炼化企业低温余热利用技术探讨＊

目前炼化企业有大量的低温余热需要回收,了解低温余热的来源、回收途径和技术,对提高低温余热利用效率十分重要。文章对炼厂低温余热的主要来源、利用途径和技术进行综合分析,提出炼厂低温余热回收利用的一些建议。     

燃煤锅炉低温烟气余热利用探讨

针对燃煤锅炉燃烧产生的低温烟气仍具有一定温度的现象,提出通过增设超导热管空气预热器对这部分低温烟气余热加以回收的设想,对锅炉送风进行预热,探讨烟气余热利用可达到的送风温度、节能效果及可能产生的经济效益。     

利用炼化RO浓水再生阳离子树脂研究

对几种树脂的吸附容量开展进水浓度梯度实验.考察常见干扰因子对树脂吸附的影响情况·并使用现场水样考察了实际情况下的树脂可重复利用性,筛选出适用于本实验的树脂。使用NaCl对饱和树脂进行再生.寻找浓度和用量对树脂再生效果的影响。最终,使用炼化反渗透(RO)浓水对饱和树脂进行再生,分析得出可以使用炼化RO浓水再生树脂的结论。     

污水深度处理及回收利用的可行性分析

大庆炼化公司从单一化工污水深度处理及回收利用发展为炼油、化工、生活污水统一处理和回用于循环水,既充分利用了现有污水处理场的处理余量,同时由于生活污水中含有比例适当的微生物需要的营养物质,对炼油和化工污水起到补充和稀释作用。这种处理方法既降低了工业污水对污水处理场的冲击,又起到了稳定水质的作用。     

关于炼化企业水资源利用的几点思考

通过对我国水资源状况及石化行业水消耗情况分析,找出我国石化企业新鲜水用量,污水排放在绝对量,吨原油、万元产值的单耗,单排等方面与国外相比较存在的差距。指出存在的主要问题是:清污分流不彻底;污污分流不健全;汽提后的净化水回用量小;新鲜水冲洗地面及作为机泵冷却水直排,导致新鲜水的浪费。同时针对以上问题提出相应的建议参考指标及对应措施。     

高含盐水利用余热浓缩减排技术试验研究

风城油田稠油以SAGD开采方式为主,对蒸气过热度提出了更高要求。目前生产区域采出液余 热利用效率低,系统排放高含盐水得不到有效处置。文章通过对地面水-热综合系统分析,提出高含盐水利用余 热浓缩减排的技术路线,采用空气蒸发技术实现高含盐水减量化,水蒸发进入空气,空气中水蒸气冷凝回收。现场试验结果表明：采用该技术可实现采出液所携带的低品质热能再利用,能将高含盐水转化为满足锅炉用水 指标的冷凝水,其高含盐水减量＞60％,冷凝水矿化度≤600mg/L,水处理成本＜10元/m3。     

气田增压机组烟气余热利用技术

综述国内外烟气余热利用技术的研究及应用现状,主要包括热能直接回收、吸收式制冷、有机朗肯循环和温差发电等方式。结合气田开采实际,分析讨论各类余热利用技术在气田增压机组烟气余热利用中的应用潜力和发展方向。在选择余热利用方案时,应结合气田增压机组现有条件、机组性能以及运行模式等因素进行综合评估。     

对完善炼化企业HSE管理体系的思考

针对部分中国石油炼化企业HSE管理体系存在的管理层认识不到位、管控能力和执行力不足、管理重复、资源浪费、安全生产基础薄弱、安全生产责任履行不到位、作业管理过程不规范、体系推进工作急于求成、培训和评估不够等问题,对炼化企业HSE管理体系的完善提出建议。     

基于生产过程的炼化企业碳源识别

参照国际标准,企业传统碳源划分为直接排放源、间接排放源和其他排放源,难以体现炼化企业碳排放多渠道、多元化的特征。结合炼化企业生产特点,从污染物全过程控制角度将碳源再划分为原材料及能源输入、产品生产、污水处理3个环节,提出原材料及能源输入低碳化,实现碳排放源的源头控制;产品生产环节低碳化,实现碳排放的过程控制;污水处理环节低碳化,实现碳排放的末端控制。基于生产过程的炼化企业碳源识别,以期协调解决能源生产和碳排放冲突的矛盾,为炼化企业开展节能减排提供依据。     

A CLOSED WATER REUSE SYSTEM FOR POWER PLANT COOLING AND DIGESTER HEATING1

ABSTRACT: A model consisting of closed water reuse and productive use of various types of wastes for energy generation is presented. The sewage after treatment would be used as the cooling water for power plants, and the condenser discharge therefrom be used as heating water for sludge digesters. The water is then purified for municipal water supply for continuous use. The advantages of this system are that water resources and energy are conserved while various types of wastes including waste heat are controlled. With a preliminary system analysis, it appears that the design for power plant based on the total heating value of wastes and digester capacity based on sewage sludge generation is feasible in terms of acquisition and full utilization of various types of wastes as generated in a single metropolitan area. The system as shown in this design is in balance among various factors such as the generation rate of municipal refuse, municipal sewage, waste heat in the condenser discharge, and raw sewage sludge.     

用窄点原理进行节水分析

简要地对窄点原理进行了介绍。用窄点原理对工程设计进行了具体分析，在排污量相同的情况下，分别采用洁净水接纳污染物、采用满足进水浓度要求但无回用的废水接纳污染物和采用窄点技术且可回用废水但无水处理过程的废水接纳污染物三种供水方式。比较不同的供水方式所需的不同耗水量。从而得出窄点分析原理对节水，节能和降污保护环境具有的重大意义。     

Solar Assisted Small-Scale Biomass District Heating System in the Northern Part of Sweden

Abstract

This article presents a case study of a projected solar assisted biomass district heating system in the north of Sweden. It is generally known that a biomass district heating system combined with solar heat brings many important benefits. The most common system solution is to install a heat store and a large solar collector field near the heating central. No plant of this type is however in operation in the northern part of Sweden. The main reason for this is that the solar irradiation at these latitudes is very low when the demand for heat is high. Solar heat could however be useful during summer in order to generate hot tap water. One problem is that the heat losses, calculated as percentage of the delivered heat, become very large during these months. This article presents the idea of allowing the connected households to generate their own hot tap water using solar collectors and heat stores installed in each house. The district heating network can therefore be closed in summer, which eliminates the heat losses outside the heating period. A case study of a projected plant has been carried out and it is shown that it is possible to reduce the heat losses by 20% compared to a conventional system. This idea also provides many other important technical and economic benefits.     

利用煮茧废水培养钝顶螺旋藻的初步研究

本文对缫丝厂煮茧废水和Ｚａｒｒｒｏｕｋ培养基的主要营养成份进行了分析比较，筛选出了适合钝顶螺旋藻（Ｓｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａｐｌａｔｅｎｓｉｓ）在煮茧废水中生长繁殖的培养基和与之相适应的驯化藻种。经室外１５０升煮茧废水扩大培养，干藻生物量可达１６．０３克／米￣２·天，粗蛋白含量达５８．６％，含有１７种氨基酸。比用Ｚａｒｒｏｕｋ培养基培养的螺旋藻产量提高１５．７８％，成本减少８０％以上。培养后的煮茧废水ＣＯＤ和ＢＯＤ＿５浓度低于我国污水综合排放标准。研究结果表明：采用本实验室筛选的煮茧废水培养基和驯化藻种，在煮茧废水中大量培养螺旋藻，实现废水资源化是可行的，具有明显的经济效益和环境效益。     

石化企业污水深度处理与回用研究

以典型石化企业大庆石化公司为例,讨论了污水深度处理回用工程的合理性、必要性及可行性,并以化肥、热电两厂排水和兴化生活污水为回用原水进行了污水深度处理和回用的中型试验。试验工艺选用生物接触氧化、絮凝沉淀、过滤、消毒杀菌工艺。通过试验,确定了混凝剂、助凝剂及杀菌剂的类型、浓度及过滤压力等参数。结果表明:深度处理工艺对源污水中COD、BOD、总磷、氨氮、悬浮物、浊度、OIL、总铁等均有很好的去除效果。用作循环冷却水补水时,经过静态阻垢和旋转挂片试验及动态模拟试验,腐蚀速度达到中石化好级水平,粘附速度和污垢热阻达到中石化允许级水平。     

循环冷却水处理中臭氧的杀菌作用

臭氧作为强氧化剂可以用于循环冷却水的处理中.试验研究了影响臭氧杀菌的基本因素,冷却水的pH和水温对处理效果基本没有影响.臭氧的杀菌能力取决于水中的剩余臭氧浓度,臭氧的消耗量与系统中的微生物数量有关.当水中剩余臭氧浓度为0.05mg/L和接触时间为14min时,可以使臭氧的灭菌力达99%.即在循环冷却水系统中,投加0.05mg/L臭氧,就可以控制系统中微生物的生长.由此确定了循环水处理过程中为控制系统中微生物的生长所需维持的最低臭氧浓度.     

THE W-INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSERVATION1

ABSTRACT: An index of residential water efficiency - a “W-Index” - can serve as a measure of effectiveness of water conservation features in the home. The index provides a calculated numerical value for each dwelling unit, derived from the number and kind of water-saving features present, including indoor and outdoor water savers and water harvesting or recycling systems. A W-Index worksheet, devised for on-site evaluation of single-family residences in the Tucson, Arizona, region shows that a nonconserving residence with all the water-using features would use 151,000 gallons per year or 148 gallons per capita per day (gpcpd), while the fully conserving model would use 35,300 gallons per year or 35 gpcpd and with water harvesting and graywater recycling systems would have a maximum W-Index of W-160. A Tucson water conservation demonstration home, Casa del Agua, received a rating of W-139, and field tests of about 30 homes in new Tucson subdivisions show values ranging from W-75 to W-100, indicating the incorporation of some water conservation in current new models. By adjustment of some climatic or water-use parameters, the W-Index format can be applied to various types of dwelling units or to other urban areas. The W-Index can be used by individual homeowners or builders to evaluate water efficiency of residential units, or by water providers or water management agencies as a device for promoting and achieving water conservation goals.     

二氧化氯杀菌处理石化循环冷却水

以硫酸盐还原菌,铁细菌以及异养菌数为指标,研究二氧化氯对石化厂循环冷却水的杀菌效果。考察了二氧化氯投加量,杀菌时间,温度及pH以及余氯量随时间的变化。结果表明,在CLO2投加量为3mg／L、灭菌时间为90min时,出水细菌数即可达到化工行业循环冷却水处理标准,并且余氯可在0．5-1．0mg／L范围内维持2h。温度和pH的改变对杀菌效果影响不大。     

石化企业水体环境风险评估应用研究

以国内某石化企业为例,进行了水体环境风险评估。通过评估发现企业在水体风险防控方面存在厂区没有进行事故状况下的清污分流;现有生产污水系统能力只能满足正常生产状况下产生的污水存储、转输及处理;苯罐未设置雨污切换系统;3^#硫磺装置罐区围堰不完整等问题。提出从源头进行事故状态下清污分流的改造措施;根据企业给排水系统分布情况,新建一条污水输送管道;增加事故池容积;苯罐罐区出口增加雨污切换及苯泄漏水体的提升及临时储存系统;3^#硫磺装置乙醇胺储存罐设置封闭式防火堤或事故状态下乙醇胺收集池。     

恒温油槽水介质与油介质升温时间关系讨论

本文阐述了在恒温油槽中水介质和油介质升温时间的关系,为了用水介质代替油介质进行升温试验,并保证试验的正确性。