US/FeEDTA/H2O2协同降解壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚废水研究

采用US/FeEDTA/H2O2体系协同降解壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚废水.探讨了初始pH值、H2O2质量浓度、FeEDTA质量浓度、超声波功率以及壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的初始质量浓度对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚降解效果的影响及FeEDTA/H2O2和超声波之间的协同效应.结果表明,US/FeEDTA/H2O2体系降解壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚废水时产生较强的协同作用,而不是简单的几何叠加.US/FeEDTA/H2O2体系对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的去除率比超声波与FeEDTA/H2O2体系的几何叠加的去除率高出约60%.在pH=9、H2O2质量浓度250 kg/L、FeEDTA质量浓度100 mg/L、超声波功率600 W的条件下,对初始质量浓度为100 mg/L的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚溶液降解2 h,其去除率在99%以上.     

生物表面活性剂产生菌处理水体石油污染物的研究

为研究水体石油污染物的生物处理方法,通过富集培养、蓝色凝胶平板分离初筛、摇瓶复筛等方法从长期被石油污染的油泥中筛选生物表面活性剂产生菌.采用薄层层析显色法和红外光谱法鉴定该菌所产表面活性剂种类,测定表面活性剂的乳化性能、表面张力和临界胶束浓度等性能,并对菌株降解水体石油污染物的影响因素及效果进行了研究.结果表明,筛选出的生物表面活性剂高产菌株LJ2所产表面活性剂为糖脂,其乳化指数为33％,25℃下可将水的表面张力从71.14 mN/m降至27.22 mN/m,临界胶束质量浓度为5 mg/L;当表面活性剂水溶液质量浓度为100 mg/L时,其乳化指数可达50％.温度、降解时间以及NaCl质量分数对菌株LJ2处理水体石油污染效果影响很大.在34℃条件下处理5d,菌株LJ2对质量浓度为2 g/L的水体石油污染物的降解率高达99.5％.研究表明,生物表面活性剂产生菌L J2对水体石油污染物有良好的降解效果,而且该菌还对水体中较高浓度的NaCl有一定的耐受性.     

苯酚强降解菌的筛选及温度对降解的影响

以江油市某以石油为原料生产甲醇的甲醇厂污水处理站污泥和分析纯苯酚为原料,通过富集培养,涂布平板法(Spread plate method)和平板划线法(Streak plate method)进行菌株分离,并采用不断加大苯酚质量浓度的方法对PD2菌株置于34 ℃、150 r/min的摇床上进行振荡驯化培养,得到以苯酚为唯一碳源,能降解高酚浓度的优势降酚菌.PD2菌株经过6代驯化后的试验表明: 该菌58 h对质量浓度为1 100 mg/L苯酚的降解率达98.6%,58 h对质量浓度为1 400 mg/L苯酚的降解率达94.3%,60 h对质量浓度为2 200 mg/L苯酚的降解率达83.6%.说明一定范围内提高苯酚的质量浓度可以提高PD2菌株降解苯酚的酶的活性.在不同温度下观察菌株的生长及对苯酚的降解情况,结果表明,该菌最佳降解苯酚温度为34 ℃.     

一株石油烃降解菌对原油的降解特性

从山东胜利油田沿海滩涂石油污染水体中分离得到1株以原油为唯一碳源的降解菌E-2.通过对原油降解率的测定,发现菌株E-2对石油具有较强的降解能力.在条件初步优化下培养5d,其对原油的降解率在扣除自然降解部分后达到50.51%.E-2最适宜生长条件为:温度37℃,pH =7.5.当NaCl质量浓度为0～5g·L-1,原油质量分数为0.75%～1.5%时菌株E-2处于最佳生长状态.通过GC-MS分析,菌株E-2对原油中链烃C34～C38的部分降解最显著,对链烃C26 ～ C33也有一定的降解作用,表明E-2对长链烃类的降解具有明显的优势.菌株E-2与优势菌株HB-1按1∶1组成混合菌液,两种菌株仍能各自显著降解链烃碳源,同时对C16～C30的降解明显增强,反映了两菌对这一段碳链的协同降解效果.HB-1与E-2按1∶1混合,石油降解率提高到63.62%(单独HB-1菌株石油降解率为54.62%);HB-1与E-2按1∶3混合,其降解率为80.60%;HB -1与E-2按3∶1混合,降解率为81.83%.     

一株蜡状芽孢杆菌降解毒死蜱的影响因素研究

为了明确一株蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus HY-2)对毒死蜱的降解特性,在基础培养基中定量添加毒死蜱和降解菌进行混合摇培,每12 h取样检测毒死蜱残留量和菌株生长量,研究了接种量、毒死蜱初始质量浓度和含盐量等因素对菌株降解毒死蜱的影响。结果表明,接种量为8%(体积分数,接种体密度为OD600=3.0)时对80mg/L毒死蜱的降解率最高,为53%。随毒死蜱初始质量浓度增加,菌株的生长受到不同程度的抑制,然而随着毒死蜱的降解,菌体的生长量迅速增加,培养液的p H值随降解菌的增殖而逐渐上升。毒死蜱初始质量浓度为40~150 mg/L时,随降解时间延长,毒死蜱的残留质量浓度逐渐下降;而毒死蜱初始质量浓度为200 mg/L时,毒死蜱质量浓度在降解过程中出现了先上升后下降、然后逐渐下降的现象。降解菌对Na Cl有较高的耐受度,当Na Cl质量浓度为20~70 g/L时,降解菌在60 h时对80 mg/L毒死蜱的降解率为27%~53%。     

一株DDT降解菌的鉴定及其生物学特性

利用DDT为唯一碳源筛选、纯化得到DDT降解菌株DT1,通过形态特征、生理生化特性及系统发育分析鉴定为假单胞菌属细菌(Pseudomonas sp.)。通过单因子试验及差异显著性分析得到菌株DT1的最佳生长条件为37℃、初始p H值8.0、DDT初始质量浓度20mg/L、最适Na Cl质量浓度1 mg/L。通过正交试验优化菌株DT1的降解能力,最优方案为温度37℃、p H值9.0、DDT初始质量浓度30 mg/L,可将DDT降解率提高到60.85%。影响其降解能力的环境因素从主到次依次为温度、p H值、DDT初始质量浓度。     

细菌与真菌优化组合降解污水中氰化物研究

研究降氰细菌与真菌组合对工业废水中氰化物的降解性能.将从电镀厂水样和活性污泥中分离出的8株降氰细菌与降氰真菌的悬浮液进行等体积混合,以降氰效果最佳的混菌组合为研究对象,研究其组成比例、废水温度、废水pH值、降解时间和摇床转速对降氰率的影响,并在试验得到的适宜降解条件下处理电镀厂实际含氰废水.结果表明,除2#细菌和真菌及9#细菌和真菌的组合外,其他混菌组合的降氰率均优于已筛选获得的单菌株,其中8#细菌与真菌组合的降氰率最高.该组合的适宜降氰条件为8#细菌悬浮液∶真菌悬浮液=3∶2(体积比)、34 ℃、pH=6.0、降解20 h、114 r/min转速.适宜降氰条件下,菌液∶废水∶细菌生长培养基=1∶1∶1(体积比)时,8#细菌与真菌组合对氰化物质量浓度为202 mg/L、42.9 mg/L、9.07 mg/L、1.57 mg/L和1.09 mg/L的5种实际废水的降氰率分别为84.85%、82.77%、80.37%、80.25%和79.82%.其中,氰化物初始质量浓度为1.57 mg/L和1.09 mg/L时,废水经混菌降解处理后的氰化物质量浓度低于0.5 mg/L,符合国家一级排放标准(GB 8978-88)(≤0.5 mg/L).研究表明,8#细菌与真菌混合菌的降氰率较高,在实际含氰废水处理中具有良好的应用前景.     

一株甲拌磷降解菌的诱变选育与降解特性研究

从甲拌磷污染的土壤中驯化分离得到1株能够以甲拌磷为唯一碳源生长的革兰氏阴性细菌JZ1-黏着剑菌(Ensifer adhaerens sp.).最初,该菌株在24 h内对200 mg/L甲拌磷的降解率为42.2%.当驯化质量浓度为800 mg/L时,JZ1对200mg/L甲拌磷的降解率达到56.3%.以JZ1为出发菌经化学诱变和紫外诱变后获得菌株JZ1-II.JZ1-II对甲拌磷的降解作用明显增加:当盐酸羟胺质量分数为2%时,降解率提高至67.8%; 进一步经紫外照射45 s,降解率提高至83.2%.气相色谱法测定甲拌磷的降解动态,在JZ1-II的作用下,甲拌磷在12～24 h内下降迅速,24 h后降解率基本稳定在83%.采用氯化亚锡法测定培养基中总磷和无机磷的含量,分析甲拌磷的降解途径,甲拌磷的降解过程应为:甲拌磷(O,O-二乙基-S-乙硫基甲基二硫代磷酸酯)首先降解为二乙基磷酸,继而转变为磷酸.     

乐果UV-TiO_2光催化降解产物对LGX9敏感菌株的毒性

为准确反映乐果UV-TiO2光催化液对环境生物的毒性作用,以乐果敏感菌株LGX9为受试对象,研究了TiO2、H2O2、Fe2+、通入空气、初始pH值等因素对乐果UV-TiO2光催化液降解率及抑菌率的影响规律。结果表明,当乐果初始质量浓度为200 mg/L、反应温度为30℃时,在反应体系TiO2质量浓度1.0 g/L、H2O2浓度0.025 mol/L、Fe2+浓度0.002 mol/L,且以3.5 L/min通入空气、初始pH值为1的条件下,反应1 h后,乐果降解率为92.70%,对LGX9菌株生长已无抑制作用。研究表明,利用乐果敏感菌株LGX9可以有效反映乐果光催化降解液对环境的毒性作用。     

涕灭威降解菌培养条件的优化及降解特性研究

分别在山东泰安、聊城、菏泽、枣庄、潍坊长期施用涕灭威的农田采集土样,通过富集培养法筛选出1株降解涕灭威能力较高的细菌ZH-1,经生理生化与分子鉴定,该菌株为鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobac-terium sp.).为使该菌能更好地用于涕灭威残留污染治理,研究其生长和降解的适宜条件.结果表明.适合ZH-1菌株生长和降解的最佳碳源和氮源分别为蔗糖和硝酸钠;振荡(120 r/min)培养时该菌的适宜降解温度为30℃,且在低温时的生长和降解能力优于高温;培养基适宜pH值为7,且偏酸性条件下菌株的降解能力高于偏碱性条件;外加氮源硝酸钠的适宜质量分数为0.3%.在适宜培养条件下,恒温振荡培养5 d后菌株ZH-1对初始质量浓度为12.5 mg/L、25 mg/L、50mg/L、100mg/L、200mg/L的涕灭威的降解率分别为51%、58%、69%、50%、35%,对涕灭威的绝对去除量随着涕火威初始质量浓度的增加而增加.外加氮源质量分数低于0.3%时,菌株的生长量随外加氮源质量分数的增加而增加,因此可在实际应用中加入一定氮源以促进该菌的生长.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。