Can social psychological models be used to promote bicycle helmet use among teenagers? A comparison of the Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behavior and the Locus of Control

PROBLEM: The bicycle helmet use rate is still low among teenagers despite the cumulating evidence that bicycle helmets can prevent cyclists from serious injuries and death. The objective of this study was to investigate the usefulness of the Health Belief Model (HBM; Health Education Monographs, 2 (1974) (1), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB; Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality and behavior. Open University Press, Milton Keynes) and Locus of Control model (LC; Psychological Monographs, (1966) (80) in understanding the intention to use bicycle helmet use among bicycle helmet owners. METHOD: Data were collected at two schools in Helsinki, Finland. Students (N=965) completed a questionnaire including three social psychological models applied to helmet use. Models were compared by structural equation modeling techniques. SUMMARY: Results showed that the TPB and LC model fitted the data well, whereas fit of the HBM model was lower than the fit of TPB and LC models. All components of TPB and external LC orientation were significantly related to the intention to use a helmet. TPB together with LC model provide a promising theoretical framework for helmet use promotion campaigns. Practical suggestions for future bicycle helmet campaigns were provided.     

基于信息熵的危险天气下进近管制风险评估

针对危险天气下进近管制系统运行风险性大、易发不安全事件的问题,提出根据一段时期内不安全事件的信息来评估该时期进近管制系统运行的风险,从而为以后进近管制系统的安全运行管理提供依据。首先,通过分析危险天气下管制系统运行过程的风险因素,建立风险评估指标体系。其次,给出评估指标灰色关联度属性的计算方法,利用其反映出的信息熵完成指标权重的确定和风险评估模型的建立。最后,应用该模型评估某进近管制中心一段时期内管制运行的风险状态水平,得到了风险值和风险级别,验证了该方法的适用性。     

慢行道骑行者心率的空间分布及变化特征解析

为指导炎热天气下骑行者健康出行,以福州市西三环快速路沿侧慢行道为试验靶区,构建基于微型传感器的骑行测量平台,采集骑行者心率(HR)以及骑行路线上PM_2.5、PM₁₀和黑碳(BC)等大气颗粒物的高分辨率样本,统计解析骑行者HR变化特征及原因。结果表明:骑行者平均HR呈现小区侧大于沿江侧,与所有颗粒物均表现出较强的长期持续性关联特征;柴油车数量、气温、大气压强分别对全路段、沿江侧和小区侧慢行道的骑行者HR变化有较大解释权重,但骑行者HR也因路侧环境、地形等条件的差异而不同;PM_2.5和BC对骑行者HR的影响具有即时效应,PM₁₀的影响存在滞后性。因此,分路段差异化管控机动车,尤其严控排放对骑行者有即时影响污染物的机动车,并引导选择路侧通透、绿化覆盖率高的路线出行,能够提升骑行者出行品质。     

Winter storm-related injuries in Oklahoma, January 2007

Introduction

A January 2007 ice storm occurred in Oklahoma, causing power outages and hazardous travel conditions. The objective of this investigation was to describe the nature of winter storm-related injuries among Oklahoma residents, to determine populations at risk, and to inform prevention-planning personnel.

Methods

Winter storm-related injuries were a temporarily reportable condition; all acute-care hospitals and the state medical examiner logged storm-related injuries and deaths during January 12 − 30, 2007. Medical records were retrospectively abstracted.Risk of injury was described by demographic group, injury type, and mechanism.

Results

Among 6,047 persons experiencing winter storm-related injuries, 74% were injured in falls, 13% in motor-vehicle collisions (MVCs), 8% while sledding, 1% by unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning, 1% in cleanup activities, and 3% by other mechanisms. Median age of injured persons was 39 years. Persons aged ≥ 40 years were 1.4 times more likely to experience falls as the cause of injury than those aged < 40 years, and falls were twice as likely as other mechanisms to cause fractures among persons aged ≥ 40 years. Injured persons aged < 40 years were 2.2 times more likely to experience MVC-related injuries, and 19 times more likely to experience sledding-related injuries than persons aged ≥ 40 years.

Conclusions

Younger persons were more likely injured in MVCs and sledding incidents, whereas older persons were more likely to experience falls and fractures.

Impact on industry

Prevention messages for winter storm-related injuries should target winter-driving safety tips to younger adults and precautions regarding falls to older adults.     

QFD 和模糊二元语义模型在危险品运输风险管控中的应用

为有效控制危险品运输风险、保障运输服务质量,提出基于质量功能配置(QFD)和二元语义的运输风险管控方法。首先,基于QFD的核心技术质量屋(HoQ)识别危险品运输过程中的风险影响因素,并建立有层次结构的风险评价指标体系;其次,基于二元语义模型评估危险品运输风险影响因素综合重要度;特别地,基于G1法和熵值法构建使专家主客观权重偏差最小化的综合赋权模型,确定评估专家的相对权重。研究结果表明:QFD有助于识别危险品运输风险影响因素,二元语义既方便表达评估结果,又能有效避免损失决策信息。具体地,危险品运输风险管控应着重于应急预防设备、从业人员专业技能和风险应急预案等3方面。