煤矿区地下水中溶解性有机质荧光特征Ⅰ——含水层之间垂向差异

通过检测有机质含量和三维荧光光谱研究了霍州煤矿区地下水中溶解性有机质的垂向分布特征.结果表明,硝酸盐质量浓度在地表水和第四系水中较高(＞ 37.41 mg/L),而在深部含水层(太灰和奥灰)基本未检出.地表水中TOC(总有机碳)质量浓度和UV254分别大于5.11 mg/L和0.146 cm-1;氧化还原作用下,第四系水中TOC质量浓度和UV254分别减小82.23％和97.96％,而深部含水层中TOC质量浓度也有降低.人类活动污水的大量排放导致地表水中Ⅱ区和Ⅳ区的荧光峰强度异常高,均大于等于8 245 QSU,Ⅲ区的荧光峰强度大于3 419 QSU;进入第四系含水层,Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区荧光峰强度均减少至216 QSU以下;太灰水和奥灰水中只Ⅱ区和Ⅳ区出现荧光峰,且荧光峰强度与TOC相关性不大;溶解性有机质(DOM)荧光峰强度与地下水流向呈负相关,同一煤矿区奥灰水中Ⅳ区的荧光峰强度比太灰水高.总体上,分析溶解性有机质含量和荧光特性、硝酸盐含量,可以从垂向上建立霍州矿区各含水层(体)的水化学特征.     

臭氧氧化法深度处理养猪废水研究

采用臭氧氧化法深度处理经生化工艺处理的养猪废水,探讨反应时间、臭氧投加速率和p H值对COD、色度和UV254去除效果的影响,并采用紫外可见光谱和三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)分析了臭氧氧化前后养猪废水中溶解性有机物(DOM)的变化特征。结果表明,当臭氧投加速率为1.13g/h、反应温度为20℃、p H值为7.2时,反应40 min后养猪废水的COD、色度和UV254去除率分别约为50%、95%和75%。生化处理后的养猪废水主要含有可见腐殖质、紫外腐殖质和微生物代谢产物,臭氧氧化后微生物代谢产物的荧光峰基本消失,可见腐殖质和紫外腐殖质特征荧光峰荧光强度与原水相比也显著降低。研究表明,臭氧对养猪废水中难降解有机物的降解作用非常明显。     

煤矿区地下水中溶解性有机质荧光特征Ⅱ——深部含水层分布特征

为研究霍州矿区深部含水层中溶解性有机质地层差异及其迁移转化机理,通过三维荧光光谱(3 DEEM)、TOC和硝酸盐质量浓度综合分析了溶解性有机质(DOM)的含量和分布特征.结果表明,深部含水层中溶解性有机质和硝酸盐质量浓度均较低,其中TOC(总有机碳)质量浓度小于0.6 mg/L、NO3--N质量浓度小于1.6 mg/L.太灰水和奥灰水中主要出现了Ⅱ区的色氨酸类荧光峰和Ⅳ区的溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光峰,其中色氨酸类荧光峰强度随着地下水流向而逐渐降低,溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光峰强度在李雅庄矿和辛置矿出现了一定异常.生物源指数(BIX)和腐殖化指数(HIX)表明深部含水层中DOM来源于生物或水生细菌,且具有较好的溯源一致性;荧光指数f470/520比f450/500更能说明DOM中腐殖质组分的来源,且f470/520较大(＞2.1),表明深部含水层中DOM来源于生物,且腐殖类物质芳香性较弱,含有的苯环结构较少.太灰水中TOC、色氨酸类荧光峰强度和溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光峰强度均与硝酸盐质量浓度呈负相关,且线性拟合的相关度较高;奥灰水中相关性则较差.     

碳纳米管对水中低浓度红霉素的吸附特性研究

采用多壁碳纳米管对自然水体中低浓度红霉素进行吸附试验,测定了其动力学曲线和吸附等温线,并计算了热力学参数,考察了p H值、离子强度和腐殖酸对吸附过程的影响。结果表明:碳纳米管对红霉素的吸附在前40 min为快速吸附阶段,200 min时基本达到吸附平衡,动力学曲线符合准二级动力学模型;Freundlich模型能够更好地拟合吸附试验数据,热力学参数表明多壁碳纳米管对红霉素的吸附为自发吸热过程;吸附活化能Ea表明多壁碳纳米管与红霉素之间的强吸附作用是以化学吸附为主的过程,碳纳米管表面含氧官能团含量决定平衡吸附量;离子强度对吸附有明显的影响;p H值在5~9时,提高溶液p H值有利于提高对红霉素的吸附量;适量的腐殖酸使碳纳米管对红霉素的吸附量显著增加。     

油污土壤修复过程水溶性有机物光谱特性研究

利用石油污染土壤中筛选出的2株石油降解菌(铜绿假单胞菌和凝结芽孢杆菌)修复油污土壤,采用紫外光谱法和三维荧光光谱法对油污土壤修复过程中的水溶性有机物(DOM)变化进行了半定量分析.结果表明:1)紫外光谱分析中接种外源微生物前后油污土壤DOM的SUVA254值和ABS285值均有不同程度的减少,说明DOM相对分子质量降低,含有的芳香族和不饱和共轭双键结构减少,其芳构化程度降低;2)随着油污土壤生物修复的进行,与未接种石油降解菌的土壤相比,投加降解菌的油污土壤中水溶性有机物芳香族类蛋白质含量呈降低趋势,紫外区类富里酸呈增加趋势.荧光光谱半定量分析结果表明,接种外源微生物可明显减小石油污染土壤中水溶性有机物的芳构化程度.     

尼龙6纳米纤维膜富集/固相表面荧光法快速检测水体痕量多环芳烃研究

以静电纺丝法自制的尼龙6纳米纤维膜为吸附材料,建立了快速测定水体痕量多环芳烃(PAHs)的固相表面荧光光谱法(SSF)。将直径为5 cm的尼龙6纳米纤维膜作为滤膜用于抽滤菲、芘、荧蒽的水溶液,将膜自然晾干后置于可变角粉末样品池上,利用荧光分光光度计测量膜表面PAHs的三维固相表面荧光光谱特征,确定最佳激发发射波长,考察荧光强度随溶液初始质量浓度的线性变化关系。结果表明,菲、芘、荧蒽的最大激发发射荧光中心分别位于Ex/Em=255nm/368 nm、Ex/Em=340 nm/376 nm和Ex/Em=290 nm/437 nm处。当抽滤水样体积为500 m L时,菲、芘、荧蒽荧光强度与初始质量浓度之间的标准曲线分别为y=9432.4x+261.1,线性范围为5~500ng/m L;y=753480x+805.51,线性范围为0.2~10 ng/m L;y=9946.06x+603.48,线性范围为10~400 ng/m L,检出限分别为0.973 ng/m L、0.016 2 ng/m L和0.089 6 ng/m L。当质量浓度分别为100 ng/m L、10ng/m L和50 ng/m L时,7次测量的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为7.1%、2.6%和5.1%,平均值相对误差分别为1%、2%和-0.2%。自来水低中高3个质量浓度的平均加标回收率分别为87.2%~98.2%、101%~120%、85.8%~92.3%。本方法具有简便、经济、灵敏度高等优点,适合于水体痕量PAHs的快速测定。     

碳纳米管对2-硝基苯酚和2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附特性研究

研究多壁碳纳米管对水中2-硝基苯酚和2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附规律.测定不同温度下两物质的吸附等温线,研究吸附的热力学特性和吸附机理.结果表明,碳纳米管对2-硝基苯酚和2,4-二氯苯酚具有良好的吸附效果,饱和吸附量分别达到24.54 mg/g和30.53mg/g.用Freundlich等温方程拟合碳纳米管对两种化合物的吸附,其线性相关系数均大于0.95;用Clapeyron-Clausius方程拟合吸附过程,两种物质的线性相关系数都达0.99.293～353 K时,碳纳米管对2-硝基苯酚吸附的△H、△G、△S分别为-7.74～-7.05 kJ·mol-1、-6.14～-4.80 kJ·mol-1、-8.33～-3.00 J·mol-1·K-1;对2.4-二氯苯酚吸附的△H、△G、△S分别为-24.75～-17.78 kJ·mol-1、-6.79～-6.22kJ·mol-1、-61.29～-32.75 J·mol-1·K-1.由于对酚分子π-π共轭作用的强弱不同.碳纳米管对2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附能力大于2-硝基苯酚.本文得到的碳纳米管吸附规律,为研究碳纳米管吸附含苯环类物质提供了参考.     

碳纳米管对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能研究

碳纳米管的一维管状中空结构,对有机物具有吸附能力,有望用于废水处理.本文通过理论分析和试验验证,探讨了采用碳纳米管时亚甲基蓝溶液浓度、溶液pH值、吸附时间和吸附温度等对吸附过程的影响,分析了碳纳米管对亚甲基蓝的吸附机理.结果表明,碳纳米管对亚甲基蓝的吸附在3 h达到平衡,吸附速率常数为384.49 h-1;吸附过程遵循Langmiur方程;碱性条件有利于吸附的进行;随着温度的升高,碳纳米管对亚甲基蓝的吸附量增加.吸附机理为,碳纳米管对亚甲基蓝的吸附是一个吸热过程,第一层吸附包含物理吸附和化学吸附,而多层吸附则是物理吸附.     

砂石过滤河水中COD的动力学与热力学研究

为研究砂石过滤吸附水中有机物的规律和性能,以西宁市湟水河水为研究对象,研究其对水溶液中COD的等温吸附特性,利用一级动力学模型、二级动力学模型对慢砂吸附COD动力学过程进行分析。结果表明:砂石对水溶液中COD的等温吸附特征符合非线性的Langmuir方程,通过Langmuir方程相关参数和试验校对得出二级动力学模型能更好地反映砂石对水溶液中COD的吸附动力学过程,并得出该条件下最大COD吸附量为36.36 mg/kg,而一级动力学模型的误差较大。在热力学分析过程中ΔH为负值说明净砂对水中COD的吸附为放热过程,ΔG也为负值说明吸附可自发进行,ΔS为正值说明吸附过程增加了固液界面的混乱度。     

湿地植物芦苇根系分泌物的三维荧光光谱表征分析

针对湿地植物芦苇根系分泌物特性不明确的问题,于北京建筑大学大兴校区人工湖实地采集湿地植物芦苇,在实验室水培后采用三维荧光光谱技术考察了芦苇根系分泌溶解性有机物组成随时间的变化规律。结果表明:芦苇根系可分泌溶解性有机物,使根系周围水体有机碳含量增加;芦苇根系分泌物主要为含芳环结构类色氨酸蛋白物质;随时间延长,三维荧光光谱图出现代表微生物代谢物的荧光峰,推测根系周围出现微生物活动,微生物利用根系分泌物生长繁殖,并将类蛋白物质转化为类腐殖酸物质,产生代谢物,使根际周围溶解性有机物组成发生改变。     

愚昧带来的灾害--农村迷信活动引发用电事故扫描

近年来,农村封建迷信活动在一些地区有所抬头.由迷信活动引发的用电事故屡有发生.不仅扰乱用电秩序,影响电网安全,还带来不应有的经济损失,已成为农村安全用电中一个不容忽视的问题.笔者通过案例分析和农村社会调查,摄取以下几组"镜头”:     

Flammability of heat transfer fluid aerosols produced by electrospray measured by laser diffraction analysis

Accidental release of pressurized high flash point heat transfer fluids can result in fire and explosion hazard scenarios in the process industry. An experimental investigation on ignition of aerosols of a heat transfer fluid is carried out, and characterization of aerosol and its ignition process by non-intrusive laser diffraction technique is reported. Propagation speed of the aerosol combustion flame front as analyzed from the laser diffraction measurement agrees with high-speed visual camera observation. Flammability of the aerosol, which is based on the chances of the global flame appearance in the aerosol, is mainly controlled by aerosol droplet size and the droplet volume concentration.     

Protection Against Dust by Respirators

This article is a brief review of the mechanism of action of fibrous filters and of the performance of respirators; it neglects many of the complications discussed in longer and more detailed articles. An expression is given for the pressure drop across a filter in terms of fibre diameter and filtration velocity. The particle capture mechanisms of interception and diffusional deposition are introduced and the way in which filtration efficiency varies with particle size is discussed. Filters with fibres of small diameter are shown to be the most efficient, but their use can cause problems. Electrically charged materials are widely used in respirators because of their high efficiency and low pressure drop. Types of material, their means of charging, and their method of action are described. An account is given of respirator leakage, the protection factor, and of the way that these may vary in a period of use. The leakage of air and particles through face seal leaks and leaky valves is discussed. The frequent discrepancy in the protection given by respirators in the workplace, on the one hand, and that suggested by laboratory measurements, on the other, is reviewed, and the article ends with an account of the combined effect of aerosol penetration through a filter and through a leak.     

Combating interference by unauthorised persons

Under the new threat situation it is necessary to impede and if necessary detect ingress by unauthorised persons into the relevant establishment. It may be necessary to take additional measures to protect installations or parts thereof that are especially hazardous or at risk from terrorist attacks from interference by unauthorised persons.

It is the duty of the state to take precautionary and preventive measures to impede or prevent external terrorist attacks or entry by force into establishments. The necessary resources for this purpose must be made available even in times of limited budgets.

Since total protection can never be guaranteed, external emergency measures have a particularly important role to play. The competent authorities in this sector must receive the necessary information from the operators and must take the measures within their sphere of responsibility without delay.

Much of the information necessary for assessment of the risk situation by the operators and the authorities is already available under the provisions on the safety report and the external alarm and emergency plans according to European Seveso II Directive (96/82/EC).

It is recommended that a restriction of disclosure of information on the grounds of public safety should only be permitted for establishments/installations which are to be regarded as security-relevant on the basis of the hazard and the risk analysis.

The outline of the systematic approach of a security analysis like it is proposed in Germany is described separately.     

Initiation of dust explosions by electric spark discharges triggered by the explosive dust cloud itself

An investigation of ignition of dust clouds by the use of electric spark discharges triggered by the explosive dust cloud itself has been conducted. This method of triggering capacitive sparks probably represents a realistic mechanism for initiating accidental dust explosions in industrial practice. Unlike the conventional method for determining the minimum ignition energy (MIE) in the laboratory, the delay between dust dispersion and spark discharge is not a degree of freedom. In stead, the transient dust cloud itself is used to initiate spark breakdown between electrodes set at a high voltage lower than breakdown in pure air. In the present study, different kinds of dusts were tested as ‘spark triggers’, and they exhibited quite different abilities to trigger breakdown. Large particles were found to initiate breakdown at lower voltages than smaller ones. In general, conductive particles were not found to initiate breakdown at lower voltages than dielectric ones when using the same dust concentration.Minimum ignition energies (MIE) of three dusts (Lycopodium clavatum, sulphur and maize starch) were determined using the authors' method of study. The MIEs were somewhat higher than those obtained using conventional methods, but relatively close to the values obtained through conventional methods.     

逐步走向智能家庭

随着自动化从更传统的应用如家庭剧场向更复杂的应用如联网HVAC的发展,其价格逐步增加,而且幅度很大.虽然客户接受某种程度的家庭基本自动化,但顶点对于绝大多数业主来说仍然是高不可攀的.但是在一个不断变化的市场内,家庭自动化有多普及呢?     

Suicidal behavior by motor vehicle collision

BACKGROUND: The ability for suicides of drivers to be disguised as traffic accidents raises the possibility that suicidal behaviors of this nature are far more prevalent than previously thought, potentially impacting health, road safety, and insurance companies. METHOD: Persons residing at the Gold Coast, Australia, identified as having a history of suicidal ideation and behaviors (n = 1,196), were sent a mail-out survey after their consent was obtained in initial telephone contact (CATI random digit-dialing). Among those responding, 412 had made suicide plans or arrangements and 228 suicide attempts. RESULTS: Of those who reported planning a suicide, 14.8% (19.1% of male planners and 11.8% of female planners) had conceived to have a motor vehicle "accident" (n = 61). Of all attempters, 8.3% (13.3% of male attempters) had previously attempted via motor vehicle collision (n = 19). All attempters reported having emotional or mental problems at the time of the event. Suicide planners were significantly more likely to be in full-time employment and have a partner and children compared with other planners. CONCLUSION: The study gives a rare insight into driver suicide plans and attempts, via a large-scale community survey, to provide the best opportunity of collecting unbiased data on the driver suicide behavior. Results suggest the use of this method, particularly in attempts made by males, may be underreported leading to inaccuracy of statistics. The motives behind choosing this method are somewhat different to those behind other methods, including financial benefits and eliminating stigma in the aftermath of a suicide.     

做安全评价所需要的参考文件

1引用法律法规 《中华人民共和国劳动法》 《中华人民共和国安全生产法》 《中华人民共和国矿山安全法》 《危险化学品安全管理条例》 其它适用于安全评价的法律法规 《中华人民共和国安全生产法》第十二条 依法设立的为安全生产提供技术服务的中介机构,依照法律、行政法规和执业准则,接受生产经营单位的委托为其安全生产工作提供技术服务。     

基于工资风险法的生命价值评估

为评估安全工作因挽救人的生命而产生的收益和制定工亡赔偿标准提供理论依据,在分析工资风险法评估生命价值经济学原理的基础上,构建生命价值评估模型。设计调查问卷对98家企业的795名员工进行调查,评估被调查员工的生命价值,并利用调查数据验证模型的有效性。评估结果表明:员工的生命价值评估值呈正态分布;在95%的置信水平下,生命价值评估值的置信区间为[3 424.62,4 284.33]万元,平均值为3 854.48万元。