the potentials of the two conversion pathways, different technological scenarios are modeled, including current, 2012 and 2020 technology targets, as well as different production/co-production configurations. The modeling results suggest that biochemical conversion has slightly better performance on greenhouse gas emission and fossil fuel consumption, but that thermochemical conversion has significantly less direct, indirect, and life cycle water consumption. Also, if the thermochemical plant operates as a biorefinery with mixed alcohol co-products separated for chemicals, it has the potential to achieve better performance than biochemical pathway across all environmental impact categories considered due to higher co-product credits associated with chemicals being displaced. The results from this work serve as a starting point for developing full life cycle assessment model that facilitates effective decision-making regarding lignocellulosic ethanol production.