我国自然保护区建设现状与发展设想

本文在评价我国自然保护区类型、结构和现状的基础上,参照国内外生物多样生计划,提出了符合我国国情的自然保护区发展设想。文章对我国自然保护区的规划及国家级自然保护区的建设提出详尽的建议。     

广西壮族自治区自然保护区建设与珍稀植物保护

广西地区自然分布有国家稀有濒危植物１２１种，是我国濒危植物资源最丰富的省份之一。本文在评价广西的自然保护区建设现状、保护区类型和结构布局以及对濒危植物资源保护情况的基础上，提出了广西的自然保护区建设和濒危植物资源有效保护的建议和对策。     

基于IUCN保护区分类系统的中国自然保护区分类标准研究

在总结实施我国自然保护区分类标准的经验和问题的基础上,依据中国自然保护区建设的现状和特点,借鉴IUCN保护区分类系统,提出了中国新的自然保护区分类标准,并据此对已建自然保护区进行了重新分类,以期促进我国自然保护区建设管理工作以及国内外的信息交流。     

基于IUCN保护区分类系统的中国自然保护区分类标准研究

在总结实施我国自然保护区分类标准的经验和问题的基础上，依据中国自然保护区建设的现状和特点，借鉴IUCN保护区分类系统，提出了中国新的自然保护区分类标准，并据此对已建自然保护区进行了重新分类，以期促进我国自然保护区建设管理工作以及国内外的信息交流。     

城市自然保护区动物廊道构建技术研究

随着城市的快速发展,城市自然生态体系受到人类活动强烈的冲击,城市景观严重破碎化,城市自然保护区也受到城市建设的挤压和干扰而孤岛化,呈割裂的斑块状,生态风险加剧。因此,构建动物廊道成为保护城市自然保护区完整性和连续性的关键。深圳是我国城市化强度较高的地区,该城市的自然保护区正受到城市建设的强烈挤压与冲击,城市自然保护区受人为干扰而割裂,生境遭到不同程度的破坏,生物多样性退化的形势极其严峻。作者通过现场调查、数据资料分析、专家咨询和GIS分析等手段,开展了大鹏半岛自然保护区动物廊道构建技术研究。结果显示,大鹏半岛自然保护区野生动物资源较为丰富,有珍稀濒危动物及保护动物61种。结合大鹏半岛自然保护区动物恢复的实际情况,确定了动物廊道恢复的原则,进而确定了两栖类、爬行类和哺乳类动物的恢复对象。结合国际国内廊道恢复构建理论框架,提出了大鹏半岛自然保护区廊道构建的3种类型(景观型、线性型和踏脚石型)、与之相对应的物种及其适宜的生境。就这3种不同类型的廊道进一步提出了恢复构建的原则、技术方法、保护对象的现状分布与潜在分布,并绘制了动物廊道构建示意图。该研究可为城市自然保护区动物廊道恢复提供参考。     

我国自然保护区级别划分标准的研究

本文在总结国内外自然保护区级别划分背景的基础上,根据我国自然保护区建设和管理的现状,提出保护区级别划分应遵循的原则,如以定性方法为主,与现行行政体制相一致等。根据这些原则,研究制定了我国自然保护区级别划分的标准。该标准将自然保护区划分为国家级、省级、市级和县级。并对其标准进行了详细描述和定义。此外,本文还对保护区级别划分的依据和确定保护区重要性的评价指标进行了阐述和讨论。此标准的研究对于当前我国自然保护区的建设和规范化管理具有重要的意义。     

我国自然保护区生态旅游存在问题分析

通过对2006年自然保护区建设管理基本情况调查和2008年自然保护区生态旅游专项问卷调查得到的数据进行分析,立足我国自然保护区生态旅游发展现状,从自然保护区生态旅游涉及的宏观决策管理,保护区管理机构,保护区与社区、旅游经营者、游客、生态环境的关系6个方面,系统地分析目前我国自然保护区生态旅游存在问题,并提出相应对策.     

中国自然保护区投资现状及其分析

经费问题是多年来－直困扰我国自然保护区建设与管理的难题。笔者在对４０多个自然保护区调查的基础上，阐述了目前我国自然保护区的经费渠道和投资水平，分析了全国自然保护区投资现状和特点，探讨了开辟自然保护区经费渠道的举措。     

涉及自然保护区河道的建设项目环境准入存在的问题及对策

由于河道水体的线性特征,使得涉及自然保护区河道的建设项目难以避绕,所在区域的内河运输航道、跨河桥梁和防洪设施等建设项目都面临着不同程度的法律障碍,河道水体的保护与合理利用难以兼顾.从促进水生生物多样性保护、河道两岸经济社会建设和民生协调发展的角度出发,就当前涉及自然保护区河道的建设项目环境准入中存在的下列问题进行分析:《自然保护区条例》未考虑河道水体的特殊性,自然保护区功能区划的规定不适用于河道水体类型的自然保护区,以及与河道水体相关的法律法规缺少涉及自然保护区的规定.提出包括有条件地允许一些基础建设和民生项目进入保护区缓冲区和核心区、完善涉及自然保护区建设项目的环境准入制度以及加强涉及河道水体自然保护区建设项目的环境管理的相关对策建议.     

论自然保护区的共同管理

自然保护区是我国可持续发展的重要事业之一,近几年来发展迅猛,取得了丰硕成果.但是,自然保护区的建设和管理还处在初级阶段,存在许多困难和问题.本文分析了自然保护区管理上存在的困难和问题,探讨了如何实施共同管理,旨在为自然保护区建设和管理提供现实依据.     

我国丹顶鹤自然保护区网络设计

针对原有丹顶鹤保护区规划缺乏系统设计思想,保护区面临严重的生境安全这一问题,根据维持生态系统地域完整性和生态过程完整性的原则,采用迭代法和整数规划2种方法,以高、中适宜性湿地面积占各自湿地类型总面积70%和60%为保护目标,研究了丹顶鹤自然保护区的网络设计,提出了丹顶鹤自然保护区网络的设计方案。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

Global reforestation and biodiversity conservation

The loss of forest is a leading cause of species extinction, and reforestation is 1 of 2 established interventions for reversing this loss. However, the role of reforestation for biodiversity conservation remains debated, and lacking is an assessment of the potential contribution that reforestation could make to biodiversity conservation globally. We conducted a spatial analysis of overlap between 1,550 forest-obligate threatened species’ ranges and land that could be reforested after accounting for socioeconomic and ecological constraints. Reforestation on at least 43% (∼369 million ha) of reforestable area was predicted to potentially benefit threatened vertebrates. This is approximately 15% of the total area where threatened vertebrates occur. The greatest opportunities for conserving threatened vertebrate species are in the tropics, particularly Brazil and Indonesia. Although reforestation is not a substitute for forest conservation, and most of the area containing threatened vertebrates remains forested, our results highlight the need for global conservation strategies to recognize the potentially significant contribution that reforestation could make to biodiversity conservation. If implemented, reforestation of ∼369 million ha would also contribute substantially to climate-change mitigation, offering a way to achieve multiple sustainability commitments at once. Countries must now work to overcome key barriers (e.g., unclear revenue streams, high transaction costs) to investment in reforestation.     

A Mesofilter Conservation Strategy to Complement Fine and Coarse Filters

Abstract:  Setting aside entire ecosystems in reserves is an efficient way to maintain biodiversity because large numbers of species are protected, but ecosystem conservation constitutes a coarse filter that does not address some species. A complementary, fine-filter approach is also required to provide tailored management for some species (e.g., those subject to direct exploitation). Mesofilter conservation is another complementary approach that focuses on conserving critical elements of ecosystems that are important to many species, especially those likely to be overlooked by fine-filter approaches, such as invertebrates, fungi, and nonvascular plants. Critical elements include structures such as logs, snags, pools, springs, streams, reefs, and hedgerows, and processes such as fires and floods. Mesofilter conservation is particularly appropriate for seminatural ecosystems that are managed for both biodiversity and commodity production (e.g., forests managed for timber, grasslands managed for livestock forage, and aquatic ecosystems managed for fisheries) and is relevant to managing some agricultural and urban environments for biodiversity.     

Analysis of management effectiveness of natural reserves in Yunnan Province,China

Yunnan Province has many and unique natural resources and rich biodiversity. Natural reserves (NRs) play a significant role in maintaining and protecting the biodiversity and stability of ecosystems in this area. Yunnan is a typically eco-environmentally fragile area; thus positive effects of NRs are important in the construction of an ecological safety barrier for southwest China. Evaluation of the effectiveness of management of NRs has been implemented to improve management outcomes. This study provides indices to evaluate problems and management effectiveness for 60 NRs, covering national and provincial NRs of Yunnan Province. These indicate that management of NRs suffers from inadequate funding, poor infrastructure and equipment, low community participation, and a lack of government support. The indices had relatively low scores for infrastructure and equipment, ecotourism, monitoring, and evaluation, but high scores for planning and design and ownership. There were significant positive correlations between protection rank, size, age of NRs, and management effectiveness. International exchanges and collaboration would help to improve management of the NRs. NRs that straddle administrative boundaries had relatively higher scores than those within an administrative unit. Management success was not correlated with staff input, which might imply low efficiency of staff in this area. Some recommendations are offered to improve management of NRs based on analysis of management problems and identification of influencing factors.     

IUCN保护区分类系统与中国自然保护区分类标准的比较

通过对世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)和我国分类系统的比较,提出应该根据我国生物多样性、自然及其相关文化资源保护和维持的现状及特点,参照IUCN保护区分类系统,尽快制定出我国新的保护区分类系统。新分类系统应该以保护区主要管理目标为基本依据,同时综合考虑保护对象的特点及人类干扰程度来确定保护区类型,从而促进保护区的规范管理和进一步发展,实现自然保护与可持续发展的双重目标。     

我国自然保护区生态评价指标和评价标准

本文针对我国自然保护区的实际状况，筛选出多样性、代表性、稀有性、自然性、面积适宜性及脆弱性和人类威胁等诸项指标进行分析、比较和解析，进而制定了一套较为系统完整而又操作简便的生态评价体系、评价方法和评价标准。该标准适用于自然生态系统类和野生生物类自然保护区生态状况的定量评价。     

Evaluating and expanding the European Union's protected-area network toward potential post-2020 coverage targets

The Convention on Biological Diversity's (CBD) strategic plan will expire in 2020, but biodiversity loss is ongoing. Scientists call for more ambitious targets in the next agreement. The nature-needs-half movement, for example, has advocated conserving half of Earth to solve the biodiversity crisis, which has been translated to protecting 50% of each ecoregion. We evaluated current protection levels of ecoregions in the territory of one of the CBD's signatories, the European Union (EU). We also explored the possible enlargement of the Natura 2000 network to implement 30% or 50% ecoregion coverage in the EU member states’ protected area (PA) network. Based on the most recent land-use data, we examined whether ecoregions have enough natural area left to reach such high coverage targets. We used a spatially explicit mixed integer programing model to estimate the least-cost expansion of the PA network based on 3 scenarios that put different emphasis on total conservation cost, ecological representation of ecosystems, or emphasize an equal share of the burden among member states. To realize 30% and 50% ecoregion coverage, the EU would need to add 6.6% and 24.2%, respectively, of its terrestrial area to its PA network. For all 3 scenarios, the EU would need to designate most recommended new PAs in seminatural forests and other semi- or natural ecosystems. Because 15 ecoregions did not have enough natural area left to implement the ecoregion-coverage targets, some member states would also need to establish new PAs on productive land, allocating the largest share to arable land. Thirty percent ecoregion coverage was met by protecting remaining natural areas in all ecoregions except 3, where productive land would also need to be included. Our results support discussions of higher ecoregions protection targets for post-2020 biodiversity frameworks.     

Wild plants in everyday use: conservation towards sustainable livelihoods in Nigeria

SUMMARY

Despite the declining volumes of biotic resources flowing from natural ecosystems, no sustainable rural-based programmes have been put in place to stabilize habitats and diversify products to meet the needs and livelihoods of forest-dependent communities. Nevertheless, there is increasing evidence that agricultural expansion and rising demands for forest resources are increasingly depleting the forests. Within these extremes, daily used wild plants that sustain rural communities are under threat of over-exploitation.

This study identified major daily used wild plants in rural environments, examined their use categories, and suggested suitable ways to conserve these plants in order to improve the biodiversity capital and stabilize rural livelihoods. Results of data analysis showed that: (i) about 96 species of wild plants were in daily use for food, energy, medicine, shelter and cultural festivals; (ii) the management and utilization of daily used wild plants were based on traditional knowledge that had become inefficient as a result of resource scarcity and loss of habitats. In these circumstances, resource utilisation is leading to the loss of species; (iii) the resource users were willing to conserve wild plants on private lands to meet their ways of life. The success of wild plant conservation however, hinges on the provision of infrastructures for smallholder farmers who are willing to plant trees on their lands. There is urgent need for those responsible for conserving the forests and the environment (Federal Ministry of Environment) to design and implement suitable programmes that will accommodate the needs of the rural people in conserving wild plants in daily use in the country.     

The Cost Efficiency of Wild Dog Conservation in South Africa

Abstract:  Aside from Kruger National Park, no other suitable reserves of sufficient size exist in South Africa that will hold a viable population of wild dogs ( Lycaon pictus ). Consequently, conservation efforts have been focused on creating a metapopulation through a series of wild dog reintroductions into isolated fenced reserves. Additional potential exists for conserving wild dogs on private ranch land. Establishing the metapopulation was an expensive process, accounting for approximately 75% of the US$380,000 spent on wild dog conservation in South Africa during 1997-2001. The principal goal of the metapopulation project was to reduce the risk of catastrophic population decline. Now that this has been achieved, we developed a uniform cost-efficiency index to estimate the cost efficiency of current and potential future conservation strategies in South Africa. Conserving wild dogs in large protected areas was predicted to be the most cost-efficient conservation strategy (449 packs/$100,000 expenditure). Establishing the metapopulation has been less cost efficient (23 packs/$100,000), and expansion of the metapopulation was predicted to be even less cost efficient if predation by wild dogs results in additional costs, as is to be expected if private reserves are used for reintroductions (3-13 packs/$100,000). Because of low logistical costs, conserving wild dogs in situ on private ranch land was potentially more cost efficient than reintroducing wild dogs (14-27 packs/$100,000). We recommend that donor funding be used to reintroduce wild dogs into transfrontier parks, when they are established, to maintain the existing metapopulation and to establish conservation programs involving wild dogs on private ranch land. Investing in the expansion of the metapopulation should be limited to state-owned nature reserves willing to carry predation costs without compensation.