大冶铁山地区重金属污染分析

大冶铁矿的长期勘探、开采和冶炼活动对该地区的自然生态环境造成了严重的重金属污染。对该地区河流水、水系沉积物、土壤和植物中的重金属含量进行了研究。结果表明:该区主要的污染源为大冶铁矿山和铁矿冶炼厂;主要污染种类为镉(Cd)、砷(As)、铜(Cu)元素和汞(Hg)元素,主要污染区域分布在东港河区和西港河区以及存在尾矿坝的洪山溪区。     

施用牛粪对As污染稻田水稻As吸收的影响

为探究牛粪施肥对污染稻田水稻As吸收的影响,采用盆栽培养试验研究了施加牛粪对土壤Fe和As的活性、水稻根表铁膜形成及籽粒As含量的影响。实验所用受高As矿山废水污染土壤(As:92. 3 mg/kg)施加10%～30%的牛粪,土壤溶解性有机碳含量增加8. 41～24. 5 mg/kg,土壤孔隙水pH提高0. 14～0. 59,土壤氧化还原电位降低93. 5～174 m V,与背景土(As:18. 1 mg/kg)变化趋势相同;施用牛粪还会活化土壤中的Fe和As,污染土壤Fe(II)、AO-Fe和HCl-As含量分别增加13. 5%～149%、35. 9%～90. 9%和70. 1%～181%,分别为背景土壤的0. 86～1. 66倍、1. 17～2. 15倍、4. 29～8. 91倍;施加牛粪能促进根表铁膜的形成,拔节期污染土壤和背景土壤水稻根表Fe分别是其对照的1. 56～1. 96倍和2. 09～3. 07倍,根表吸附As含量是其对照的3. 04～5. 18、3. 82～4. 08倍,根表附着Fe随牛粪的增加先增加后降低,至成熟期污染土壤水稻根表吸附Fe和As分别是背景土壤的1. 35～2. 91和8. 45～16. 6倍,根表As和Fe的物质量比为污染区(3. 49×10~(-3)～3. 55×10~(-3))背景区(4. 41×10~(-4)～6. 17×10~(-4));背景土壤施加牛粪后水稻籽粒As含量降低,最大降低36. 4%,而污染土壤水稻籽粒As含量增加,最大增加127%。牛粪对土壤As、Fe的活性及根表铁膜的形成都具有重要影响,会提高污染稻田籽粒中As的含量,含As矿山废水污染稻田应当谨慎施用牛粪。     

北京市温榆河沉积物的重金属污染风险评价

河流沉积物是水环境的基本组成部分,其重金属含量常被作为水环境质量的重要指标之一.本研究探讨了北京市温榆河流域沉积物中重金属的累积特征,并采用沉积物富集系数、H(a)kanson潜在生态风险指数等方法评估了几种重金属的环境风险,简要分析了其主要来源.研究结果表明,温榆河流域沉积物中Ni和Cd的含量分别为19.9～41.4 mg·kg-1和1.19～1.67 mg·kg-1,其值介于LE-L值(最低效应水平)与SE-L值(严重效应水平)之间.根据SQG标准,温榆河表层沉积物中的重金属含量处于中度污染水平,可能会对水域生物产生一定的负面影响;而高毒元素As的含量已非常接近LE-L值,应成为下一步重点防控的对象.采用沉积物富集系数法分析,发现80%以上的样点出现了重金属的富集,且毒性强的重金属As、Cd的富集累积较为严重,根据Fe与重金属含量间的相关性,可知沉积物中Zn、Cu、Cr主要为天然地球化学来源,而Cd、As、Ni则主要来源于人为污染.以北京市土壤背景值作为参比进行分析,发现各取样点的表层沉积物均呈现出强至极强的生态风险,参与评价的5种重金属生态风险由强到弱的顺序依次为Cd、As、Cu、Cr、Zn.     

大宝山污灌区水体与土壤重金属污染分析与评价

通过在大宝山矿区采集橫石河不同河段水样和河流沿岸土壤样品,测定水体和土壤的pH值、Cu、Zn、Pb和As等重金属含量,运用单因子指数和综合污染指数评价法研究矿区水质和土壤重金属的分布特征与污染现状。结果表明:(1)接受尾矿污水的横石河中游区域水体明显酸化,pH值为3.28。水体Zn和Pb浓度分别为3.91和1.30 mg/L,其超标倍数分别为1.96和6.48。此外,水体Cu、Zn、Pb和As等重金属含量沿河流流向呈现降低趋势。(2)橫石河沿岸土壤的pH值范围为4.63~5.73,土壤均呈酸性。橫石河右岸非污灌区利用未受污染的横石河上游水源灌溉,农田土壤未出现重金属含量超标。橫石河左岸污灌区长期利用受污河水灌溉,稻田土壤呈现轻度至中度的重金属污染,其中Cu、Zn和As平均浓度分别为224、256和48.6 mg/kg,最大超标倍数分别为5.61、1.58和2.47。受污河水灌溉是农业土壤重金属污染的重要来源。     

浑河上游(清原段)水环境中重金属时空分布及污染评价

为了解浑河上游(清原段)水环境中重金属污染水平及其污染程度,对浑河上游(清原段)表层水体和表层沉积物中6种重金属(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cd、As)的含量及时空分布分别进行了研究,并分别采用综合污染指数评价法和地累积指数评价法对表层水体和表层沉积物中4种重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、As)的污染程度进行了评价.结果表明,浑河上游表层水体Mn、Cu、Zn、Cd、As的季节变化均表现为丰水期含量高于平水期和枯水期.表层水体Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cd的沿程变化趋势基本相似,均在H7站出现最高值.不同水文时期的水体pH值、硬度和DO值对水体重金属含量分布产生的影响各不相同,水体重金属相互之间存在一定的显著性相关关系,说明它们之间可能具有一定的同源性.浑河上游表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd、Fe这4种重金属的季节变化规律均为:枯水期>丰水期>平水期.表层沉积物中Mn、Cu、Zn、As、Cd这5种重金属的沿程变化相似,均在中间出现一个最高值.采用综合污染指数评价法表明,浑河上游水体大部分水质良好,个别站位重金属污染比较突出.采用地累积指数法评价表明,浑河上游表层沉积物主要以Cu、Cd、As污染为主.     

北江流域横石河-翁江沿岸土壤重金属污染特征分析

采集了北江流域翁源县境内受大宝山矿区影响的横石河-翁江沿岸13个土壤剖面共49个土样,分析了河流沿岸土壤中重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量,讨论了土壤重金属含量的空间变化特征、污染程度以及潜在生态风险.结果表明:横石河沿岸(I区)土壤重金属污染较翁江沿岸(II区)严重,I区As、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量分别为26.6~430,1.99~11.9,31.7~765,63.5~646mg/kg; II区As、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量分别为4.16~51.3,0.830~4.67,3.99~103,17.6~83.7mg/kg;重金属含量差异分析显示,土壤重金属污染与污染源类型(大宝山矿山开采、农业、交通污染、生活垃圾等)、河水-地下水交互作用以及土壤理化性质(有机质含量、微粒组分)有关;As、Cu、Cd是研究区内主要的重金属污染元素,尤其以Cd污染最为严重,I区、II区Cd的地累积系数分别为6.13和4.84,属于极度污染和强-极度污染水平;土壤毒性单位评价结果显示,I区土壤(S23除外)剖面毒性单位(∑TU)均大于4,属于中毒性;II区土壤剖面∑TU普遍较低.     

煤炭型城市河流沉积物重金属地球化学基线厘定及应用[KH*9]——以安徽宿州市为例

煤炭型城市是重金属富集的重要区域,国内外学者对其河流沉积物重金属地球化学基线研究较少。本研究在煤炭型城市宿州市沱河和环城河沉积物39个采样点重金属含量测试的基础上,运用相对累积频率法对Fe、Ti、V、Cr、Cu、Zn、As及Pb8种重金属地球化学基线进行厘定,并以地球化学基线值为评价标准,通过沉积物富集系数法和内罗梅指数法进行污染程度分析。结果表明:Fe、Ti、V、Cr、Cu、Zn、As和Pb的地球化学基线值分别为2.37%、0.29%、61.7mg/kg、43.0mg/kg、33.9mg/kg、62.1mg/kg、13.0mg/kg和25.3mg/kg,其中Fe、Ti、V、Cr和Pb低于安徽省土壤背景值,而Cu、Zn和As高于安徽省土壤背景值;宿州煤炭产业及其相关产业的发展导致该区域河流沉积物重金属富集程度较高,其中市中心环城河流沉积物重金属污染程度高于沱河;与背景值相比,地球化学基线的探索能够反映水体沉积物重金属元素在水-沉积物界面的反应及迁移特性,其在污染程度分析和人为影响识别的应用更具有现实意义,。     

渤海辽东湾表层沉积物中金属元素分布特征

利用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)和原子荧光光度计(AFS)分别测定了辽东湾表层沉积物中的金属元素含量,探讨了它们的分布特征、来源及污染程度.结果表明,沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr、Co、Hg、As和Ag等元素含量在空间分布上存在明显梯度,其空间分布模式(4种)受到沉积物细粒组分、有机质含量及与河口间距离等因素的制约.通过与沉积物质量标准及其他海区的比较,评价了研究区沉积物中几种重要金属元素(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Ag、Hg和As)的污染情况.富集系数显示, Fe、Ti、Mn、P、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Co、Sc和V为无富集;As为轻度富集;Pb、Cd、Ag和Hg为中度富集. Fe、Ti、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Co、Mn、P、V和Sc主要来源于陆地岩石和土壤风化产物;Pb和As既有岩石和土壤风化产物等自然源的贡献,又受到了人为活动的影响;Hg、Cd和Ag主要来自人为源;Ba和Sr主要与海洋生物活动有关.依据沉积物质量综合评价,将辽东湾沉积物划分为4类.     

矿山不同片区土壤中Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu和As的污染特征

根据某典型有色金属矿山生产过程的污染状况,将受污染的矿区土壤分为尾矿污染区、坑道废水污染区、污风降尘污染区和精矿运输污染区4种类型.选择该矿区受污染土壤样本28个,用等离子体原子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)等方法分析了土壤重金属含量和形态特征.结果表明,该矿区土壤重金属Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu和As污染较为严重,土壤Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu和As平均含量分别达508.6mg·kg^-1、384.8mg·kg^-1、7.53mg·kg^-1、356mg·kg^-1 和44.6mg·kg^-1.不同片区间存在明显差别,污染强度以尾矿污染区最高,内梅罗综合指数为173,其次是精矿运输污染区和坑道废水污染区,污风降尘污染区污染较轻;各片区土壤的重金属元素以残余态为主,有机结合态比例最小,不同元素之间、不同片区土壤之间各形态所占比例差别不大.     

西藏中部河流、湖泊表层沉积物及其周边土壤重金属来源解析及风险评价

为了解西藏河流-湖泊体系沉积物重金属的污染特征、空间分布、潜在来源及生态风险,对西藏中部河流、湖泊表层沉积物及其周边土壤中As、Ba、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sb、V、Zn、Al和Fe 16种重金属总量进行了分析,并利用主成分分析-绝对主成分分数-多元线性回归（PCA-APCS-MLR）受体模型定量解析了重金属的潜在来源.描述性统计分析表明,研究区As、Cd、Hg、Ni含量较高,其中Hg和As污染较为严重;富集因子、地累积指数、污染负荷指数均表明研究区Hg污染较重,其次是As、Cd、Ni;平均沉积物质量基准系数法与潜在生态风险指数结果表明,研究区受Hg、As、Cd、Ni污染,其中Hg污染较重.在空间分布方面,污染相对较重的区域主要集中在昂仁金错、堆龙曲及一些封闭型湖泊,其中As污染范围最广.PCA-APCS-MLR分析表明,沉积物重金属主要有3个来源,分别为自然来源、交通运输和大气传输以及地热活动和矿山开采等;Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、V、Zn、Al和Fe主要受自然因素影响;Ba、Mo、Pb主要受交通运输和大气传输影响;As几乎全部来自地热活动和矿山开采;Cd、Sb来源较为广泛,3个主要来源均有占比.土壤中Cd、Hg含量较高,可能受交通因素影响较大,同时还与工业排放后远距离输送所造成的大气污染有关.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.