全氟辛酸对大肠杆菌的氧化胁迫和膜损伤

全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)因其具有极高的化学稳定性和良好的疏水疏油性而在工业生产中广泛使用,但近年来被认为是一种在环境中广泛分布的持久性有机污染物.利用流式细胞术等检测技术,研究了PFOA对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,E.coli)的氧化胁迫和膜损伤,并对其毒性作用机制进行了初步的探索.结果表明,在PFOA胁迫下,大肠杆菌胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量增加,膜脂肪酸不饱和度降低,丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)浓度升高、细胞膜通透性增大、跨膜电位降低,而细胞膜上的Na+K+-ATPase、Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase活性随时间的延长代偿性地先上升后降低.由此说明,在PFOA胁迫下,大肠杆菌细胞内升高的ROS与细胞膜不饱和脂肪酸发生过氧化反应,降低膜脂肪酸的饱和度,使得MDA在细胞内积累,进一步引起细胞膜损伤及其上相关ATPase活性降低,最终导致大肠杆菌细胞失活或死亡.实验结果对研究PFOA胁迫下环境生态毒理提供更多依据.     

模拟酸雨对水稻叶片质膜H~+-ATPase活性与矿质元素含量的影响

采用水培法研究模拟酸雨(p H=5.0、3.5、2.5)对水稻叶片质膜H+-ATPase活性与矿质元素含量的影响.结果显示:与对照(CK)相比,酸雨处理5 d(胁迫期)后,p H=5.0组质膜H+-ATPase活性与活化能、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量均无显著变化,仅细胞渗透势下降.p H=3.5酸雨导致细胞渗透势、K+含量下降,质膜H+-ATPase活性、H+-ATPase活化能、Ca2+含量明显上升,Mg2+含量无显著变化.p H=2.5组H+-ATPase活性、细胞渗透势和K+、Mg2+含量明显下降,H+-ATPase活化能和Ca2+含量上升,表明矿质元素含量不仅受H+-ATPase活性的调控,还与酸雨强度和离子价态有关.经5 d恢复(恢复期)后,p H=5.0组各指标均恢复到CK水平,p H=3.5组除细胞渗透势外均恢复至CK水平,p H=2.5处理组各指标虽未达到CK水平,但较胁迫期有所恢复.表明K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量受H+-ATPase活性的调节,且恢复效果受酸雨强度影响.     

模拟酸雨对水稻叶片质膜H+-ATPase活性与胞内Ca2+浓度的影响

在水培条件下研究了模拟酸雨(pH=2.5～5.5)对水稻叶片胞内Ca2+浓度和质膜H+-ATPase活性的影响.结果表明:与对照组(CK)相比,酸雨处理5 d(胁迫期)后,pH=5.5和5.0处理组的水稻叶片胞内H+浓度、质膜H+-ATPase活性、胞内Ca2+浓度、质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性无显著变化;pH=4.0和3.5处理组各指标显著升高,且H+-ATPase活性随Ca2+浓度升高而上升;pH=3.0和2.5处理组各指标显著降低,此时胞内Ca2+缺失,对H+-ATPase活性的调节作用受到限制.经正常条件培养5 d(恢复期)后,pH=4.0和3.5处理组各指标均恢复至CK的处理水平,表明H+-ATPase活性受到Ca2+调控已恢复到正常;pH=3.0和2.5处理组的Ca2+浓度高于CK及胁迫期,H+-ATPase活性低于CK但高于胁迫期,表明H+-ATPase活性受Ca2+调控得到部分恢复.因此,酸雨胁迫下胞内Ca2+对质膜H+-ATPase活性有一定调节作用,且受酸雨强度的制约.     

二氧化硫对大鼠血红细胞膜流动性及其酶活性的影响

以二氧化硫(SO2)吸入后大鼠血红细胞膜为研究对象,测定了血红细胞膜流动性与定位于膜上及与膜特性有关的各种酶活性的影响.结果显示,SO2吸入后大鼠的膜脂流动性降低,膜脂质过氧化程度加重,膜结合酶SOD、Na -K -ATPase和Ca2 -Mg2 -ATPase活性降低,胞内酶LDH在血浆中的含量升高.以上结果表明,SO2吸入引起了红细胞膜组分分布和功能的改变,使膜的通透性升高.SO2对生物膜结构和功能的损伤是其毒性作用的起点.     

二氧化硫对大鼠离体心脏功能影响的机制研究

为了探讨二氧化硫(SO2)对心脏功能影响的机制,分别用10、300和1000μmol·L-1的SO2灌流大鼠离体心脏后,测定心脏组织中一氧化氮(NO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量以及心脏灌流液中肌酸激酶(CK)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性.结果表明,10、300和1000μmol·L-1的SO2均可使心脏组织中NO和MDA含量以及心脏灌流液中CK和LDH活性明显增加,而使SOD和GSH含量明显减少.较高浓度(300和1000μmol·L-1)的SO2可使心脏组织中Na+K+-ATP酶和Ca2+Mg2+-ATP酶活性明显下降.结论:SO2对大鼠离体心脏功能影响的作用机制与SO2对心脏组织的氧化损伤作用、心肌细胞膜Na+K+-ATP酶和Ca2+Mg2+-ATP酶活性降低及NO-cGMP信号转导通路有关.     

离子液体氯化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑对EMT6细胞的毒性及其机理研究

为评估咪唑类离子液体的生物毒性,研究了氯化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑([C8mim] [C1])对EMT6细胞的毒性作用和可能的机制.不同浓度(0.06、0.25、1 mmol·L-)的[C8 mim][Cl]对EMT6细胞染毒12h后,采用MTT方法检测细胞活力,二乙酸荧光素(FDA)方法检测细胞膜通透性的变化,Rhodamine 123染色方法检测线粒体膜电位的变化,ELISA方法检测了Caspase-3的活性,并测定了细胞内活性氧(ROS)的含量.结果表明,经[Csmim] [Cl]染毒12h后,EMT6细胞活力下降,并呈剂量依赖关系.当[Csmim] [Cl]浓度高于0.25 mmol·L-1时,细胞活力与对照相比,差异显著.研究还发现,[Csmim][Cl]染毒增加了EMT6细胞膜通透性,降低了线粒体膜电位并诱导产生过量的活性氧,增强了Caspase-3活性.实验结果表明,[C8mim] [Cl]染毒造成了EMT6细胞膜通透性的改变、活性氧的过量产生和凋亡分子表达的增强,这可能是[Csmim] [Cl]导致细胞凋亡和活力下降的主要原因.     

硫丹致生精细胞凋亡及其机制研究

即将列入持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)的硫丹对生物体的影响已经成为国际关注的焦点.为探讨硫丹对生精细胞凋亡影响及机制,以7.0、3.5和1.75 mg/kg剂量灌胃,连续染毒小鼠28 d.采用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察到染毒组小鼠凋亡的生精细胞形态学特征,二苯胺法测定到各染毒组DNA降解率显著升高(p＜0.01).利用Fluo-3能特异性地与细胞内钙离子结合并激发产生激光的特性,采用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察到染毒后小鼠生精细胞内游离钙离子浓度升高(p＜0.01).紫外分光光度法检测到生精细胞Na K -ATPase及Ca2 Mg2 -ATPase活力显著下降(p＜0.01),结果硫丹可诱导睾丸生精细胞凋亡.说明硫丹可抑制Na K -ATPase及Ca2 Mg2 -ATPase活力,使细胞膜主动转运Ca2 的功能受限,细胞的排钙能力降低,导致细胞内Ca2 浓度持续升高,即细胞钙超载,继发细胞钙稳态失衡.     

环境因素对菹草根和叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性的影响

通过改变溶液温度、pH值、ATP浓度、钙浓度和培养液的钙浓度等条件,研究了菹草根和叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase的活性的变化.结果表明,根细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase的活性在pH 6.0时最高,其最适反应温度为40℃;叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase在一个较宽的pH范围内具有高活性,最适反应温度为45℃;溶液中ATP浓度分别为3mmol/L和4mmol/L时菹草根和叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性最大;无论是菹草根还是叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性,在溶液钙浓度为10-4mol/L时都最高.在营养液中添加不同CaCl2浓度培养菹草,其根和叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性表现出差异,根细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性比叶细胞质膜Ca2+-ATPase活性高,且随营养液中钙浓度的增加,这种差异加大;当营养液中钙浓度在10mg/L(2.5×10-4 mol/L)以下时,Ca2+-ATPase活性逐渐上升,营养液中钙浓度由10mg/L增加到15mg/L,Ca2+-ATPase活性陡然下降,这与溶液钙浓度对Ca2+-ATPase活性的影响相呼应.     

贵州典型森林群落植被冠层的酸雨淋溶特征及缓冲作用

在贵州龙里地区开展酸雨模拟实验,并进行天然降雨连续监测,采集马尾松、灌丛冠层穿透雨,结果表明:①研究区降雨中主要阳离子浓度依次为NH4+Ca2+K+Na+Mg2+,降雨pH值大于6.0时,降雨中NH4+含量降低,Ca2+占优势;降雨中主要阴离子浓度依次为SO42-NO3-Cl-;冠层穿透雨与降雨相比,Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-和有机酸富集,特别是K+、Ca2+、SO42-和有机酸富集倍数最大.②森林冠层对酸雨的缓冲作用体现在酸雨中H+与树叶组织中的盐基阳离子发生交换反应,淋出K+、Mg2+、Ca2+等阳离子,减少了酸雨中H+含量.Na+相对惰性,在降雨和穿透雨中的含量变化不大;K+、Mg2+、Ca2+的淋出是冠层缓冲降雨酸度的主要原因,其中K+和Ca2+作用最突出,其次是Mg2+.③贵州典型森林群落植被冠层的缓冲作用随降雨pH值而变化.对pH值接近3.0的强酸性降雨,经过冠层形成的穿透雨pH值大于降雨,典型森林群落植被冠层对酸雨的缓冲作用依次为马尾松林针阔混交林灌丛;对4.0pH6.0的降雨,马尾松林冠层使降雨更加酸化,典型森林群落植被冠层对酸雨的缓冲作用依次为针阔混交林灌丛马尾松林;对pH值大于6.0的非酸性降雨,经过冠层后被酸化,穿透雨pH值小于降雨;穿透雨pH值基本在4.0～6.0范围内.     

竞争性阳离子对粉煤灰合成沸石除氨氮的影响

研究了四种竞争性阳离子(K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+)对三种改性粉煤灰合成沸石(Na沸石,Ca沸石,Al沸石)除氨氮能力的影响,并测定了合成沸石对四个湖泊水样(太湖、巢湖、洱海、抚仙湖)中氨氮的去除效果。结果表明,与Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+比较,K+对合成沸石除氨氮影响大得多;而前三者的影响大小的顺序为Na+Ca2+Mg2+。在纯水中,或不同竞争性阳离子存在下,或天然湖泊水样中,Al沸石和Ca沸石对氨氮的去除能力均远高于Na沸石。太湖和巢湖主要含Na+和Ca2+;洱海水样主要含Ca2+;抚仙湖水样主要含Ca2+和Mg2+;但四个湖泊水样中K+的浓度均为最低。Al沸石和Ca沸石对四个天然湖泊水样中的氨氮具有良好的去除效果,去除率达77%～90%。     

Japanese Papilio butterflies puddle using Na+ detected by contact chemosensilla in the proboscis

Many butterflies acquire nutrients from non-nectar sources such as puddles. To better understand how male Papilio butterflies identify suitable sites for puddling, we used behavioral and electrophysiological methods to examine the responses of Japanese Papilio butterflies to Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺. Based on behavioral analyses, these butterflies preferred a 10-mM Na⁺ solution to K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ solutions of the same concentration and among a tested range of 1?mM to 1?M NaCl. We also measured the ion concentrations of solutions sampled from puddling sites in the field. Na⁺ concentrations of the samples were up to 6?mM, slightly lower than that preferred by butterflies in the behavioral experiments. Butterflies that sipped the 10?mM Na⁺ solution from the experimental trays did not continue to puddle on the ground. Additionally, butterflies puddled at sites where the concentrations of K⁺, Ca²⁺, and/or Mg²⁺ were higher than that of Na⁺. This suggests that K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ do not interfere with the detection of Na⁺ by the Papilio butterfly. Using an electrophysiological method, tip recordings, receptor neurons in contact chemosensilla inside the proboscis evoked regularly firing impulses to 1, 10, and 100?mM NaCl solutions but not to CaCl₂ or MgCl₂. The dose?Cresponse patterns to the NaCl solutions were different among the neurons, which were classified into three types. These results showed that Japanese Papilio butterflies puddle using Na⁺ detected by the contact chemosensilla in the proboscis, which measure its concentration.     

中亚热带常绿阔叶林湿沉降过程中盐基离子变化特征

基于野外实验和室内实验相结合的方法,于2012年9月至2013年8月对四面山常绿阔叶林大气降水、穿透水、地表枯透水、土壤渗滤液进行了持续一年的森林不同层次盐基离子季节动态变化特征的研究.结果表明,四面山大气降水全年pH平均值为4.90,最大值为5.14,大气降水明显偏酸性;土壤层和林冠层能使降雨的p H值有所升高,其中土壤层对p H值的调升幅度最大,其次为森林冠层;森林冠层只对Na~+有一定的截留作用,降雨能够淋溶森林冠层的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+;研究结果也表明,枯枝落叶的降解是导致各盐基离子质量浓度在枯透水中增加的主要原因;枯透水下渗的过程淋溶了森林土壤中的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+.四面山大气降水经过森林生态系统后Ca~(~(2+))、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+的总截留率分别为33.82%、-7.06%、74.36%、42.87%,森林生态系统对Ca~(2+)、Na~+、K~+表现出了截留作用,其中对Na~+截留率最大.     

沙尘天气对兰州市PM10中主要水溶性离子的影响

利用在线监测仪器MARGA在兰州大学盘旋路校区对兰州市大气PM10中水溶性离子进行监测,监测期间(2011-04-01~2011-06-30)有15 d出现沙尘天气.兰州市PM10中主要水溶性离子物种为Ca2+、SO2-4和NO-3.扬沙天气期间NO-3和NH+4的浓度比非沙尘期间低,说明沙尘天气对当地人为源所排放污染物具有清除作用.沙尘天气期间,作为土壤污染源标识物的Mg2+、Na+和Ca2+离子都有明显增加,Na+和Mg2+相关系数为0.520,Na+和Ca2+相关系数为0.659,Mg2+和Ca2+相关系数为0.671,而非沙尘天气期间三者的相关系数并不高,Na+和Mg2+相关系数为0.065,Na+和Ca2+相关系数为0.131,Mg2+和Ca2+相关系数为0.163,说明沙尘天气期间三者之间具有相同的污染源,主要来自于土壤风沙尘,而非沙尘天气期间三者来源不同.Cl-的浓度在扬沙天气明显高于浮尘和非沙尘天气期间,说明外来的土壤风沙尘是Cl-的主要来源.     

Chemical characteristics of acidified waters in southwest China

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不同植被类型及土壤对径流水化学特征的影响

在不同植被类型覆盖条件下,对降雨形成地表径流和地下径流的化学成分变化及其与土壤剖面性质的关系进行分析,结果表明:地表径流和地下径流的化学特征与雨水基本相同,阳离子主要以Ca²⁺为主,离子排序为Ca²⁺>K⁺>Na⁺>Mg²⁺>NH₄⁺,阴离子以SO₄^2-为主,SO₄^2->NO₃^->Cl^-.降雨形成地表径流和地下径流后,各成分浓度发生了明显的变化,水体中主要的阴阳离子如Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-等浓度增加,与雨水相比为内贮型化学成分,地下径流中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-和Cl^-增加的幅度显著高于地表径流.相关分析结果显示,地下径流pH受到土壤pH的强烈影响,受土壤胶体吸附的影响,水体中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺等阳离子与土壤交换性阳离子之间一般呈负相关的关系,由于阴离子容易随水流失,水体中SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-与土壤相关离子之间普遍呈正相关关系.     

Modeling of acute cadmium toxicity in solution to barley root elongation using biotic ligand model theory

Protons（H⁺）as well as different major and trace elements may inhibit cadmium（Cd）uptake in aquatic organisms and thus alleviate Cd toxicity.However,little is known about such interactions in soil organisms.In this study,the independent effects of the cations calcium(Ca²⁺),magnesium(Mg²⁺),potassium（K⁺）,H+and zinc(Zn²⁺)on Cd toxicity were investigated with 5-day long barley root elongation tests in nutrient solutions.The tested concentrations of selected cations and trace metal ions were based on the ranges that occur naturally in soil pore water.The toxicity of Cd decreased with increasing activity of Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,H⁺and Zn²⁺,but not K⁺.Accordingly,conditional binding constants were obtained for the binding of Cd²⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,H⁺,and Zn²⁺ with the binding ligand:log K_CdBL5.19,logK_CaBL2.87,logK_MgBL2.98,logK_HBL5.13 and logK_ZnBL5.42,respectively.Furthermore,it was calculated that on average 29% of the biotic ligand sites needed to be occupied by Cd to induce a 50% decrease in root elongation.Using the estimated constants,a biotic ligand model was successfully developed to predict the Cd toxicity to barley root elongation as a function of solution characteristics.The feasibility and accuracy of its application for predicting Cd toxicity in soils were discussed.     

Development and validation of abiotic ligand model for nickel toxicity to wheat (Triticum aestivum)

A terrestrial biotic ligand model (t-BLM) was developed to predict nickel toxicity to wheat (Triticum aestivum) root elongation in hydroponic solutions. The competitive effects of five major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ and H⁺) on Ni toxicity were investigated and Mg²⁺ was found to be a strong competitor, while H²⁺ showed less competing effect. Besides free Ni²⁺, the toxicity induced by the species NiHCO₃⁺ was non-neglect able at pH > 7 because NiHCO₃⁺ occupied a significant fraction of total Ni under such condition. Thus, a t-BLM including Ni²⁺, NiHCO₃⁺, Mg²⁺, and H⁺ could successfully predict the nickel toxicity to wheat root elongation and it performed better prediction than the conventional free ion activity model. In addition, the model was examined with two sets of independent experiments, which contained multiple cations and low-molecular-weight organic acids to mimic the rhizo-sphere condition. The developed t-BLM well predicted nickel toxicity in both experiments since it can account in both complexation and competition effects, suggesting its potential to be used in a complicated matrix like soil solution. This study provides direct evidence that the t-BLM is a reliable method for the risk assessment of nickel in terrestrial system.     

A new method for estimation of dry deposition of particles based on throughfall measurements in a forest edge

Throughfall measurements are very often used to calculate the atmospheric input to ecosystems. Such attempts are normally complicated by canopy interaction processes which are difficult to assess. This study presents an approach to calculate dry deposition and canopy leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ to forests. The calculations are based on throughfall measurements in a forest edge of a spruce stand and by use of Na⁺ as a model substance for dry deposition of particles. This ‘forest edge approach’ is compared with an approach based on equal Na⁺ to base cation ratios in wet and dry deposition (‘wet/dry ratio approach’), which has been widely used in the literature. Our calculations show that the wet/dry ratio approach may overestimate the dry deposition of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ by up to 100% and leaching will correspondingly be underestimated. The assumptions underlying the different approaches and the use of throughfall measurements to estimate dry deposition are discussed and it is suggested that throughfall measurements in forest edges may be a valuable improvement to studies of atmospheric deposition in forests.