生物质废弃物制氢技术

本文介绍了利用生物质废弃物和微生物制氢的几种技术，分析了每种技术的制氢原理、制氢效益和发展状况；并提出生物质催化气化制氢是实现能源结构转变及环境保护的有效手段，是很有前景的一种生物质废弃物制氢方法。     

生物质气化技术及其在西部地区的应用浅析

生物质气化技术作为环保、高效地利用生物质资源的重要方式,正受到广泛关注。文章围绕生物质气化的原理、气化炉的分类和特点展开论述;分析了影响生物质气化过程的若干关键因素,并综述了生物质气化技术在国内外的研究与应用现状;最后结合西部地区实际生物质资源状况,展望了生物质气化技术在西部地区的应用前景。     

基于文献计量的生物质气化研究发展态势分析

生物质气化是实现生物质分布式开发和能源化转化的有效途径,用途广泛灵活性强,助力清洁能源系统构建,在世界范围内得到了广泛研究与应用。采用文献计量分析结合S型曲线及可视化工具,对2001-2020年Web of Science Core数据库中"Biomass gasification"主题的12034篇研究论文进行了定量分析。结果表明:生物质气化主题研究论文以稳定的年增长率从2001年的58篇增加到2020年的1517篇;发文量的S型曲线表明:生物质气化技术在未来的15年仍有很大的创新及发展潜力;中国的累计论文发表数量最多(3201篇,占全球总发文量的26.60%),在国际合作网络中占据核心地位,而欧美国家的发文质量相对更高;关键词共现及演进路径分析表明,生物质气化副产物的高值化利用、新型气化工艺的开发(耦合工艺、化学链气化)、对碳中和的潜在贡献及"能源、火用、经济、环境"综合效益评价成为新的研究重点。     

生物质锅炉在乙醇生产废醪液的处理工业应用

在此就生物质锅炉气化燃烧技术,对在生物质原料生产乙醇过程中产废醪液进行处理工业应用进行阐述,并对生物质锅炉的技术工艺、研制进行了分析、阐明及探讨.     

生物质气化技术现状及应用前景展望

本文根据目前我国生物质气化的特点和现状，分析了生物质气化的技术性与经济性，提出了发展气化的制约因素及推广应用的前景。     

新型农村生物质气化站的建设与运行模式探讨

针对目前农村生物质气化站不能正常运转的原因进行了简单分析,提出了建设新型农村生物质气化站,重点对这种新型农村气化站的建设和运行模式进行了探讨,新型农村气化站在生物质气生产技术上选择中温热解制气,在输配技术上以集中制气、区域配送为主,在建设和运行上以专业化为主,以此来解决目前生物质气化站存在的问题.     

等离子体热解气化有机废弃物制氢的关键技术分析

等离子体热解气化有机固体废物制氢是一种先进高效的废物处理及资源化利用技术.首先,本文讨论了等离子体热解气化有机废弃物的机理,也概括了等离子体发生器的类型及其特点,其次分析了等离子体处理固体废弃物的影响因素,认为输入功率和载气类型等是影响等离子体处理的主要因素,最后总结了等离子体处理医疗垃圾、农林生物质、污泥等的应用现状与前景,指出等离子体热解气化固体废弃物是一种很有潜力的制氢方法.     

新型生物质燃料气化环保节能工业锅炉研究

伴随着能源的短缺,节能环保理念在社会生产的各个领域中得以应用。生物质能源是可再生能源的重要组成部分,其应用广泛,成本低,充分的利用生物质燃抖,能够有效的缓解能源紧张的问题。随着科技逐渐发展,新型的生物质燃料气化环保节能工业锅炉的研发,将生物质的燃烧率提升,是一种科学环保的锅妒。基于此,在本文中对新型的生物质燃料气化环保节能工业锅炉进行研究。     

微囊藻生物质性质对超临界水气化产氢的影响

微囊藻水华的常态化暴发致使每年产生大量难处理的高含水率废弃微囊藻生物质,超临界水气化技术可越过高能耗的脱水工艺实现其减量化、无害化处理及资源化利用。该文聚焦微囊藻生物质作为超临界水气化反应原料、在堆积及自然腐解条件下的初始含水率及腐解程度变化,明确生物质原料初始含水率及腐解程度等条件与超临界水气化产物的质量分布规律、产气产氢特性、以及能耗分析的作用关系。70%～96.15%范围内的含水率变化对微囊藻生物质SCWG产氢存在一定影响,在其脱水能耗允许程度内降低含水率能够有效改善处理效率及能源转化效率;微囊藻生物质15 d腐解程度时TOC约降低15%,而该阶段的产氢效率能够稳定维持在3.0 mol/kg左右。研究成果将为今后微囊藻生物质超临界水气化处理的高能效产业化应用提供必要的理论支撑依据。     

我国农村推广秸秆类生物质气化集中供气技术探讨

从提高秸秆类生物质利用效率与利用价值、提高农民生活质量与生活品位、减少污染、充分利用可再生能源资源和延缓不可再生能源资源的持续利用等,阐明推广应用秸秆类生物质气化集中供气技术的重要意义;介绍气化基本原理与工艺流程,秸秆类生物质粉碎后通过干燥、裂解反应、氧化反应和还原反应,即可完成气化全过程;气化工程由燃气发生炉机组、储气柜、输气管网和用户燃气设备4部分组成;秸秆类生物质燃气与城市管道煤气具有共同的特点。     

Market opportunities for coal gasification in China

Coal gasification is a technology that has been around for 200 yr. With the recent technology advances in the past 20 yr, it has become an option for the clean production of power and other energy forms. China will continue to be the largest user of coal in the world. Coal is the source of energy in almost every area of everyday life in China. This paper is an overview of the prospects of coal gasification in China. It discusses the opening of Chinese markets to more private sector participation. In particular the paper focuses on the energy sector and coal as the both an economic development variable and a factor in climate change. Clean coal technologies can be apart of the production cycle in China and hence can impact the Chinese economy in a positive manner as well as lower the current high levels of atmospheric pollution. Proven integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) technologies in new production methods and applications can provide China with its rising energy needs and reduce the SOX, NOX and particulates in the atmosphere. The results of IGCC can support the Chinese economy as it moves into the future.     

Strategic Niche Management in an unstable regime: Biomass gasification in India

This paper analyses the development and implementation of biomass gasifiers in India. Based on literature reviews and fieldwork, an historical narrative is presented starting with laboratory experiments in the 1980s up to commercial applications after 2000. This narrative is analysed using the Strategic Niche Management framework. We conclude with the benefit of hindsight that technological expectations where generally too high. The biomass gasification technology is not easy to design and operate and needs to be embedded in a stable institutional set up to allow learning, knowledge transfer, regulation and funding. We also conclude that, in contrast with theoretical predictions, up-scaling the niche suffers from regime instability rather than regime stability, as there is a need to give more security to investors and end-users. For instance through setting clear and long-term condition for grid-connected biomass gasification systems and feed-in schemes. Up-scaling through local off-grid applications where enough technical competence is available is the most likely trend in the near future.     

Economic potential of biomass gasification projects under clean development mechanism in India

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol provides Annex-I (industrialized) countries with an incentive to invest in emission reduction projects in non-Annex-I (developing) countries to achieve a reduction in CO₂ emissions at lowest cost that also promotes sustainable development in the host country. Biomass gasification projects could be of interest under the CDM because they directly displace greenhouse gas emissions while contributing to sustainable rural development. However, there is only one biomass gasifier project registered under the CDM so far. In this study, an attempt has been made to assess the economic potential of biomass gasifier-based projects under CDM in India. The preliminary estimates based on this study indicate that there is a vast theoretical potential of CO₂ mitigation by the use of biomass gasification projects in India.The results indicate that in India around 74 million tonne agricultural residues as a biomass feedstock can be used for energy applications on an annual basis. In terms of the plant capacity the potential of biomass gasification projects could reach 31 GW that can generate more than 67 TWh electricity annually. The annual CER potential of biomass gasification projects in India could theoretically reach 58 million tonnes. Under more realistic assumptions about diffusion of biomass gasification projects based on past experiences with the government-run programmes, annual CER volumes by 2012 could reach 0.4–1.0 million and 1.0–3.0 million by 2020. The projections based on the past diffusion trend indicate that in India, even with highly favorable assumptions, the dissemination of biomass gasification projects is not likely to reach its maximum estimated potential in another 50 years. CDM could help to achieve the maximum utilization potential more rapidly as compared to the current diffusion trend if supportive policies are introduced.     

Modern Biomass Conversion Technologies

This article gives an overview of the state-of-the-art of key biomass conversion technologies currently deployed and technologies that may play a key role in the future, including possible linkage to CO₂ capture and sequestration technology (CCS). In doing so, special attention is paid to production of biofuels for the transport sector, because this is likely to become the key emerging market for large-scale sustainable biomass use. Although the actual role of bio-energy will depend on its competitiveness with fossil fuels and on agricultural policies worldwide, it seems realistic to expect that the current contribution of bio-energy of 40–55 EJ per year will increase considerably. A range from 200 to 300 EJ may be observed looking well into this century, making biomass a more important energy supply option than mineral oil today. A key issue for bio-energy is that its use should be modernized to fit into a sustainable development path. Especially promising are the production of electricity via advanced conversion concepts (i.e. gasification and state-of-the-art combustion and co-firing) and modern biomass derived fuels like methanol, hydrogen and ethanol from ligno-cellulosic biomass, which can reach competitive cost levels within 1–2 decades (partly depending on price developments with petroleum). Sugar cane based ethanol production already provides a competitive biofuel production system in tropical regions and further improvements are possible. Flexible energy systems, in which biomass and fossil fuels can be used in combination, could be the backbone for a low risk, low cost and low carbon emission energy supply system for large scale supply of fuels and power and providing a framework for the evolution of large scale biomass raw material supply systems. The gasification route offers special possibilities to combine this with low cost CO₂ capture (and storage), resulting in concepts that are both flexible with respect to primary fuel input as well as product mix and with the possibility of achieving zero or even negative carbon emissions. Prolonged RD&D efforts and biomass market development, consistent policy support and international collaboration are essential to achieve this.     

生物质能利用技术-厌氧消化技术的研究新进展

厌氧消化技术是最重要的生物质能利用技术之一。厌氧消化技术是实现废物污染防治和能源回收利用的有效方法。本文综述了厌氧消化技术利用生物质废物回收利用生物质能的最新研究进展,分别介绍了生物质废物厌氧发酵产乳酸,氢气和甲烷的机理,研究现状和存在的问题,并对其进一步发展和未来的应用前景进行了分析和展望,为寻找适合中国的垃圾处理技术提供一些参考。     

Renewable hydrogen production: a technical evaluation based on process simulation

An evaluation of different hydrogen production technologies based on renewable raw materials and/or renewable energy is presented. The evaluation comprises alkaline electrolysis, steam reforming of both biogas and gasification gas, the coupled dark and photo fermentation as well as the coupled dark and biogas fermentation. Each technology is investigated with different plant layouts and/or different raw materials. All examined technologies are designed to produce hydrogen in a quality suitable for the use in mobile fuel cells. The presented evaluation is based on the hydrogen production efficiency and the energy efficiency of the processes.