超声波-缺氧/好氧消化过程污泥胞外聚合物和溶出物的变化研究

为研究超声波促进污泥缺氧/好氧消化的机制,采用均匀试验得到的最佳超声波参数与缺氧/好氧消化衔接进行间歇试验,通过生物化学分析法研究了消化过程污泥EPS指标(多糖、蛋白质、DNA和总量)和相应溶出物的变化趋势,同时以未经超声处理的消化过程作对照.均匀试验结果表明,在超声波声能密度0.1 W/mL,超声处理时间15 min...     

超声波促进好氧/缺氧污泥消化过程中水解酶活性变化研究

为评价超声波促进污泥好氧/缺氧消化的作用,采用频率28 kHz,声能密度为0.15 kW.L-1和超声时间10 min的超声参数与好氧/缺氧消化衔接,研究了污泥的SS、VSS及水解酶活性(淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶)在消化过程中的变化趋势,同时以未经超声处理的消化污泥作为对照.结果表明,经过超声波-好氧/缺氧消化13 d,VSS去除率为44.3%,高出对照污泥14.9%.污泥中水解酶活性随消化天数增加呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,其中超声污泥的淀粉酶和葡萄糖苷酶活性在第5 d达到峰值,此时VSS淀粉酶活性为0.104μmol.g-1,葡萄糖苷酶活性为0.637μmol.g-1.超声污泥中胞内蛋白酶和胞外蛋白酶在第7 d达到峰值,胞内蛋白酶活性为23.68μmol.g-1,远远大于胞外蛋白酶,在污泥消化过程中起主导作用.超声污泥中酸性磷酸酶活性高于对照污泥,而碱性磷酸酶对环境改变较为敏感,超声波预处理改变污泥内部性质,导致碱性磷酸酶活性减少.     

超声波强化剩余活性污泥缺氧/好氧消化的研究

试验选取超声波声能密度,超声时间、超声间隔3个因素没计正交实验,研究了超声波对城市污水剩余活性污泥(WAS)的缺氧/好氧消化的作用.结果表明,经超声辐照的WAS缺氧/好氧消化9天后,MLVSS去除率最高达50.9%,比未经超声辐照的提高了14.4%.对实验结果的分析表明,超声波强化WAS的缺氧/好氧消化的最佧参数为:超...     

污泥超声处理及其在好氧消化中的应用

污泥好氧消化工艺可以有效实现污泥的稳定和减量,为了进一步提高好氧消化的效率,促进有机质的降解,在对污泥超声处理性能研究的基础上,考察了不同超声辅助处理手段对污泥好氧消化的影响.结果表明,经1.0 W/mL超声处理10 min后,污泥上清液中溶解性COD增加了5.4倍,污泥总悬浮固体减少了16%;而经0.05 W/mL超声处理10 min后,污泥比耗氧速率可提高29%.用这2种超声预处理好氧消化的进泥时,污泥有机质降解率没有明显改变,但用1.0 W/mL超声处理好氧消化的回流污泥时,污泥有机质降解率提高了15%,而且消化污泥的沉降性能良好,上清液中有机质含量增加很少,因此,后者可以用于改善污泥好氧消化工艺.     

污泥缺氧好氧消化的减量研究

实验主要进行缺氧好氧工艺在不同运行条件下消化效果的研究;在常温和中温下,与传统污泥好氧消化处理的效果对比,并进行pH等控制参数的统计规律分析,提出优化处理工艺条件,也为污泥缺氧好氧消化工艺的设计、运行管理和进一步研究提供可靠的理论依据。     

超声波促进好氧/缺氧污泥消化过程中细菌群落结构分析

应用基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE对超声波-好氧/缺氧污泥消化过程中微生物种群的多样性进行研究.通过SDS细胞裂解法提取不同时期污泥中的基因组DNA,采用通用引物进行V3区域PCR扩增,长约190 bp的PCR产物经DGGE分离后,获得污泥微生物群落的DNA特征指纹图谱,对条带进行切胶测序,使用序列数据进行同源性分析并建立系统发育树.DGGE图谱表明,在反应器运行的不同时期,微生物群落结构发生动态演替.5、10、15、20、25 d微生物相似性与0 d相比分别为61.2%、48.2%、46.4%、42.6%、41.7%,总细菌Shannon指数经历了一个从逐渐减少到趋于稳定的过程,这表明超声波改变污泥内部性质,导致微生物多样性的降低.UPGMA聚类分析将DGGE图谱区分为三大族群并对应于不同运行时期.测序结果表明,超声波-好氧/缺氧污泥消化中微生物群落主要为Firmicute、Genuscitrobacter、Bacilli、α-Proteobacteria、β-Proteobacteria.     

缺氧/好氧硝化工艺曝气方式试验研究

通过对污泥降解情况和消化液理化特性的分析,研究了间歇曝气方式对消化系统污泥减量效果的影响。结果表明:在满足MLVSS降解率大于40%的要求下,缺氧/好氧消化工艺比传统好氧消化工艺最多可节省能耗33.3%。可强化反硝化作用并使消化液大致维持在中性水平。     

A/O MBR处理生活污水效率与菌群多样性的关系

采用缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器（A/O MBR）工艺处理生活污水,试运行了5种不同的工况以确定最佳工艺参数,利用变性凝胶梯度电泳（DGGE）技术研究缺氧池和好氧池（MBR）中细菌群落结构,分析出水水质与细菌种群多样性的关系.结果表明A/O MBR在水力停留时间（HRT）为12 h,污泥停留时间（SRT）为10 d,硝化液回流比为300%,污泥回流比为100%的条件下,对COD、氨氮、总氮有稳定良好的去除,平均去除率分别为96.4%、99.1%、75.8%;系统运行过程中,缺氧池和好氧池中菌群结构发生较大变化,同一工况下两池菌群的相似性通常大于50%,但缺氧池菌群多样性随工况变换而波动较大,好氧池菌群多样性随运行时间而逐渐丰富;缺氧池菌群多样性指数与反硝化效率成正相关关系.     

运行模式对同步短程硝化反硝化脱氮及微生物群落特征的影响

采用复合序批式生物膜反应器（HSBBR）处理高盐废水,实现了同步短程硝化反硝化脱氮。考察了运行模式对同步短程硝化反硝化系统COD去除和脱氮性能的影响,利用高通量测序技术分析了微生物群落的变化。结果表明:当反应器以缺氧/好氧交替模式运行时（缺氧/好氧时间比为2.0 h/4.5 h）,NH₃-N、总无机氮（TIN）和COD去除率分别为95.00%、84.83%和86.72%,出水中含有NO₂--N和NO₃--N。以完全好氧模式运行时（缺氧/好氧时间比为0.0/6.5 h）,NH₃-N去除率达到100.00%,TIN和COD去除率分别为85.94%和89.46%,出水中只含有NO₂--N。高通量测序结果表明:在门水平上,2种模式下生物膜和悬浮污泥中的优势菌均为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）;Nitrosomonas是本研究检测出的唯一氨氧化菌（AOB）属,当反应器由缺氧/好氧交替模式转换为完全好氧模式时,悬浮污泥和生物膜中Nitrosomonas的相对丰度均增加;悬浮污泥和生物膜中优势反硝化菌属相似,包括Candidatus_Competibacter、Paracoccus、Thauera和Denitratisoma,在完全好氧模式下,悬浮污泥和生物膜中Candidatus_Competibacter和Thauera的相对丰度较低,而Paracoccus和Denitratisoma的相对丰度较高。多种反硝化菌与氨氧化菌的共同作用,使反应器能够实现高效同步短程硝化反硝化脱氮。     

溶解氧对单级颗粒污泥自养脱氮系统影响的模拟

为了研究溶解氧对SBR单级颗粒污泥自养脱氮系统的影响,基于活性污泥ASM3模型和短程硝化-硝化-反硝化模型,将颗粒污泥传质过程与氨氧化菌（AOB）、厌氧氨氧化菌（AAOB）、亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）、反硝化菌（DNF）的生长过程、好氧内源呼吸及缺氧内源呼吸过程等耦合,建立了单级自养脱氮颗粒污泥动力学模型,并对颗粒内部基质浓度分布进行预测.结果显示,当DO为0.4mg/L时,好氧区和缺氧区（厌氧区）的比例为0.4：1;当DO为0.6mg/L时,颗粒污泥好氧区与缺氧区（厌氧区）的比例为3：1.同时,根据基质反应速率方程,建立了颗粒污泥的单级自养脱氮系统动力学模型,对SBR系统运行效果进行预测,结果显示,DO为0.6mg/L时,氨氮反应完全,亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮在5mg/L以下,总氮去除率模拟值为89%左右,略低于实际测量脱氮率95%.     

Effect of proteins, polysaccharides, and particle sizes on sludge dewaterability

Four batch experiments of hydrolysis and acidification were carried out to investigate the distributions of proteins (PN) and polysaccharides (PS) in the sludge, the PN/PS ratio, the particle sizes, and their relationship with sludge dewaterability (as determined by capillary suction time, CST). The sludge flocs were stratified through centrifugation- and ultrasound-based method into four fractions: (1) slime, (2) loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS), (3) tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS), and (4) pellet. The results showed that PN was mainly partitioned in the pellet (80.7%) and TB-EPS (9.6%) fractions, while PS distributed evenly in the four fractions. During hydrolysis and acidification, PN was transferred from the pellet and TB-EPS fractions to the slime fraction, but PS had no significant transfer trends. The mean particle sizes of the sludge flocs decreased with hydrolysis and acidification. The pH had a more significant influence on the dewaterability of sludge flocs than temperature. Sludge dewaterability during hydrolysis and acidification processes greatly deteriorated from 9.7 s at raw sludge to 340–450 s under alkaline conditions. However, it was just slightly increased under acidic conditions. Further investigation suggested that CST was a ected by soluble PN, soluble PN/PS, and particle sizes of sludge flocs, but was a ected slightly by total PN, PS, or PN/PS in the whole sludge flocs and other fractions (except slime).     

Critical review of EPS production, synthesis and composition for sludge flocculation

Extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) produced by microorganisms represent biological macromolecules with unfathomable potentials and they are required to be explored further for their potential application as a bioflocculant in various wastewater sludge treatment. Although several studies already exist on biosynthetic pathways of different classical biopolymers like alginate and xanthan, no dedicated studies are available for EPS in sludge. This review highlights the EPS composition, functionality, and biodegradability for its potential use as a carbon source for production of other metabolites. Furthermore, the effect of various extraction methods(physical and chemical) on compositional, structural, physical and functional properties of microbial EPS has been addressed. The vital knowledge of the effect of extraction method on various important attributes of EPS can help to choose the suitable extraction method depending upon the intended use of EPS. The possible use of different molecular biological techniques for enhanced production of desired EPS was summarized.     

Effect of sludge retention time on sludge characteristics and membrane fouling of membrane bioreactor

Three identical membrane bioreactors (MBRs) were operated over 2 years at different sludge retention time (SRT) of 10 d, 40 d and no sludge withdrawal (NS), to elucidate and quantify the effect of SRT on the sludge characteristics and membrane fouling. The hydraulic retention times of these MBRs were controlled at 12 h. With increasing SRT, the sludge concentrations in the MBRs increased, whereas the ratio of volatile suspended solid to the total solid decreased, and the size of sludge granule diminished in the meantime. A higher sludge concentration at long SRT could maintain a better organic removal efficiency, and a longer SRT was propitious to the growth of nitrifiers. The performance of these MBRs for the removal of COD and NH₄⁺-N did not change much with different SRTs. However, the bioactivity decreased as SRT increase. The measurement of specific oxygen uptake rates (SOUR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes testified that SOUR and the proportion of the bacteria-specific probe EUB338 in all DAPI-stainable bacteria decreased with increasing SRT. The concentrations of total organic carbon, protein, polysaccharides and soluble extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in the mixed liquor supernatant also decreased with increasing SRT. The membrane fouling rate was higher at shorter SRT, and the highest fouling rate appeared at a SRT of 10 d. Both the sludge cake layer and gel layer had contribution to the fouling resistance, but the relative contribution of the gel layer decreased as SRT increase.     

微波辐射预处理对污泥结构及脱水性能的影响

将微波辐射用于污水污泥预处理,考察了辐射130s内污泥沉降、过滤脱水性能的变化,并通过粒度分布及污泥胞外聚合物含量变化探讨了相关机理,分析了微波辐射对污泥结构的破坏过程.结果表明,适宜的微波辐射可明显改善污泥结构及脱水性,900W微波辐射50s,SV减少48%,真空抽滤含水率由原泥直接抽滤的85%降为71%.污泥结构破坏是改善污泥脱水性的重要因素,胞外糖含量介于15.8～16.5mg/gMLSS时,污泥脱水性最佳.核酸能较好地指示微波辐射下污泥细胞壁开始破裂的时间,过量的微波辐射因破坏污泥的细胞壁结构、导致胞内物质大量溢出、污泥黏度增加,脱水性恶化.     

Enzyme extraction by ultrasound from sludge flocs

Enzymes play essential roles in the biological processes of sludge treatment. In this article, the ultrasound method to extract enzymes from sludge flocs was presented. Results showed that using ultrasound method at 20 kHz could extract more types of enzymes than that ultrasound at 40 kHz and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) methods. The optimum parameters of ultrasound extraction at 20 kHz were duration of 10 min and power of 480 W. Under the condition, ultrasound could break the cells and extract both the extracellular and intercellular enzymes. Ultrasound power was apparently more susceptive to enzyme extraction than duration, suggesting that the control of power during ultrasound extraction was more important than that of duration. The Pearson correlation analysis between enzyme activities and cation contents revealed that the different types of enzymes had distinct cation binding characteristics.     

菌-藻共生好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性机理

在非曝气条件下接种好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)和绿藻藻种,经过18d的培养,成功构建了菌-藻共生好氧颗粒污泥系统(ABGS).研究表明,在非曝气条件下,与传统的AGS相比,ABGS具有更高的生物活性、除污染效能和机械强度,说明ABGS的稳定性更优.对ABGS的稳定性机理进行分析,发现在颗粒化过程中,胞外聚合物(EPS)特别是...     

好氧污泥颗粒化中胞外聚合物（EPS）的动态变化

在SBR中分别运行普通活性污泥和好氧颗粒污泥工艺,考察普通絮体污泥颗粒化过程中EPS的组分变化和分布情况.结果表明,通过减少沉淀时间可以获得质量高的颗粒污泥,污泥系统中的EPS可划分为紧密结合型、松散结合型和溶解性3种;普通污泥期、颗粒污泥初期和颗粒污泥稳定期的EPS含量均以紧密结合型EPS为主,颗粒污泥中总EPS和溶解性EPS含量均高于普通污泥,且颗粒形成初期溶解性EPS增长明显;颗粒污泥中紧密结合型EPS含量相对稳定,松散结合型EPS在不同污泥中含量很低,一个典型反应周期中蛋白质和多糖的变化趋势普遍是先降低后上升,普通污泥和颗粒污泥EPS中蛋白质含量均高于多糖,颗粒形成初期EPS中蛋白质含量有明显上升;普通絮体污泥中EPS和细菌分布均匀,颗粒污泥的表层聚集大量的细菌、内部主要成分是EPS.     

超声波耦合Fenton氧化对污泥破解效果的研究 ——以粒径和溶解性物质为例

提出超声波和Fenton氧化协同作用来破解污泥,比较了单独的Fenton氧化和超声波耦合Fenton氧化对污泥粒径,溶解性物质和污泥上清液中多聚糖与蛋白质的影响.结果表明,污泥经过Fenton氧化和超声波耦合Fenton氧化处理后,污泥比表面积明显增加,体平均粒径和索太尔平均径都明显降低,污泥的絮凝体结构遭到了氧化破解,污泥的脱水性能和稳定性能得到了改善.超声波耦合对于污泥破解促进作用十分明显,表现在污泥的比表面积变得更大,粒径降低幅度更明显.这2种氧化对于污泥中SCOD的增加促进作用都十分明显,Fenton氧化处理后污泥SCOD从120.45mg/L增加到585.47mg/L,增加3.9倍,而超声波耦合Fenton氧化处理后,污泥中SCOD则能从120.45mg/L增加到767.47mg/L,增加5.4倍.单独的Fenton氧化处理,污泥上清液中多聚糖最高浓度为209.74mg/L,相对于原污泥的57.81 mg/L增加了2.6倍,而超声耦合Fenton氧化处理后污泥上清液中多聚糖最高浓度则为433.68mg/L,相对于原污泥增加了6.5倍.2种氧化对上清液中的蛋白质的作用则是先增加后下降.     

污泥龄对膜生物反应器污泥特性及膜污染的影响

研究了污泥龄对胞外聚合物(EPS)总量、紧密粘附胞外聚合物(TB)和松散附着胞外聚合物(LB)含量及其中蛋白质与多糖比例的影响.结果表明,随污泥龄的延长,混合液EPS总量增加,TB和LB中蛋白质与多糖比例发生变化.这种变化改变了细菌表面电荷分布,增大了细菌表面亲水基和疏水基的比例,使细菌的存在状态由不稳定型(R型)向稳定型(S型)转变,降低了混合液Zeta电位,SVI值增大.采用SPSS软件对膜污染的主要因子进行了相关性分析,Zeta电位、上清液悬浮固体浓度、相对疏水性的相关系数分别为-0.818、0.853、0.832.综合考虑膜污染阻力和污泥特性,膜生物反应器的污泥龄应控制在优势菌最小世代时间的120倍以下.     

Fe(Ⅲ)对活性污泥絮体结构和生物絮凝作用的影响

采用序批式活性污泥法系统研究了Fe(Ⅲ)对活性污泥絮体结构和生物絮凝作用的影响，结果发现Fe(Ⅲ)降低了污泥沉降指数，同时也减弱了污泥的生物絮凝作用．对细胞外高分子(EPS)的电子能谱元素分析表明在EPS中发生了阳离子间的交换作用，Fe(Ⅲ)置换出EPS中一价和二价金属阳离子．污泥絮体的扫描电镜显示Fe(Ⅲ)使活性污泥絮体颗粒变小变密实，但是Fe(Ⅲ)与EPS之间的作用和含磷沉淀物的生成削弱了污泥颗粒形成较大生物聚集体的能力．Fe(Ⅲ)对生物絮凝作用的影响主要是通过架桥机理和藻酸盐理论来实现的，而电中和不起主要作用．