唐山市钢铁行业大气污染物排放清单建立

以唐山市钢铁企业为研究对象,在收集已有排放源数据的基础上,基于排放因子和活动水平数据采用排放因子法估算了唐山市钢铁企业多个大气污染物的排放量,得到了符合空气质量模型要求的污染源输入数据,建立钢铁行业和主要防控因子污染源数据库。结合唐山市各县区的环境空气质量状况,利用GIS技术,将不同污染因子的排放进行空间分布,最终形成准确完善的多尺度、高时空分辨率大气污染源排放清单。研究介绍了符合中国特色的区域高分辨率大气排放源清单建立的方法体系,为京津冀地区区域大气污染联防联控及2020年大气污染物区域削减计划工作提供数据支撑。     

对比分析法在环境空气质量预报业务中的应用

通过分析京津冀及周边区域环境空气质量预报的实际案例,从实时监测、污染源、大气条件以及数值预报模拟4个方面阐述了对比分析法在空气质量预报业务中的应用,帮助预报员比较类似污染源排放条件下的大气条件变化或者类似大气条件下的污染源变化,以便进一步开展量化分析。研究结果显示:利用时间同比、空间比较和大气条件对比的分析方法,能够判断在类似污染源排放和相似大气条件下,主要污染物的浓度水平、重污染发生、影响范围、持续时间、严重程度等污染特征以及污染物的水平传输影响等;采用污染源变化对比分析法,能够获得在类似大气条件下,污染源排放的减少或剧增对主要污染物浓度水平的影响程度;通过数值预报模式结果对比分析,能够获得在类似的污染源排放条件下,大气环流形势的稳定程度和变化情况,从而判断其对污染物浓度水平的影响。对比分析法是开展京津冀及周边区域环境空气质量预报业务中的重要环节,有利于持续提高空气质量预报的准确率,供全国空气质量预报员开展辖区空气质量预报时参考。     

与我国环境管理对接的大气污染源排放清单分析

环境管理与大气污染源清单对接的基础是环境管理数据体系。选取京津冀大气污染传输通道"2+26"城市中的14个城市实施访谈与问卷调查,普遍认为大气污染源清单的主要用途为大气污染应急、预警以及污染源解析,但由于环境统计、污染源监测和排污许可三大环境管理数据体系差异较大,导致环境管理数据的行业和工艺过程针对性不强,无法满足污染源清单的需求。造成该问题的主要原因在于基层生态环境部门技术储备不足、污染源信息分散以及数据管理任务分工不明确。促进环境管理与大气污染源清单的对接,重点在于污染源数据定期更新和环境管理数据的一体化,应着重形成多部门数据共享、全面和全过程环境管理以及人才和技术保障机制。     

机场大气污染物高时间分辨率排放清单计算方法研究

通过研究机场大气污染物排放特征,结合我国相关排放政策及规范,以排放因子法为主要方法,设计了可建立机场高时间分辨率大气污染物排放清单的计算方法,以期为机场大气污染物排放实时监管提供研究基础。该方法针对飞机发动机和地面保障设备(GSE),实现了颗粒物、二氧化硫、氮氧化物等大气污染物和温室气体的半小时级别排放量计算。通过收集整理北京首都国际机场日航班计划与GSE运作情况实际数据,计算并建立了高时间分辨率的排放清单,验证了计算方法的可行性。随后,从活动水平误差和排放因子适用性两方面,对清单进行了不确定性分析,并通过计算结果对机场排放特征进行了分析,提出了减排建议。     

洞庭湖区一次重度空气污染过程成因分析

利用AQI和PM_(2. 5)质量浓度、地面气象要素、NCEP、ERSST_V3、GBL等资料,对2016年12月29日至2017年1月5日洞庭湖区一次重度空气污染过程成因进行了分析。结果表明,静稳天气形势下的累积效应和本地持续升温、降压、增湿、小风导致污染物浓度不断增加。本地风速与雨量对污染物浓度产生显著影响。降温前风速明显加大,有利于污染物快速扩散。湿度增加有利于污染物吸湿性增长,但高湿易引起降水有利于污染物的湿清除。此次重度空气污染过程中大气稳定度为中性或稳定,14:00混合层高度逐渐降低且重度空气污染日降至100 m以下。污染物空间分布与主导风向和污染通道密切相关。气流后向轨迹分析表明,洞庭湖区各地气流来源和影响路径差异明显,且存在大范围区域性同步污染现象。北方外来污染源是洞庭湖区重要的污染面源,本地工业污染排放点源和地理条件也是洞庭湖区空气污染物空间分布差异的重要因素。     

区域规划环评中大气环境监测点位布设研究

探讨了大气环境监测点位的布设方法,在区域规划环境影响评价布设大气监测点位时,应综合考虑开发区的功能区划分、区内产业分布及环境敏感点分布等情况;结合规划区内外现状及规划实施后重点污染源的位置及排放高度,根据区域污染气象条件,采用Gauss模式预测最大浓度落地点,并以此作为区域大气环境监测点的布设依据.对某区域开发规划案例进行了大气环境监测点位布设研究,通过实践,该布设方法不仅可以反映区域大气环境质量现状的空间分布特征,而且可以为区域大气环境预测提供良好的数据支持,为优化区域规划提供依据;同时,对规划后的污染源最大浓度落地点的监测,可以为单个项目的环境预测提供背景值,起到简化入区建设项目环评的作用.     

基于MODFLOW-NWT的尾矿库地下水环境影响评价

尾矿库渗滤液中污染物会对区域地下水产生不利影响。根据拟建工程场地水文地质条件和气象资料,建立三维数值预测模型并分析非正常工况下两种典型污染情景对地下水环境的影响,预测结果显示:特征污染物As的质量浓度随时间推移逐渐变大;防渗层破损和无防渗情况下污染晕沿地下水流方向最远运移距离在第100 d、1 000 d、7 884 d时分别为72 m、225 m、262 m和78 m、335 m、391 m。由于下游河流及周边泉点为区内地下水排泄主要途径,污染物经排泄进入下游河流将对环境造成较大影响,故提出相应防范措施。     

Multipoint source method in air pollution modelling of cold start emission

The paper presents a new method of air pollution modelling on a micro scale. For estimation of concentration of car exhaust pollutants, each car is treated as an instantaneous moving emission source. This approach enables us to model time and spatial changes of emission, especially during cold and cool start of an engine. These stages of engine work are a source of significant pollution concentration in urban areas. In this work, two models are proposed: one for the estimation of emission after cold start of the engine and another for the prediction of pollutant concentration. The first model (defined for individual exhaust gas pollutants) enables us to calculate the emission as a function of time after the cold or cool start, ambient temperature and average speed of motion. This model uses the HBEFA database. The second mathematical model is developed in order to calculate the pollutant dispersion and concentrations. The finite volume method is applied to discretise the set of partial differential equations describing wind flow and pollutant dispersion in the domain considered. Models presented in this paper can be called short-term models on a small spatial scale. The results of numerical simulation of pollutant emission and dispersion are also presented.     

佳木斯大气污染物扩散影响因素及区域探究

对影响佳木斯市大气污染物扩散的因素进行了分析。结果表明,大气稳定度、垂直和水平温度梯度、低空风场引起的平流动力输送、地面粗糙度、湍流运动、雨雾等都不同程度地影响大气污染物的扩散,以一定的传输和扩散规律决定城市大气污染水平的高低,并由此使局部区域污染程度各不相同。城市热岛效应和温度层结是影响大气污染物扩散的重要因素。影响区域主要为城市主导风向下风向的城市东部地区。     

Approaches to standardization of atmospheric pollution undergoing long-range and transboundary transport

The authors consider some possible ways of regulating three types of atmospheric emission of pollutants:

1. emission of substances causing pollution of the natural environment on the global scale (global pollutants);
2. emission of substances causing pollution on a regional scale, most often including territories of several countries (international pollutants);
3. emission of substances causing negative effects in a relatively limited region, for example within border area of two adjoining countries.

Substances (gaseous, as a rule) of a long life-time in the atmosphere that can contaminate natural media on a global scale irrespective of the place of emission refer to the first class of pollutants that are subject to emission regulation at an international level and to quota establishement for individual countries. They are carbon dioxide, freon, krypton-85. Various approaches to determining permissible emission and to quota establishing are discussed in the paper. The second group includes substances of a limited, yet rather long, life-time whose emission intensity makes a notable contribution to environmental pollution of a large region including territories of several countries. Here it is needed to regulate internationally not the atmospheric emission as it is but pollutant transport over national boundaries (sulphur and nitrogen oxides, pesticides, heavy metals). The third group includes substances of relatively short time of life producing local effects. Emission regulation in such cases should be based upon bilateral agreements with due account of countries' mutual interests.     

典型大气污染源动态排放清单编制方法及应用研究

随着环境空气质量精细化管理要求的提高,在应对重污染天气过程中,对大气污染源排放清单的时间分辨率提出了更高的要求。文章从固定源、移动源、油气储运源等方面探讨了大气污染源动态排放清单编制技术方法,并选取某城市进行了应用计算。结果表明,通过获取动态更新的数据,移动源的船舶、机动车、飞机可以逐时分析污染物排放量变化;固定源和油气储运源可以逐日分析。同时与相关指南算法进行定量比较,探讨了精细化改进方法及可能存在的问题,为建立更精细化动态排放清单提供有益参考。     

大气污染物指纹系统构建及在污染溯源中的应用

基于污染物检测特征信息结合区域产业结构、企业布局等信息构建了大气污染物指纹系统,通过污染物检测特征信息构建的第一级指纹数据库实现了对大气特征污染物的识别和污染物应急处置措施的推送;通过污染源行业及其排放的特征污染物信息构建的第二级指纹数据库实现了产排污行业的溯源;通过企业及其产排污信息,结合气象条件构建的第三级指纹数据库实现了对产排污企业的溯源。基于大气污染物指纹数据库的污染溯源技术为突发环境污染事故中污染物质的识别和污染源的追踪提供了新途径。实际应用验证表明,大气污染物指纹系统污染溯源响应快速、识别精准,实现了大气污染物从监测、溯源到应急处置的全过程无缝衔接。     

传感器技术在环境空气监测与污染治理中的应用现状、问题与展望

大气环境污染物监测是建立污染源与环境污染关系的重要技术途径,也是大气综合治理决策所需数据的主要来源。近年来,空气质量精细化管理和污染源精准控制的需求逐渐增长,对监测技术提出了更高的要求。传感器技术作为空气质量监测标准方法的补充,是实现城市空气质量高时空分辨率测量的新手段。研究从传感器的原理及分类入手,通过综述其在环境空气质量监测、污染源监控管理、个人暴露风险评估等领域的应用,总结了传感器技术的研发进展、应用现状和存在问题,并提出其发展方向和前景。     

长三角区域空气质量数值预报系统及其在重大活动保障中的应用

2014年起,上海市围绕城市及长三角区域空气质量预测预报和重污染预警需求,搭建了长三角区域空气质量数值预报系统。该系统综合应用了模式参数化方案比选、排放清单耦合处理、大气化学资料同化、大数据集合订正等关键技术,集合模式PM_{2. 5}和O₃小时浓度偏差为-10%～10%,提升了区域PM_{2. 5}和O₃浓度模拟效果。该系统实现了污染在线源解析和多排放情景模拟等功能的业务应用,应用于2018年首届中国国际进口博览会保障中,为上海市及长三角区域空气质量业务预报和重大活动保障提供了业务产品支撑。     

Urban Air Pollution Patterns, Land Use, and Thermal Landscape: An Examination of the Linkage Using GIS

This article investigates the relationship of local air pollution pattern with urban land use and with urban thermal landscape using a GIS approach. Ambient air quality measurements for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, total suspended particles, and dust level were obtained for Guangzhou City in South China between 1981 and 2000. Landsat TM images and aerial photo derived maps were used to examine city's land use and land cover at different times and changes. Landsat thermal infrared data were employed to compute land surface temperatures and to assess urban thermal patterns. Relationships among the spatial patterns of air pollution, land use, and thermal landscape were sought through GIS and correlation analyses. Results show that the spatial patterns of air pollutants probed were positively correlated with urban built-up density, and with satellite derived land surface temperature values, particularly with measurements taken during the summer. It is suggested that further studies investigate the mechanisms of this linkage, and that remote sensing of air pollution delves into how the energy interacts with the atmosphere and the environment and how sensors see pollutants. Thermal infrared imagery could play a unique role in monitoring and modeling atmospheric pollution.     

Multi-scale Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling by Use of Adaptive Gridding Techniques

An accurate prediction of the transport-reaction behaviour of atmospheric chemical species is required to fully understand the impact on the environment of pollution emissions. Elevated levels of secondary pollutants such as ozone in the lower atmosphere can be harmful to the health of both plants and animals, and can cause damage to property present in the urban environment. Detailed models of pollution mechanisms must therefore be developed through comparisons with field measurements to aid the selection of effective abatement policies. Such models must satisfy accuracy requirements both in terms of the number of species represented, and the spatial resolution of species profiles. Computational expense often compels current models to sacrifice detail in one of these areas. This paper attempts to address the latter point by presenting an atmospheric transport-reaction modelling strategy based upon a finite volume discretisation of the atmospheric dispersion equation. The source terms within this equation are provided by an appropriate reduced chemical scheme modelling the major species in the boundary layer. Reaction and transport discretisations are solved efficiently via a splitting technique applied at the level of the non-linear equations. The solution grid is generated using time dependant adaptive techniques, which provide a finer grid around regions of high spatial error in order to adequately resolve species concentration profiles. The techniques discussed are applied in two dimensions employing emissions from both point and area sources. Preliminary results show that the application of adaptive gridding techniques to atmospheric dynamics modelling can provide more accurately resolved species concentration profiles, accompanied by a reduced CPU time invested in solution. Such a model will provide the basis for high resolution studies of the multiple scale interactions between spatially inhomogeneous source patterns in urban and regional environments.     

Assessing the Relative Importance of Spatial Variability in Emissions Versus Landscape Properties in Fate Models for Environmental Exposure Assessment of Chemicals

Multimedia mass balance models differ in their treatment of spatial resolution from single boxes representing an entire region to multiple interconnected boxes with varying landscape properties and emission intensities. Here, model experiments were conducted to determine the relative importance of these two main factors that cause spatial variation in environmental chemical concentrations: spatial patterns in emission intensities and spatial differences in environmental conditions. In the model, experiments emissions were always to the air compartment. It was concluded that variation in emissions is in most cases the dominant source of variation in environmental concentrations. It was found, however, that variability in environmental conditions can strongly influence predicted concentrations in some cases, if the receptor compartments of interest are soil or water—for water concentrations particularly if a chemical has a high octanol–air partition coefficient (K _oa). This information will help to determine the required level of spatial detail that suffices for a specific regulatory purpose.     

石家庄市春季大气颗粒物的铅污染特征

为了解石家庄市2016年春季大气颗粒物的铅污染特征及来源,利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS),分析了大气中含铅颗粒的化学成分。结果表明: 研究期间大气环境中含铅颗粒数浓度共出现11次跳跃式升高,跳跃时间段内石家庄均处于轻度污染过程。从成分分析来看,含铅颗粒分为纯铅颗粒、Pb与K(Pb-K)、OC(Pb-OC)、Cl(Pb-Cl)、混合颗粒等八大类。观测结果表明:Pb-K颗粒最多,占到含铅颗粒的84.4%;其次为纯铅颗粒,占比为13.0%。与石家庄市污染源谱库比对进行来源解析,得到Pb-K颗粒主要来自生活垃圾焚烧源, 纯铅颗粒主要来自工业源。结合石家庄市大气污染源排放清单和后向气流轨迹分析,推测含铅颗粒可能来自市区西南方向某区县的生活垃圾焚烧企业。     

Seasonal Variation of Toxic Benzene Emissions in Petroleum Refinery

Petroleum refineries are largest chemical industries that are responsible for the emission of several pollutants into the atmosphere. Benzene is among the most important air pollutants that are emitted by petroleum refineries, since they are involved in almost every refinery process. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a major group of air pollutants, which play a critical role in atmospheric chemistry. These contribute to toxic oxidants, which are harmful to ecosystem, human health and atmosphere. The variability of pollutants is an important factor in determining human exposure to these chemicals. The ambient air concentrations of benzene were measured in several sites around the Digboi petroleum refinery, near the city of Gowahati in northeast India, during winter and summer 2004. The seasonal and spatial variations of the ambient air concentrations of this benzene were investigated and analyzed. An estimation of the contribution of the refinery to the measured atmospheric levels of benzene was also performed. The ambient air mixing ratios of benzene in a large area outside the refinery was generally low, in ppbv range, much lower than the ambient air quality standards. This article presents the temporal and spatial variation of air pollution in and around petroleum refinery and showed that no health risk due to benzene is present in the areas adjacent to the refinery.     

臭氧前体物排放清单相关模型及应用

欧美等国家对于O_3污染的研究开展较早,已建立较成熟的O_3污染生成、扩散及空气质量等模型。文章主要介绍评述了美国环保局推荐使用的计算O_3前体物的相关模型(MOVES、NONROAD、SMOKE、EMFAC和EDMS),从基本原理和功能、污染源类型、研究尺度、所需参数等方面对比分析各模型的特点和适用范围,并综述其国内外研究应用情况;讨论了中国在这些模型的使用方面应该注意的问题,如加强开展模型计算结果验证和基础实验获得本土化的模型参数,以及中国开发的相关模型的优势和适用性等。