超临界水氧化技术处理高浓度吡虫啉农药废水

采用超临界水氧化技术处理高浓度吡虫啉农药废水,通过单因素实验,较全面地研究温度、压力、停留时间、氧化剂用量等影响因素对吡虫啉农药实际废水在超临界水中氧化降解的规律;通过正交实验对反应条件进行优化,确定最佳反应条件为:过氧量充足、反应温度为450℃、反应压力为24 MPa、反应停留时间为140 s;采用GC-MS对吡虫啉的SCWO中间产物进行定性分析,得到中间产物的总离子谱图,结果表明经过SCWO处理后的吡虫啉生产废水主要中间产物为吡啶环等,进一步分解为直链烷烃,最终氧化为二氧化碳和水。     

超临界水氧化处理分散染料废水中含氮有机物的实验研究

采用H2O2为氧化剂,在连续蒸发壁式反应器中进行了超临界水氧化降解分散染料废水的实验.结果表明:超临界水氧化技术处理分散染料废水时,TOC的去除效果优于TN的去除效果.在25 MPa,380～460℃的条件下,短短30s的时间内,TOC去除率可达到90%以上,而TN去除率却只有45%～60%.随着温度和压力的升高以及氧化剂用量的增加,废水中TN浓度随之下降而NH3-N浓度却随之升高.     

超临界水氧化法处理剩余污泥的参数优化

为提高超临界水氧化法处理剩余污泥的效果,采用响应面分析法,以COD_Cr去除率为响应值,对超临界水氧化法处理剩余污泥的反应温度、反应压力、停留时间和氧化剂过氧比等参数进行优化. 结果表明:反应压力和反应温度是影响剩余污泥COD_Cr去除率的主要因素;反应压力、反应温度和停留时间存在交互作用;温度＜410 ℃,停留时间＜120 s时,压力对COD_Cr去除率的影响较大;最优化条件是反应温度为434 ℃,反应压力为29 MPa,停留时间为278 s和氧化剂过氧比为216%,此时,COD_Cr去除率试验值可达97.72%～98.32%.      

超临界水氧化法降解甲胺磷的研究

实验研究了典型有机磷农药甲胺磷在超临界水中的氧化降解.结果表明,超临界水氧化技术能有效地降解甲胺磷,COD去除率最高可达97%以上.随着反应温度的升高、压力的增大、停留时间的延长和初始废水浓度的增大,COD去除率也随之提高.甲胺磷在超临界水中氧化降解的动力学方程为:-d[COD]/dτ=8.69×105exp(-9.61×104/RT)1.09[O2]0-0.38.     

超临界水氧化处理TNT-RDX混合炸药废水的试验

采用超临界水氧化(supercritical water oxidation,SCWO)技术对TNT-RDX混合炸药废水进行氧化处理,研究了反应温度、压力、停留时间、过氧量等因素对降解效果的影响。结果表明:采用超临界水氧化技术能够迅速将TNT-RDX废水中的有机物彻底分解为无害的CO2和N2,随反应温度的升高、压力的增大、反应时间的延长,COD去除率也随之提高。过氧量对废水有机物氧化的COD去除率的影响依赖于反应的进程。当反应温度超过550℃,反应时间>120 s时,TNT-RDX废水的COD去除率>99%,完全达到了国家火炸药水污染物排放标准的要求。     

催化超临界水氧化技术处理香料废水研究

采用催化超临界水氧化(CSCWO)技术对香料废水进行氧化处理,研究了催化剂浓度、反应温度、压力、停留时间等因素对废水COD、TN去除效果的影响.结果表明:在超临界水中添加cu2+催化剂后有机物的去除效率与无催化剂时相比有显著的提高.香料废水中COD、TN的去除率随催化剂浓度、反应温度和压力的升高,停留时间的延长而提高....     

连续式超临界水氧化反应器处理对苯甲酸模拟废水

超临界水氧化技术是一种高效的有机废水处理方法。本文建立了一种连续式超临界水氧化实验装置。考察了不同的反应温度、反应时间对苯甲酸模拟废水的降解转化率的影响。实验结果表明：在反应时间是5min时,转化率为78．75％,随停留时间的增加降解转化率逐渐增大。在反应进行到25min时。苯甲酸的转化已基本接近100％。本实验研究结果对处理有机废水的新技术推广有一定的促进作用。     

水氧化法降解高浓度食品废水中COD的实验研究

本文采用超临界水氧化法处理高浓度的食品废水,研究了不同温度、压力、反应时间等因素对高浓度食品废水降解效果的影响。研究结果表明:反应温度,压力和时间都影响高浓度食品废水COD的降解效果,升高温度、增大压力和延长反应时间都将提高废水的处理效果,在相同的反应时间下温度对处理效果的影响要大于反应压力。     

超临界水氧化法处理制浆黑液

造纸黑液是较难处理的工业废水。以工业纯氧为氧化剂,采用自制的间歇式超临界水氧化系统对麦草制浆黑液进行处理,根据实验数据分析了超临界水氧化过程中不同反应温度,时间,氧气浓度对该废水COD处理效率的影响。实验结果表明,选定合理的实验参数,COD去除率可达99.8%。     

超临界水氧化分散染料分子研究

在380～460℃,20-30MPa条件下,对分散红60染料分子在超临界水中氧化降解情况进行了研究.结果表明,随着反应温度,压力和氧化剂量增加,废水中有机物(以CODCr表示)去除率逐步上升.染料分子在很短时间内被氧化分解生成以苯酚、苯甲酸、邻苯二甲酸为主的中间产物.推导得出了分散红染料分子在超临界水中的降解路径.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.