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1.
Charnay B 《Environmental management》2011,48(1):189-197
In the last fifty years, many mountain watersheds in temperate countries have known a progressive change from self-standing
agro-silvo-pastoral systems to leisure dominated areas characterized by a concentration of tourist accommodations, leading
to a drinking water peak during the winter tourist season, when the water level is lowest in rivers and sources. The concentration
of water uses increases the pressure on “aquatic habitats” and competition between uses themselves. Consequently, a new concept
was developed following the international conferences in Dublin (International Conference on Water and the Environment – ICWE)
and Rio de Janeiro (UN Conference on Environment and Development), both in 1992, and was broadly acknowledged through international
and European policies. It is the concept of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). It meets the requirements of different uses of water and aquatic zones whilst preserving the natural functions of such
areas and ensuring a satisfactory economic and social development. This paper seeks to evaluate a local water resources management
system in order to implement it using IWRM in mountain watersheds. The assessment method is based on the systemic approach
to take into account all components influencing a water resources management system at the watershed scale. A geographic information
system was built to look into interactions between water resources, land uses, and water uses. This paper deals specifically
with a spatial comparison between hydrologically sensitive areas and land uses. The method is applied to a French Alps watershed:
the Giffre watershed (a tributary of the Arve in Haute-Savoie). The results emphasize both the needs and the gaps in implementing
IWRM in vulnerable mountain regions. 相似文献
2.
Maria Grech 《The Environmentalist》1984,4(2):153-156
Summary The problems of man’s increasing abuse and misuse of his environment are multiplying in direct proportion to the increase
in the human population. This is particularly true of much of the Third World, where often a low level of literacy is accompanied
by a steadily growing birthrate. Small island habitats, because of their long geological separation from the large land masses
frequently have flora and fauna that are unique but the pressures on their environment are considerably greater. In the struggle
to compete in an increasingly mechanised and industrial world they are forced to devastate the natural habitat of many of
their indigenous species in order to obtain agricultural land, building materials and fuel. While wooing the tourist market
on the one hand with the beauty of their beaches, they are at the same time removing the sand wholesale for construction purposes.
If the people themselves are to survive, industrial growth is quite obviously essential. Because the practices that at present
place the environment under threat are, in many cases, vital to the individual’s ability to support himself, reasonable alternatives
must be offered before they can be effectively controlled.
Ms Maria Grech came to Saint Lucia originally in 1961 and spent almost eighteen years in the restaurant business. When she
sold out in 1979 she decided to devote more time to writing and specifically to writing about the island which had become
her home. For two years now she has written and illustrated a monthly conservation news-sheet that is distributed throughout
the schools here by the local Forestry Division. In November 1981 the paper—Bush Talk—was awarded a prize for creative journalism and funding is now being sought to have it published in book form.
She is an executive member of the Saint Lucia Naturalists’ Society and is currently compiling their first year book. She has
also been a regular contributor to the Caribbean Conservation News. 相似文献
3.
ABSTRACT: The key events and the process that led to the creation of the World Water Council on World Water Day 1996 are reviewed and its characteristics summarized. The development of this new organization is discussed in the context of the major global trends in water and water-related issues, viz. growing water scarcity with its links to limits on food production and demographic patterns. In response to the need to find solutions to these pressing water issues, the development of a Technical Program based on the deliberations of the founding member organizations and a number of short-term activities have been outlined to demonstrate the evolution of the Council in this first year of its existence. Given the importance of complementarity between the Council and the Global Water Partnership, an attempt has been made to articulate the mutually-reinforcing roles of the two organizations. 相似文献
4.
Earthworms in general are tolerant to many chemical contaminants including heavy metals and organic pollutants in soil and
can bio-accumulate them in their tissues. Earthworms species like Eisenia fetida, Eisenia tetraedra, Lumbricus terrestris, Lumbricus rubellus and Allobophora chlorotica have been found to remove heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Hg, etc.) pesticides and lipophilic organic micropollutants like the
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from the soil. They ‘absorb’ the dissolved chemicals through the moist ‘body wall’
in the interstitial water and also ‘ingest’ by mouth while the soil passes through the gut. They either ‘bio-transform’ or
‘biodegrade’ the chemical contaminants rendering them harmless in their bodies. Meanwhile the quality of the soil is improved
significantly in terms of physical, chemical and biological properties as the worms thoroughly upturn and disperse the soil,
ingest large volumes of soil and excrete nutritive materials (NKP and micronutrients) in the form of ‘vermicasts’ along with
millions of beneficial soil microbes including nitrogen fixers. 相似文献
5.
We examined the physiological and morphological response patterns of plains cottonwood [Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera (Aiton) Eck.] to acute water stress imposed by groundwater pumping. Between 3 and 27 July 1996, four large pumps were used
to withdraw alluvial groundwater from a cottonwood forest along the South Platte River, near Denver, Colorado, USA. The study
was designed as a stand-level, split-plot experiment with factorial treatments including two soil types (a gravel soil and
a loam topsoil over gravel), two water table drawdown depths (∼0.5 m and >1.0 m), and one water table control (no drawdown)
per soil type. Measurements of water table depth, soil water potential (Ψs), predawn and midday shoot water potential (Ψpd and Ψmd), and D/H (deuterium/hydrogen) ratios of different water sources were made in each of six 600-m2 plots prior to, during, and immediately following pumping. Two additional plots were established and measured to examine
the extent to which surface irrigation could be used to mitigate the effects of deep drawdown on P. deltoides for each soil type. Recovery of tree water status following pumping was evaluated by measuring stomatal conductance (g
s
) and xylem water potential (Ψxp) on approximately hourly time steps from before dawn to mid-afternoon on 11 August 1996 in watered and unwatered, deep-drawdown
plots on gravel soils. P. deltoides responded to abrupt alluvial water table decline with decreased shoot water potential followed by leaf mortality. Ψpd and percent leaf loss were significantly related to the magnitude of water table declines. The onset and course of these
responses were influenced by short-term variability in surface and ground water levels, acting in concert with physiological
and morphological adjustments. Decreases in Ψpd corresponded with increases in Ψmd, suggesting shoot water status improved in response to stomatal closure and crown dieback. Crown dieback caused by xylem
cavitation likely occurred when Ψpd reached −0.4 to −0.8 MPa. The application of surface irrigation allowed trees to maintain favorable water status with little
or no apparent cavitation, even in deep-drawdown plots. Two weeks after the partial canopy dieback and cessation of pumping,
g
s
and Ψxp measurements indicated that water stress persisted in unwatered P. deltoides in deep-drawdown plots. 相似文献
6.
How integrated is river basin management? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Land and water management is increasingly focused upon the drainage basin. Thirty-six terms recently used for schemes of “integrated
basin management” include reference to the subject or area and to the aims of integrated river basin management, often without
allusion to the multiobjective nature. Diversity in usage of terms has occurred because of the involvement of different disciplines,
of the increasing coherence of the drainage basin approach, and the problems posed in particular parts of the world. The components
included in 21 different approaches are analyzed, and, in addition to showing that components related broadly to water supply,
river channel, land, and leisure aspects, it is concluded that there are essentially five interrelated facets of integrated
basin management that involved water, channel, land, ecology, and human activity. Two aspects not fully included in many previous
schemes concern river channel changes and the dynamic integrity of the fluvial system. To clarify the terminology used, it
is suggested that the termcomprehensive river basin management should be used where a wide range of components is involved, whereasintegrated basin management can signify the interactions of components and the dominance of certain components in the particular area.Holistic river basin management is advocated as a term representing an approach that is both fully comprehensive and integrated but also embraces the energetics
of the river system and consideration of changes of river channels and of human impacts throughout the river system. The paradigm
of working with the river can be extended to one of working with the river in the holistic basin context. 相似文献
7.
Water management is changing its paradigm. The millennia of economic indoctrination are to be replaced by the logic of ecology. The economic sector satisfying the demands for water and water‐related services guided until now by its own ideology and institutions, is gradually becoming an integral part of environmental protection and eco‐economy. Within the great diversity of national water policies, efforts towards sustainability are a dominant common objective. Discussions of the World Water Fora and other initiatives indicate that ecologically oriented water management is the emerging new challenge for achieving this objective. Ecological orientation emphasizes the unified system of the world water balance processes as transmitters of various human impacts leading to economic externalities. Water management is becoming a component of the processes of globalization primarily through its externalities requiring a comprehensive informational infrastructure as well as adequate institutional competence for their management. The paper analyzes fundamental features of the conceptual models incorporating such informational and institutional arrangements. The outlook of water is inseparably tied to the world order of the future, and water management in the world of globalization can either promote a genuine worldwide collaboration or can become a source of dangerous international tensions and conflicts. 相似文献
8.
9.
Improvements on Flood Alleviation in Germany: Lessons Learned from the Elbe Flood in August 2002 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The increase in damage due to natural disasters is directly related to the number of people who live and work in hazardous
areas and continuously accumulate assets. Therefore, land use planning authorities have to manage effectively the establishment
and development of settlements in flood-prone areas in order to avoid the further increase of vulnerable assets. Germany faced
major destruction during the flood in August 2002 in the Elbe and Danube catchments, and many changes have been suggested
in the existing German water and planning regulations. This article presents some findings of a “Lessons Learned” study that
was carried out in the aftermath of the flood and discusses the following topics: 1) the establishment of comprehensive hazard
maps and flood protection concepts, 2) the harmonization of regulations of flood protection at the federal level, 3) the communication
of the flood hazard and awareness strategies, and 4) how damage potential can be minimized through measures of area precaution
such as resettlement and risk-adapted land use. Although attempts towards a coordinated and harmonized creation of flood hazard
maps and concepts have been made, there is still no uniform strategy at all planning levels and for all states (Lae
nder) of the Federal Republic of Germany. The development and communication of possible mitigation strategies for “unthinkable
extreme events” beyond the common safety level of a 100-year flood are needed. In order to establish a sustainable and integrated
flood risk management, interdisciplinary and catchment-based approaches are needed. 相似文献
10.
Analysis of a rural water supply project in three communities in Mali: Participation and sustainability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper presents a qualitative assessment of the participatory water management strategies implemented at the community level in rural Mali through a water supply project — The West Africa Water Initiative (WAWI) — coordinated by World Vision International, a non‐governmental and humanitarian organization. Data for the study were generated through a combination of primary and secondary sources in three villages. Results of the study indicate that while community‐based rural water supply is a positive step in responding to the needs of rural Malians, the installation of boreholes with hand pumps informed merely by consultative participatory approaches and limited extension involvement will not necessarily proffer sustainable rural water supply in the region. A “platform” approach to rural water supply management that can mobilize the assets and insights of different social actors to influence decision making at all stages, including the design and choice‐of‐technology stages, in water supply interventions is instead advocated. 相似文献
11.
R. Michael Erwin G. Michael Haramis David G. Krementz Steven L. Funderburk 《Environmental management》1993,17(5):613-619
Many living resources in the Chesapeake Bay estuary have deteriorated over the past 50 years. As a result, many governmental
committees, task forces, and management plans have been established. Most of the recommendations for implementing a bay cleanup
focus on reducing sediments and nutrient flow into the watershed. We emphasize that habitat requirements other than water
quality are necessary for the recovery of much of the bay's avian wildlife, and we use a waterbird example as illustration.
Some of these needs are: (1) protection of fast-eroding islands, or creation of new ones by dredge deposition to improve nesting
habitat for American black ducks(Anas rubripes), great blue herons(Ardea herodias), and other associated wading birds; (2) conservation of remaining brackish marshes, especially near riparian areas, for feeding
black ducks, wading birds, and wood ducks(Aix sponsa); (3) establishment of sanctuaries in open-water, littoral zones to protect feeding and/or roosting areas for diving ducks
such as canvasbacks(Aythya valisineria) and redheads(Aythya americana), and for bald eagles(Haliaeetus leucocephalus); and (4) limitation of disturbance by boaters around nesting islands and open-water feeding areas. Land (or water) protection
measures for waterbirds need to include units at several different spatial scales, ranging from “points” (e.g., a colony site)
to large-area resources (e.g., a marsh or tributary for feeding). Planning to conserve large areas of both land and water
can be achieved following a biosphere reserve model. Existing interagency committees in the Chesapeake Bay Program could be
more effective in developing such a model for wildlife and fisheries resources. 相似文献
12.
Criteria for the Assessment of Sustainable Water Management 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Hedelin B 《Environmental management》2007,39(2):151-163
Pressure on the world’s water resources is increasing, restraining social and economic development in many countries, and
threatening ecological values in others. In order to manage water resources in a more sustainable manner, new planning methodologies/processes
for river basin management need to be developed. This study attempts to construct a set of useable normative criteria for
the analysis and evaluation of such processes. The criteria were designed as a response to the lack of deductive approaches
in the evaluation of methodologies and working procedures used in the context of river basin management, making it possible
to highlight their potential for sustainable development. The criteria are based on the twin concepts of participation and integration. These concepts function as well-established dimensions of both sustainable development and sustainable river basin management,
and they are of significant methodological relevance. A synthesis of the key aspects connected to the two concepts is undertaken,
based on a broad literature review. Focus is laid on how in methodological terms, and in relation to regional water management,
to achieve participation and integration in a decision-making or planning process. The criteria are concerned with how knowledge
and values are integrated into the planning process and how commitment, legitimacy, or acceptance for the resulting plan is
generated. 相似文献
13.
Norman Myers 《The Environmentalist》1987,7(3):163-174
Summary Our environmental situation continues to decline faster than ever. This is demonstrated by, the growing spread of pollution of both the water and atmospheric systems, erosion of topsoil, tropical deforestation, desertification, mass extinction of species, depletion of the ozone layer, and climatic dislocations. Compounding the impact of these problems is growth in human numbers in developing countries, together with the associated factor of extensive poverty. The author asks why our environmental situation should continue to decline, despite a remarkable outburst of awareness on the part of the general public and its political leaders since the time of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. The author concludes that the problem does not lie with inadequate effort, rather with misdirected effort: we persist in tackling the symptoms of problems, rather than the problems themselves, let alone the sources of the problems. The paper broaches these issues within a context of fast-growing interdependence among the community of nations — both economic and ecological interdependence — which presents yet more problems, but also raises many opportunities for creative action.Professor Norman Myers is a consultant in environment and development. He has worked since 1970 on the general subject area of environment and natural resources, with emphasis on species, gene reservoirs and tropical forests. He was undertaken this consultancy work for the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, US National Academy of Sciences, the World Bank, OECD, the Smithsonian Institution, UN agencies, World Resources Institute, US National Research Council and IUCN, among other organizations. His main professional interest lies with resource relationships between the developed and developing worlds.Among his recent publications areThe Sinking Ark (Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York, 1979);Conversion of Tropical Moist Forests (National Research Council, Washington D.C., 1980);A Wealth of Wild Species (Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1983);The Primary Source (W. W. Norton, New York, 1984); andThe Gaia Atlas of Planet Management (Doubleday, New York, and Pan Books, London, 1985).Norman Myers is an Advisory Board Member and regular contributor toThe Environmentalist. 相似文献
14.
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a fatal disease of the central nervous system caused primarily by the free-living ameba,Naegleria fowleri. PAM is primarily associated with swimming in various types of fresh water. World literature was reviewed in order to derive a risk analysis model that would be helpful in the management of PAM. The management of PAM risk is difficult, and the prevention of PAM is almost impossible. However, it is reassuring that the cases and risks estimated by the risk model are usually small, with individual annual risk on the order of 10–6. 相似文献
15.
The article states the case for greatly enhanced reliance on desalination in the provision of freshwater. It argues that the concept of integrated water resource management (IWRM), should be expanded to routinely include desalination, and that sea water and brackish water should be listed among available sources of freshwater. In recent years, the price per m3 of freshwater obtained from desalination has steadily declined, and is now within competitive range of conventional sources, especially as extracting water from surface sources (rivers, lakes) is becoming increasingly expensive as well as ecologically harmful, and groundwater in many locations is saline or depleted. With the expectation that by 2020, five billion people will reside in megacities, today's conventional water resources are likely to become insufficient. As many of these megacities are located near ocean coasts, sea water seems a logical solution. 相似文献
16.
Jose I. Furtado 《The Environmentalist》1984,4(1):37-40
Conclusion I wish to conclude as I began, with a quotation from a newspaper on the potential damage and the attendant costs of not applying
sound environmental management:
The Guardian, Wednesday, 5 October 1983: “The Shell Oil Company which admitted yesterday that it had allowed dangerous pesticides
to escape near Denver, Colorado has received a demand from the US Army for $1 8 billion to help to stop pollution from reaching
the city ... Shell and the US Army research, which includes experiments with nerve gas, may have caused far more serious pollution
in the area.”
The need for sustainable development and for training in environmental management in Third World countries, should ensure
that reports on environmental damage, such as the one above, do not become a common occurrence in developing countries in
the next decade or hopefully forever after.
This paper was presented at the conference “The Environmental Dimension in World Development, the contribution that British
Companies can make”, organized by the Centre for World Development Education, London, UK, during October 1983.
Dr Jose I. Furtado is Professor of Zoology in Malaysia, and is seconded as Science Adviser with the Commonwealth Secretariat
in London. 相似文献
17.
The invasion of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has resulted in enormous ecological and economic consequences worldwide. Although the spread of this weed in Africa, Australia,
and North America has been well documented, its invasion in China is yet to be fully documented. Here we report that since
its introduction about seven decades ago, water hyacinth has infested many water bodies across almost half of China’s territory,
causing a decline of native biodiversity, alteration of ecosystem services, deterioration of aquatic environments, and spread
of diseases affecting human health. Water hyacinth infestations have also led to enormous economic losses in China by impeding
water flows, paralyzing navigation, and damaging irrigation and hydroelectricity facilities. To effectively control the rampage
of water hyacinth in China, we propose a sustainability science-based management framework that explicitly incorporates principles
from landscape ecology and Integrated Pest Management. This framework emphasizes multiple-scale long-term monitoring and research,
integration among different control techniques, combination of control with utilization, and landscape-level adaptive management.
Sustainability science represents a new, transdisciplinary paradigm that integrates scientific research, technological innovation,
and socioeconomic development of particular regions. Our proposed management framework is aimed to broaden the currently dominant
biological control-centered view in China and to illustrate how sustainability science can be used to guide the research and
management of water hyacinth. 相似文献
18.
Andrew Simon Lauren Klimetz 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(5):1270-1283
Abstract: Sediment is listed as one of the leading causes of water‐quality impairments in surface waters of the United States (U.S.). A water body becomes listed by a State, Territory or Tribe if its designated use is not being attained (i.e., impaired). In many cases, the prescribed designated use is aquatic health or habitat, indicating that total maximum daily loads (TMDL) targets for sediment should be functionally related to this use. TMDL targets for sediment transport have been developed for many ecoregions over the past several years using suspended‐sediment yield as a metric. Target values were based on data from “reference” streams or reaches, defined as those exhibiting geomorphic characteristics of equilibrium. This approach has proved useful to some states developing TMDLs for suspended sediment, although one cannot conclude that if a stream exceeds the target range, the aquatic ecosystem will be adversely impacted. To address this problem, historical flow‐transport and sediment‐transport data from hundreds of sites in the Southeastern U.S. were re‐examined to develop parameters (metrics) such as frequency and duration of sediment concentrations. Sites determined as geomorphically stable from field evaluations and from analysis of gauging‐station records were sorted by ecoregion. Mean‐daily flow data obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey were applied to sediment‐transport rating relations to determine suspended‐sediment load for each day of record. The frequency and duration that a given concentration was equaled or exceeded were then calculated to produce a frequency distribution for each site. “Reference” distributions were created using the stable sites in each ecoregion by averaging all of the distributions at specified exceedance intervals. As with the “reference” suspended‐sediment yields, there is a broad range of frequency and duration distributions that reflects the hydrologic and sediment‐transport regimes of the ecoregions. Ecoregions such as the Mississippi Valley Loess Plains (#74) maintain high suspended sediment concentrations for extended periods, whereas coastal plain ecoregions (#63 and 75) show much lower concentrations. 相似文献
19.
Cindy Sage 《The Environmentalist》2012,32(2):144-156
The meltdown and release of radioactivity (ionizing radiation) from four damaged nuclear reactors at the Fukushima Nuclear
Facility in Japan in March 2011 continues to contaminate air and ocean water even 1 year later. Chronic exposure to low-dose
ionizing radiation will occur over large populations well into the future. This has caused grave concern among researchers
and the public over the very long period of time expected for decommissioning alone (current estimate from official sources
is 30–40 years based on TEPCO in Mid-and long-term roadmap towards the decommissioning of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power
units 1–4, 2011) and the presumed adverse effects of chronic, low-dose ionizing radiation on children, adults and the environment. Ultimately,
radioactive materials from Fukushima will circulate for many years, making health impacts a predictable concern for many generations
(Yasunari et al. in PNAS 108(49):19530–19534, 2011). There is long-standing scientific evidence to suggest that low-dose ionizing radiation (LD-IR) and low-intensity non-ionizing
electromagnetic radiation (LI-NIER) in the form of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields and radiofrequency radiation
(RFR) share similar biological effects. Public health implications are significant for reconstruction efforts to rebuild in
post-Fukushima Japan. It is relevant to identify and reduce exposure pathways for chronic, low-dose ionizing radiation in
post-Fukushima Japan given current scientific knowledge. Intentional planning, rather than conventional planning, is needed
to reduce concomitant chronic low-intensity exposure to non-ionizing radiation. These are reasonably well-established risks
to health in the scientific literature, as evidenced by their classification by World Health Organization International Agency
for Research on Cancer as Possible Human Carcinogens. Reducing preventable, adverse health exposures in the newly rebuilt
environment to both LD-IR and LI-NIER is an achievable goal for Japan. Recovery and reconstruction efforts in Japan to restore
the communications and energy infrastructure, in particular, should pursue strategies for reduction and/or prevention of both
kinds of exposures. The design life of buildings replaced today is probably 35–50 years into the future. Cumulative health
risks may be somewhat mitigated if the double exposure (to both chronic low-dose IR from the Fukushima reactors and LI-NIER
[EMF and RFR] in new buildings and infrastructure) can be dealt with effectively in early planning and design in Japan’s reconstruction. 相似文献
20.
Jess McLean 《The Environmentalist》2007,27(1):25-38
This paper examines Indigenous water rights in rural and remote Australia and how water justice seems to be elusive in many
of these spaces. The purpose of this literature review is to link water justice theory and practices to the way different
water cultures are valued in Australia while simultaneously critiquing the water justice movement. This paper situates the
notion of water justice as a specific kind of environmental justice to cater for the unique qualities that define this resource.
In doing so, this paper draws on Schlosberg’s (2004) conception of environmental justice with its trivalent approach that
describes the following three ‘circles of concern’: recognition of difference, plurality of participation, and finally equitable
distribution of resources and costs and benefits. This framework provides that if the first two ‘circles of concern’ are not
in existence in a natural resource management process, then inequitable distribution of that resource is a likely outcome.
This paper presents two areas where water injustices exist in the context of Indigenous rural and remote Australia. The first
relates to how Indigenous rights to water have been inadequately recognized and the second presents empirical data on water
supply and sanitation in rural and remote Indigenous communities that demonstrates ongoing dilemmas around securing this basic
human right. The undervaluing of cultural differences relating to water is argued to be antecedent to the injustice manifest
in poor water supply and sanitation provision for Indigenous rural contexts. This paper does not attempt to survey the body
of ethnographic work on society-water relations in rural and remote Indigenous Australian contexts but reviews the gaps in
current mainstream acknowledgement of Indigenous water cultures. In exploring water justice in rural and remote Indigenous
Australia, this paper offers a novel approach to a dilemma more frequently analysed solely as a health development issue. 相似文献