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1.
Integrated Environmental Assessment (IEA) can be loosely defined as policy‐relevant, multidisciplinary research on environmental
issues. Many, diverse activities in this broad field are ongoing, but the approaches lack the structure, standardization and
quality control common in disciplinary research. IEA has three stages: “structuring the problem”, “analyzing the problem”
and “communicating the findings and insights”. Each stage has its inherent difficulties, not least because problem definition
and analysis are neither separable nor unambiguous nor unique. Difficulties are exacerbated in the first and third stages
by the necessity for science and policy to work together. Difficulties are exacerbated in the second stage by the necessity
of different scientific disciplines to cooperate. The European Forum on Integrated Environmental Assessment is an initiative
to improve scientific quality and policy‐relevance of IEA, by organizing two series of workshops, one looking in detail at
current and desired scientific practices, the other reviewing current and establishing further applications of IEA to environmental
issues in Europe.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Recent theoretical studies have shown that a relaxation algorithm can be used to find noncooperative equilibria of synchronous
infinite games with nonlinear payoff functions and coupled constraints. In this study, we introduce an improvement to the
algorithm, such as the steepest-descent step-size control, for which the convergence of the algorithm is proved. The algorithm
is then tested on several economic applications. In particular, a River Basin Pollution problem is considered where coupled
environmental constraints are crucial for the relevant model definition. Numerical runs demonstrate fast convergence of the
algorithm for a wide range of parameters.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Ferenc L. Tóth 《Integrated Assessment》2000,1(2):127-136
A standard framework is presented as an underlying model for the discounting debate. Views and proposals for the techniques
and rates of discounting are assessed. Alternative modeling frameworks for studying intergenerational equity issues are evaluated
with the result that the basic insights they provide do not differ very much. Results from model experiments involving different
discount rate proposals show that fudging the discount rate does not lead to efficient climate policy. Three major clusters
of opinions are identified regarding the applicability of cost-benefit analysis to the climate change problem and the appropriate
discount rate to use. It is concluded that under some very special circumstances the cost-benefit rule should be abandoned
and cost-effective strategies implying standard discount rates should be sought to reach clearly defined and justified environmental
targets.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
Stef Proost 《Integrated Assessment》2000,1(2):145-156
This paper surveys some recent studies on conventional air pollution and climate change in the transport sector in Europe.
Fuel efficiency standards, car emission standards and transport pricing instruments are analysed from an economic perspective
taking into account environmental and economic efficiency objectives.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
International equity in climate change policy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bert Metz 《Integrated Assessment》2000,1(2):111-126
Equity discussions in climate change policy focus on mitigation. Climate change impacts, adaptation and decision making are
also important. General equity principles can be related to specific proposals for equitable sharing of mitigation but no
objective preference for any principle exists. Most promising are mixed approaches, that combine various equity principles
in a process oriented setting.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
As the nations of the world negotiate future controls on greenhouse gas emissions, a critical environmental policy issue becomes
understanding the multiple environmental consequences of these controls. Here we describe an integrated assessment model for
quantifying multiple environmental impacts of large-scale environmental initiatives and apply this model to climate change
mitigation. Our analysis shows that reductions in global warming will be accompanied by reductions in ozone depletion, acid
rain and mercury emissions, and desulfurization waste generation. We also conclude that the largest collateral benefits from
reducing global climate change may be in the developing world. This result is critical since it is the developing nations
who ultimately control the long-term success of any climate stabilization strategy.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
C. Schlumpf J. Behringer G. Dürrenberger C. Pahl-Wostl 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》1999,4(1):1-12
Participatory Integrated Assessment (PIA) is an approach which aims at developing methods which allow to combine evaluations
of experts and lay people in the field of Integrated Assessment. Thus, policy recommendations derived from PIA exercises are
informed by scientific judgments and by valuations of “non-scientists”. For any PIA methodology the provision of insights,
facts and figures about the policy problem at hand is crucial.
In this paper we describe a PIA methodology which combines the social science research instrument “focus group” with a specific
computer information tool, the “Personal CO2 Calculator” (PCC). The tool supports citizens in discussing and recommending measures on climate change policy. Based on
our experiences, we plead for information instruments that are tuned to and assist concrete target groups with their specific
interests. This helps that policy recommendations derived from PIA exercises are based on both scientific knowledge as well
as citizens' and stakeholders' policy preferences.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
C. Cosmi V. Cuomo M. Macchiato L. Mangiamele S. Masi M. Salvia 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2000,5(1):19-27
Air pollution is one of the most pressing environmental problems which affects likewise urban, industrial and rural areas.
Environmental planners, regulators and decision makers need reliable, scientifically based tools to find out strategies for
controlling air pollution in a cost-effective way, taking into account the whole productive system. In this framework the
basic elements of energy-environmental planning have to be extended to include also waste processing technologies amongst
the usually considered pollution sources. Bottom-up optimizing models, based on linear programming techniques and customized
for specific cases, represent a powerful tool in energy-environmental management. This paper focuses on the integrated modeling
of material flows and energy system performed on a local scale case study (Basilicata Region, Southern Italy) using the linear
programming model IEA-MARKAL. We have evaluated the feasibility of the model in representing the waste management system to
estimate the environmental impact of the waste processing technologies in the context of the whole productive system. A sensitivity
analysis has been carried out to emphasize the connections between tariffs, waste disposal technologies assessment and atmospheric
emissions.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
An integrated urban development and ecological simulation model 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
10.
Minh Ha-Duong 《Integrated Assessment》2001,2(4):209-218
Better software engineering such as archiving releases with version control, writing portable code, publishing documentation
and results closely tied to the code improves integrated assessment models' transparency and control. A case study of four
climate change policy analysis models found that source code and data was generally available, but for larger models licenses
were more restrictive with respect to modification and redistribution. It is suggested that Free software licenses such as
the GNU GPL would improve transparency and control. Moreover, opening the source allows opening the development process, a
potentially important tool to improve collaboration, data sharing and models integration.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
Decision–support systems in the field of integrated water management could benefit considerably from social science knowledge,
as many environmental changes are human-induced. Unfortunately the adequate incorporation of qualitative social science concepts
in a quantitative modeling framework is not straightforward. The applicability of fuzzy set theory and fuzzy cognitive maps
for the integration of qualitative scenarios in a decision–support system was examined for the urbanization of the coastal
city of Ujung Pandang, Indonesia. The results indicate that both techniques are useful tools for the design of integrated
models based on a combination of concepts from the natural and social sciences.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
A.C.D. Ertsen 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》1999,4(1):13-22
In the Netherlands the increasing demand for ecohydrological models on a regional (provincial) scale has resulted in the development
of an empirical statistical impact–assessment model for semi-natural terrestrial herbaceous ecosystems. This model, called
ITORS, describes the relationship between plant species and site factors such as soil, groundwater and management. The model,
developed for the region of Noord-Holland, is applied to support provincial policy on soil and water management.
The empirical statistical approach required the collection of a large set of field data, describing the biotic and environmental
variation of a variety of semi-natural terrestrial ecosystems in Noord-Holland. These data were used to calculate species
response models with help of logistic regression, resulting in significant models for 130 out of 144 species.
Significant species response models were incorporated in the computer program ITORS. With help of ITORS the effect of various
management scenarios can be easily evaluated, which is demonstrated by an example.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
A dynamic model for nitrifying trickling filters is developed, based on material balances in the biofilm and the bulk liquid.
The model predicts the profile of ammonia as a function of the operating parameters (volumetric flow rate and feed ammonia
concentration) and the biofilm thickness as a function of filter depth and time.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Integrated assessment (IA) can be defined as a structured process of dealing with complex issues, using knowledge from various
scientific disciplines and/or stakeholders, such that integrated insights are made available to decision makers (J. Rotmans,
Enviromental Modelling and Assessment 3 (1998) 155). There is a growing recognition that the participation of stakeholders
is a vital element of IA. However, only little is known about methodological requirements for such participatory IA and possible
insights to be gained from these approaches. This paper summarizes some of the experiences gathered in the ULYSSES project,
which aims at developing procedures that are able to bridge the gap between environmental science and democratic policy making
for the issue of climate change. The discussion is based on a total of 52 IA focus groups with citizens, run in six European
and one US city. In these groups, different computer models were used, ranging from complex and dynamic global models to simple
accounting tools. The analysis in this paper focuses on the role of the computer models. The findings suggest that the computer
models were successful at conveying to participants the temporal and spatial scale of climate change, the complexity of the
system and the uncertainties in our understanding of it. However, most participants felt that the computer models were less
instrumental for the exploration of policy options. Furthermore, both research teams and participants agreed that despite
considerable efforts, most models were not sufficiently user-friendly and transparent for being accessed in an IA focus group.
With that background, some methodological conclusions are drawn about the inclusion of the computer models in the deliberation
process. Furthermore, some suggestions are made about how given models should be adapted and new ones developed in order to
be helpful for participatory IA.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
Regulating Water Quantity and Quality in Irrigated Agriculture: Learning by Investing under Asymmetric Information 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
An input-based incentive approach for controlling an agricultural non-point source pollution problem is developed. A regulatory
agency designs a tax scheme and an investment policy to increase its informational base, in order to obtain the desirable
water use and emissions for a set of agricultural producers whose individual water use and emissions cannot be observed without
costly monitoring. The agency invests in order to increase observability of water use and emissions, and taxes the observed
variables. Learning effects enhance the process of acquiring information about the individual producers' behavior. The optimal
tax scheme and the cost minimizing monitoring program are determined.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
Long-term variability in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Atlantic thermohaline ocean circulation (THC) are both
shaping the European climate on time scales of decades and longer. Possible linear and non-linear changes in the characteristics
of these natural climate modes due to global warming are an important source of uncertainty in long-term regional projections
of future climate changes.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
The Third Conference of the Parties of the UN-FCCC (CoP-3) held in Kyoto in 1997 defined a Protocol with level of reduction
of the Greenhouse Gasses (GHGs) overall emissions for Italy of 6.5% with respect to 1990 emissions. A mathematical model was
created in order to evaluate the range of GHGs reduction effects obtained by upgrading waste collection, treatment and disposal
system to new Italian regulation.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
Donald W. Jones Kenneth S. Redus David J. Bjornstad 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2000,5(1):1-17
Prioritization of projects within the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Weapons Complex Clean-up Program, exemplified with
data from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is quite sensitive to overall goals. Non-linear programming analysis of three
alternative goals - mortgage reduction, terminal-period risk minimization, and current-period risk minimization - shows substantial
differences in waste treated, risk reduced, and cost over a ten-year period.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Lazaro V. Cremades 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2000,5(2):119-124
This paper presents two simple methods for the estimation of the instantaneous background air pollution level in a study area
around an emitting point source. The methods allow estimation of concentrations non-inclusive of the contribution of the local
emitting source. Hourly records of several monitoring stations located around the point source and results of the diagnostic
Lagrangian particle dispersion model LADISMO are used in the calculations. A hypothetical case study is used to demonstrate
the application of the two methods.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
Yu. Svirezhev V. Brovkin W. von Bloh H.J. Schellnhuber G. Petschel-Held 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》1999,4(1):23-33
A simple model has been designed to describe the interaction of climate and biosphere. Carbon dioxide, understood as a major
emitted gas, leads to a change of global climate. Economic interpretation of the model is based on the maximisation of the
global CO2 cumulative emissions. The two most important profiles of emission have been obtained: optimal and multi-exponential suboptimal
profiles, each displaying different characteristics.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献