基于激光雷达技术的粉尘污染源监测

针对粉尘污染点源数量多、夜间偷排偷放监测难等问题,环保监测迫切需要发展新一代遥感监测技术,为环境保护提供技术支撑。激光雷达具有远距离、全天时监测的优势,可实现对污染源的客观、全天时监测。为了验证激光雷达主动遥感技术监测粉尘污染源排放的可行性,在河北省组织了一次粉尘污染源的Lidar监测实验,在进行距离校正的基础上,发展了Lidar点源污染监测指数因子方法。结果表明:烟尘排放浓度与Lidar指数因子具有较好的一致性,校正决定系数可达0.94。在稳定排污的情况下研究Lidar指数因子的限值,结果显示,将指数因子的限值设为2.3时,与在线监测的一致性可以达到99%以上。     

Wind tunnel experimental study on the effect of PAM on soil wind erosion control

In recent years, high-molecular-weight anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) have been widely tested on a variety of soils, primarily in water erosion control. However, little information is available regarding the effectiveness of PAM on preventing soil loss from wind erosion. The research adopted room wind tunnel experiment, two kinds of soils were used which were from the agro-pastoral area of Inner Mongolia, the northwest of China, the clay content of soils were 22.0 and 13.7%, respectively. For these tests, all the treatments were performed under the condition of wind velocity of 14 m s(-1) and a blown angle of 8.75%, according to the actual situation of experimented area. The study results indicated that using PAM on the soil surface could enhance the capability of avoiding the wind erosion, at the same time, the effect of controlling wind soil erosion with 4 g m(-2) PAM was better than 2 g m(-2) PAM's. Economically, the 2 g m(-2) PAM used in soil surface can control wind erosion effectively in this region. The prophase PAM accumulated in soil could not improve the capability of avoiding the wind erosion, owing to the degradation of PAM in the soil and the continual tillage year after year. The texture of soil is a main factor influencing the capability of soil avoiding wind erosion. Soil with higher clay content has the higher capability of preventing soil from wind erosion than one with the opposite one under the together action of PAM and water.     

Assessment of the Status of Urban Air pollution And Its Impact on Human Health in the City of Kolkata

Air pollution has significant effects on exacerbation of asthma, allergy and other respiratory diseases. Like many other magacities in the world the ambient air quality of Kolkata is also being deteriorated day by day. Automobile exhausts and certain industrial pollutants produce O₃ by photochemical reactions. The particulate matter, particularly less than 10 μ in size, can pass through the natural protective mechanism of human respiratory system and plays an important role in genesis and augmentation of allergic disorders. Sources of air pollution in the area and the unique problem arising out of the emission from the vehicles, industries, etc. have been described. Ambient air quality was monitored along with micrometeorological data and the results are discussed. The status of air pollution in the area has been evaluated and a questionnaire survey was conducted to estimate the allergic symptoms and exposure to assess the respiratory disorders. The data are analysed to evaluate the critical situation arising out of the emission of air pollutants and the impact on human health due to respirable diseases (RDs) to middle class sub-population (activity-wise) in the area are assessed. A strategic air quality management plan has been proposed. For the mitigation of air pollution problems in the city, the different measures to be adopted to maintain the balance between sustainable development and environmental management have been discussed.     

一次特大沙尘暴对乌鲁木齐市环境空气质量的影响分析

通过对2001年5月11日乌鲁木齐市发生的特大沙尘暴及同期有关监测数据进行分析比较，指出乌鲁木齐市沙尘暴中的主要污染物为空气中的可吸入颗粒物，其成因除自然环境因素处，还与城市扬尘有关。     

炼焦过程中挥发性有机物成分谱特征初步研究

通过吸附管采样和热脱附/GC/MS分析研究了土焦炉生产过程中挥发性有机物排放和机械炼焦厂外大气中挥发性有机物分布.土法炼焦过程中TVOC排放高达1782.2μg/m3.成分分析显示,土法炼焦烟气和机械炼焦厂外大气中挥发性有机物包含苯系物、烷烃、卤代烃和萜烯类,其中以苯系物为主,分别占75.63%和72.25%.BTEX比值分析显示,炼焦排放挥发性有机物的特征有别于汽车等交通排放.     

An environmental pressure index proposal for urban development planning based on the analytic network process

This paper introduces a new approach to prioritize urban planning projects according to their environmental pressure in an efficient and reliable way. It is based on the combination of three procedures: (i) the use of environmental pressure indicators, (ii) the aggregation of the indicators in an Environmental Pressure Index by means of the Analytic Network Process method (ANP) and (iii) the interpretation of the information obtained from the experts during the decision-making process.The method has been applied to a proposal for urban development of La Carlota airport in Caracas (Venezuela). There are three options which are currently under evaluation. They include a Health Club, a Residential Area and a Theme Park. After a selection process the experts chose the following environmental pressure indicators as ANP criteria for the project life cycle: used land area, population density, energy consumption, water consumption and waste generation. By using goal-oriented questionnaires designed by the authors, the experts determined the importance of the criteria, the relationships among criteria, and the relationships between the criteria and the urban development alternatives.The resulting data showed that water consumption is the most important environmental pressure factor, and the Theme Park project is by far the urban development alternative which exerts the least environmental pressure on the area. The participating experts coincided in appreciating the technique proposed in this paper is useful and, for ranking ordering these alternatives, an improvement from traditional techniques such as environmental impact studies, life-cycle analysis, etc.     

连云港地区非点源污染的调查分析

随着工业点源废水治理达标排放的实现,非点源废水已成为连云港市地表水环境污染的主要因素。通过现场调查、理论计算,结合连云港市第一次全国污染源普查结果和相关统计资料,核算出连云港地区非点源废水污染物的排放量。     

基于K-means聚类的沙尘天气快速识别技术研究

依据沙尘天气判定条件分析2018年春季(2—4月)陕西省西安市环境空气质量小时监测数据,共识别9 d受沙尘影响。研究基于K-means聚类沙尘天气分析方法,分析沙尘天气监测数据特征,并对沙尘识别聚类模型进行优化研究,识别的沙尘影响天气与传统方法一致。分析表明,聚类方法可用于沙尘天气监测数据的识别,与传统方法相比较,基于K-means聚类方法能够快速、准确识别沙尘影响天气。     

连云港蔷薇河非点源污染的调查分析

调查分析蔷薇河非点源废水排放情况,结合相关统计资料,核算出蔷薇河非点源废水污染物的排放量。结论表明,农田回归水污染是蔷薇河水体非点源污染的主要因素。     

外来沙尘输送对北京市空气质量影响的预报预警技术初步研究

利用多方位监测数据和气象资料,分析了2010—2011年春季外来沙尘输送对北京市空气质量指数的影响,提出外来沙尘对北京市空气质量级别影响的预报判据。此外,基于NAQPMS模型的沙尘模块,开展数值预报研究,并对北京市2010年3月一次沙尘天气污染过程进行数值模拟试验,结果表明,模拟的PM10浓度值与实测值有较好的一致性。通过判别预报和数值模拟两种预报技术的开展,可以预报沙尘输送影响的空气质量级别、沙尘分布和演变规律,为进一步开展空气质量预报预警和防控沙尘工作打下了很好的科学基础。     

关于废水中一类污染物的采样点位

文章介绍了车间和处理设施排出口的现状,通过对各排口污染物排放量之间关系的分析,确定一类污染物采样点位的设置方法。     

An Assessment on Variation of Sulphur Dioxide and Particulate Matter in Erzurum (Turkey)

Sulphur dioxide and PM₁₀ levels are investigated in Erzurum during the periods of 1990–2000 heating season to assess air pollution level. For that reason, emissions of sulphur dioxide and particulate matter were calculated by using consumption of fuels and Turkish emission factors. These emission values were evaluated together with air pollution levels, which were measured at six stations in Erzurum atmosphere during 1990–2000 winter periods. Results reveal that in 1990–1994 heating period, there is an increasing trend in the emissions and air pollution levels over Erzurum, and the air quality limits were not met. The daily 24 h limit (short-term limit) was exceeded 127 days in 1992–1993 winter period. The reason for this increase was found to be the switching to use of low-quality fossil fuels instead of cleaner ones. Results also indicated that there was a considerable decrease in emissions of air pollutants and air pollution levels after 1995. This can be explained by the consumption of more high-quality fossil fuels. The correlation coefficient of SO₂ with PM₁₀ is obtained as r² = 0.85, which is a high value supporting the idea that both pollutants are emitted from the same source.     

The effect of wind direction on the observed size distribution of particle adsorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on an inner city sampling site

An investigation of the variability in the size distribution of particle adsorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on an inner city sampling site showed differences depending on the wind direction. Particle size distributions of PAHs from outdoor air sampling were measured in Munich from 1994 to 1997. The sampling site is located northeast of a crossing with heavy traffic and southwest of a large inner city park. Depending on the wind direction, three different size distributions of particle adsorbed PAHs were observed. The maximum PAH concentration on very small particles (geometric mean diameter 75 nm) was observed with wind from west to southwest coming directly from the crossing area or the roads with heavy traffic. The maximum PAH concentration on particles with geometric mean diameter of 260 nm was found on days with wind from the built-up area north of the sampling site. On particles with geometric mean diameter of 920 nm the maximum PAH concentration was found on days with main wind directions from northeast to east. On these days the wind is blowing from the direction of the city park nearby. The distribution of particle adsorbed PAHs within different particle size classes is substantially influenced by the distance of the sampling site from strong sources of PAH loaded particulate matter.     

浅谈灰霾自动监测系统的建设

灰霾自动监测在中国起步较晚,对于灰霾的研究尚处于初级阶段,国家尚未建立完善的标准和体系,各城市参与时间较短,系统建设及运行尚处于完善阶段。通过实例,介绍了南京市灰霾自动监测系统建设的过程,运行管理以及系统的应用情况。     

绍兴市典型印染废水中重金属锑排放现状及排放源调查

分析和统计的86家印染工业企业当中,废水总排口中的总锑超标率为25.6%,质量浓度0.050 mg/L以下较低排放浓度所占比例最大,达62.8%。印染废水锑排放源主要有涤棉和涤纶化纤类布料的染色、印花工艺废水,碱减量工艺废水等,工业液碱、废酸以及硫酸铝污水处理剂等原料当中含锑浓度较高。印染废水经污水处理厂集中纳管深度处理后,锑排放浓度较低,锑去除效率最高达到88.0%,大大降低了环境地表水体锑污染的风险。     

An aerobiological study on pollen grains in the atmosphere of North-West Turkey

A continuous aerobiological survey of the atmosphere of Bursa was carried out from 1st January 2003 to 31st December 2004 by means of the volumetric method using a Lanzoni trap. During 2 years, a total of 57,124 pollen grains/m(3), which belonged to 66 taxa and 869 unidentified pollen grains, were recorded. In the region investigated, Pinus sp., Olea sp., Platanus sp., Cupressaceae/Taxaceae, Quercus sp., Poaceae, Moraceae, Urticaceae, and Castanea sp. were responsible for the greatest amounts of pollen. During the study period, the pollen concentration reached the highest level in May. A correlation analyses was made between the daily fluctuations of the main pollen types and meteorological parameters.     

乌鲁木齐市降尘的浓度水平和空间分布及与城市PM_(10)的相关性分析

以2005—2009年乌鲁木齐市城市大气降尘数据为依据,对乌鲁木齐市城市自然降尘的浓度水平和变化规律进行了研究,用Arc-GIS绘出乌鲁木齐市城市自然降尘的空间分布图,并分析和探讨了城市降尘与PM10相关性及防治对策。     

沙尘暴的成因与防治措施初探

针对今春我国北方地工百北京连续７次的扬尘和沙尘暴龙击,分析其成因及危害,提出了防治沙尘暴的具体措施及建议,为沙尘暴的有效治理提供一定的科学依据和参考。     

兰州市空气污染对儿童肺功能影响的前瞻性研究

从不同的角度阐述了室内外空气污染对儿童肺功能 ,特别是小气道功能的影响及其影响程度的前瞻性研究结果。并通过多因素、多指标的综合分析 ,揭示了一些影响儿童肺功能的主要因素。指出了从保护人体健康的角度来说 ,好的环境空气质量和良好的室内空气质量同样重要     

污染源自动监测数据有效性影响因素分析

结合我国污染源自动监测现状,分别从技术、产品、建设、管理与环境等各不同角度,分析了各因素对监测数据有效性的影响,并提出了一些相应的建议与对策。