模糊数学在西昌邛海富营养化评价中的应用

本文以西昌邛海2006年4个水质监测点水质监测资料为基础,采用模糊数学的方法对邛海营养状态进行综合评价,通过评价得出:邛海海河口和二水厂处水质已成轻富营养化状态.同时分析了造成这一结果的主要原因是生活污水中排放的大量的氮磷,并提出了一些合理建议.     

邛海富营养化状态评价初探

以邛海2006年四个水质监测点水质监测资料为基础,采用综合营养状态指数法对邛海营养状态进行综合评价,通过评价得出：邛海水质已呈中富营养化状态。同时根据邛海水质营养状况,提出了一定的措施建议：限期治理上游污染源;调整养殖结构;限制邛海周边低档次、小规模的度假村、农家乐的建设;采用生物修复等措施。     

邛海水质变化趋势及保护对策研究

本文通过对邛海流域现状污染源进行调查,邛海流域COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷产生量分别为5892.1t/a、995.6t/a、2888.2t/a和1105.1t/a,污染负荷主要来自面源污染.通过2002 ～ 2011年邛海水质监测数据分析,邛海水质近10年总体保持Ⅱ～Ⅲ类,处于中营养状态,2004～ 2006年水质相对较差,2006年以后水质逐渐好转.总磷、总氮是邛海主要污染因子,海河口是邛海污染最严重的区域.为实现邛海水质和流域生态环境持续改善,从产业结构优化、流域污染源治理、生态保育和流域生态环境综合监管等方面提出对策建议.     

鲁班水库水体营养状态

四川三台鲁班水库属于大型湖库,多年来除具有特色景观作为旅游景点外,主要用于发展水产养殖业。随着时间的延续,养殖规模的不断扩大,湖库的自净能力越来越差,使有机物污染不断加重,水质越来越差,出现富营养化现象,对水环境造成了不利影响。近年来,为了改变湖库水环境质量,调整转化湖库功能,恢复水环境质量,加强了对其水质的监测,其中的营养状态指标是湖库水环境质量的主要评价指标。评价结果,除秋季和冬季个别月份外,其余各月均有测点达到轻度富营养化及中度富营养化。     

升钟水库近十年水质演变趋势及富营养化治理对策

根据2006~2017年水质监测数据资料,对升钟水库水质和营养化状态变化进行分析,探讨了水库水质演变规律、富营养化发展趋势及主要影响因子,同时利用线性回归模型和累积概率密度模型对升钟水库富营养化未来5年的发展趋势进行风险预测。结果表明:升钟水库水质呈上升趋势,水质状态为Ⅱ类。综合营养状态指数显示水库营养状态由富营养逐步向中营养转变,水体中的总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数呈显著下降趋势,分析表明总磷是升钟湖富营养化的关键限制因子,未来5年内升钟水库的大坝断面有富营养化的中度风险(58.78%)。为控制环境风险,针对性提出防治升钟水库富营养化的对策和建议。     

眉山市东坡区乡镇饮用水水源地富营养化状况分析

基于2016年2月、5月、8月和10月的水质监测数据,采用综合营养状态指数和营养状态指数对东坡区10个乡镇饮用水水源地进行了富营养化评价与分析。结果表明:各乡镇饮用水水源地除1个水库为中营养状态外,其余9个水库均为轻度富营养状态。各水库枯水期的富营养化程度全年同比最低。10个水库的水质均劣于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类标准。水质超标及富营养化的主要污染因子为TN,主要污染来源是农业面源污染和生活污染。     

化成水库饮用水源地富营养化状况的分析与评价

根据2014~2016年对化成水库的水质监测,采用综合营养状态指数法和模糊综合评价法对水库富营养化现状进行了评价。结果表明两种评价方法得出的结果一致,该水库在此三年间持续处于中营养状态。对该点位水质富营养化变量指标(COD_(Mn)、NH_3-N、TN和TP)进行特征分析,TN和TP均为Ⅲ类,COD_(Mn)处于Ⅱ—Ⅲ类,NH_3-N达到Ⅱ类。分析该区域水质各指标为NH_3-N和TN污染主要来源是点源污染,而TP和COD_(Mn)主要来自非点源污染。根据分析结果对化成水库富营养化进行成因分析并提出科学建议。     

邛海生态环境问题及保护对策研究

邛海是四川省第二大天然淡水湖,具有饮用水源、栖息地、水产品供给、人文景观等多种生态功能。长期以来由于不合理的开发和利用,邛海生态环境遭到污染和破坏,出现了面源污染严重、区域水质恶化、泥沙淤积、湿地萎缩、面积减少等环境问题,发展与保护矛盾突出,生态环境保护的压力加重。本文针对流域主要环境问题,探讨并提出了邛海生态环境保护以湖泊生态安全保障为目标,以饮用水源水质安全保障和生态保育为核心,实施生态调控、污染防治与生态恢复并举的科学对策。     

二滩水库近5年水质演变趋势及相关性分析

根据2013～2017年水质逐月监测数据资料,对二滩水库水质和营养化状态变化进行分析,探讨了二滩水库水质演变规律富营养化发展趋势及其主要影响因子。结果表明,水温、pH、溶解氧、总磷、总氮、氨氮、透明度、生化需氧量和叶绿素a浓度均存在显著年际变化;综合营养状态指数显示水库营养状态由中营养逐步向贫营养转变;相关性分析显示,各指标之间存在着一定的相关性;出库断面水质比入库断面水质较好;近5年间二滩水库水质逐步变好,尤其是2016年网箱拆除后,各项指标均达到标准限值。     

水体富营养化

水体富营养化是指氮、磷等植物营养物质含量过多所引起的水质污染现象。当过量营养进入湖泊、水库、河口、海湾等缓流水体后,水生生物特别是藻类将大量繁殖,使水中溶解氧含量急剧下降,以致影响到鱼类等的生存。在自然条件下,湖泊从贫营养湖→营养湖→沼泽→陆地的演变过程极为缓慢;人类的活动将大量工业废水和生活污水以及农田径流中的植物营养物质排入湖泊等水体后,将大大加速水体的富营养化进程。水体富营养化后,由于浮游生物大量繁殖,往往呈现蓝色、红色、棕色、乳白色等。这种现象在江河湖泊中称为水华,在海中则叫做赤潮。     

西昌邛海水体污染及其综合整治与保护管理问题研究

本文阐述了邛海水体污染及其生态环境破坏的状况，剖析了污染源及其危害。同时，针对问题提出了全方位综合整治与保护管理具体措施。     

凡河榛子岭水库上游河段水质现状及污染防治对策

以2012年4月至10月的水质监测数据为基础,分析了凡河榛子岭水库上游河段水体的水质状况。结果表明：仅夹河厂断面9月监测的水质符合Ⅲ类水质要求,其余各月3个断面监测的水质均超出Ⅴ类水质标准,超标项目主要是总氮、氨氮和总磷;各监测断面水质除总氮、氨氮和总磷超标外,其他项目基本达到Ⅲ类水质标准。凡河榛子岭水库上游河段丰水期各监测项目的浓度值明显大于平水期和枯水期时期。导致水质超标的原因主要是农村面源污染。     

An Optimization Method Based on Scenario Analysis for Watershed Management Under Uncertainty

In conjunction with socioeconomic development in watersheds, increasingly challenging problems, such as scarcity of water resources and environmental deterioration, have arisen. Watershed management is a useful tool for dealing with these issues and maintaining sustainable development at the watershed scale. The complex and uncertain characteristics of watershed systems have a great impact on decisions about countermeasures and other techniques that will be applied in the future. An optimization method based on scenario analysis is proposed in this paper as a means of handling watershed management under uncertainty. This method integrates system analysis, forecast methods, and scenario analysis, as well as the contributions of stakeholders and experts, into a comprehensive framework. The proposed method comprises four steps: system analyses, a listing of potential engineering techniques and countermeasures, scenario analyses, and the optimal selection of countermeasures and engineering techniques. The proposed method was applied to the case of the Lake Qionghai watershed in southwestern China, and the results are reported in this paper. This case study demonstrates that the proposed method can be used to deal efficiently with uncertainties at the watershed level. Moreover, this method takes into consideration the interests of different groups, which is crucial for successful watershed management. In particular, social, economic, environmental, and resource systems are all considered in order to improve the applicability of the method. In short, the optimization method based on scenario analysis proposed here is a valuable tool for watershed management.     

山东省近岸海域水质现状及变化趋势研究

通过对2003-2007年山东省近岸海域水质监测数据的分析,总结其近岸海域的水质状况及污染特征,并采用秩相关系数法对山东省近岸海域水质状况时空变化趋势进行分析与评价。结果表明,山东省近岸海域水质以一、二类海水为主,黄海近岸海域水质略好于渤海。全省近岸海域污染以有机污染为主,主要污染因子为无机氮和化学需氧量。2003-2007年,山东省近岸海域水质变化趋势基本稳定,但主要污染物化学需氧量的含量呈上升趋势。     

WATER QUALITY PROJECTIONS: PREIMPOUNDMENT CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: Recent regulations require impact statements for major water development projects, including reservoirs that will be used for water supply, recreation, and pollution control. A water quantity/quality model was developed and used for making water quality projections of a proposed reservoir in Montgomery County, Maryland. The study area is uncommon in that there is an extensive water quality data base. The results indicate that land use changes will have a significant effect on water quality and that the proposed reservoir will improve the quality of the surface waters downstream from the reservoir. A major effect of land use changes is the increase in the variability of water quality.     

WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS FOR CARBONATE AQUIFERS IN GRAZED LAND WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Water quality indicators of two agriculturally impacted karst areas in southeastern West Virginia were studied to determine the water quality effects of grazing agriculture and water quality trends following initiation of water quality improvement programs. Both areas are tributaries of the Greenbrier River and received funding for best management practices under the President's Initiative for Water Quality and then under the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP). After 11 years of study there was little evidence to suggest that water quality improved in one area. Three and a half years of study in the other area showed little evidence of consistent water quality improvement under EQIP. Lack of consistent water quality improvement at the catchment scale does not imply that the voluntary programs were failures. Increased livestock numbers as a result of successful changes in forage management practices may have overridden water quality improvements achieved through best management practices. Practices that target well defined contributing areas significantly impacting aquifer water quality might be one way to improve water quality at catchment scales in karst basins. For example, a significant decrease in fecal coliform concentrations was observed in subterranean drainage from one targeted sinkhole after dairy cattle were permanently excluded from the sinkhole.