环境一号卫星CCD数据在太湖蓝藻水华遥感监测中的应用

利用环境一号卫星(HJ-1)CCD数据,对太湖水华进行遥感监测,并比对同时相的EOS/MODIS卫星遥感数据。结果表明,HJ-1星CCD数据具有优于EOS/MODIS数据的蓝藻水华识别能力,并有良好抗云层干扰能力,适合用于太湖蓝藻水华应急监测。     

环境一号卫星多光谱数据在巢湖蓝藻动态监测中的应用

采用环境一号卫星(HJ1A/1B)的多光谱(CCD)数据,通过影像预处理提取巢湖湖域蓝藻的归一化植被指数(NDVI),对巢湖湖域的蓝藻进行动态遥感监测,在GIS平台上计算蓝藻在研究时段内的平均空间分布、模拟其变化趋势及平均改善速度,结果表明,HJ1A/1B-CCD影像数据具有较高时空分辨率,对巢湖湖域蓝藻的识别能力强;巢湖湖域生态环境总体较好,蓝藻只是在局部湖域暴发,其中蓝藻极高密度区、高密度区呈团状、片状,主要集中分布在巢湖西湖区北部沿岸,并且为楔形向中心延伸;巢湖蓝藻暴发的湖域总体呈现改善趋势,但各区改善的程度、速度差异较大,原因复杂,尤其是西湖区北部沿岸不仅改善速度缓、改善程度不佳,甚至出现退化;巢湖西区应以治理为主、监测为重,东区则以着重监测。     

Community air monitoring for pesticides. Part 1: selecting pesticides and a community

The CA Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) developed methods to select pesticides and a community to fulfill criteria for an ambient air monitoring study it conducted as part of the CA Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Justice Action Plan. Using a scoring system, CDPR evaluated 100 pesticides based on statewide-reported pesticide use, volatility, and priority in CDPR's risk assessment process (indicators of exposure and toxicity) to produce a list of pesticides to consider as candidates for monitoring. The CDPR also evaluated and scored 83 communities based on demographics and health factors, availability of cumulative impacts data, and reported pesticide use to create a list of community candidates. The scores provide relative rankings to distinguish more highly impacted communities from less impacted ones and to identify which pesticides might contribute most to potential adverse health effects. These methods use criteria that can be quantified, validated, and verified in order to provide a transparent and fair selection process. Based on public comments and highest scores, CDPR recommended 40 pesticides (including some of their degradation products) and one community for its yearlong monitoring study. The CDPR then further refined its list of pesticides by soliciting input from local and technical advisory groups. The CDPR plans to use these methods to select pesticides and communities in future monitoring activities.     

A Pilot Study on Using Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene Biomarker for Exposure to PAHs in Beijing

To study whether the urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) could be the biomarker of atmospheric PAHs, a small-scale pilot study was carried out on the relation of 1-OHP vs PAHs with the traffic policemen in Beijing of smokers and nonsmokers to be subgroups in both the exposure and control groups. Both the PAHs and 1-OHP were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The ambient concentrations of PAHs were different at the different sites (the average sum of PAHs (TPAH) were 12.36, 16.27, 18.37 ng/m³ at the suburban residential, police station and high traffic area, respectively.), but considerably lower than the personal-exposure concentrations (the average TPAH were 65.84 and 47.28 ng/m³ for patrol cars and inspection station, respectively). Pyrene was correlated well with BaP and the summed PAHs (TPAH), with the correlation coefficients (R) of 0.79, 0.87 for ambient level and 0.92, 0.96 for personal exposure, respectively. The average of 1-hydroxypyrene of smokers and nonsmokers were 0.39, 0.15 μmol/mol creatinine in control group and 0.57, 0.33 μmol/mol creatinine in exposure group, respectively. The better correlation of pyrene to BaP and TPAH especially for personal exposure samples indicated that the probability of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, the metabolite of pyrene, to be the biomarker of total PAH. Nonsmokers in the exposure and control groups had indistinguishable levels of 1-OHP, presumably because the ambient levels of pyrene were so similar (the average were 3.25, 3.20 ng/m³ at the police station and high traffic area, respectively.). Smokers in the control group had significantly higher 1-OHP than that of the nonsmokers, but showed indistinguishable differences in the exposure group. These results suggested that urinary 1-OHP could be a biomarker of PAHs only when the level of PAHs was at a relatively higher level. Smoking as an important influencing factor need to be controlled carefully.     

Development,Calibration and Verification of a 1-D Flow Model for a Looped River Network

This paper presents the development, calibration and verification of a looped river network model. After introducing the governing equations, the established numerical model is calibrated employing measurements conducted on the Danube River and its two main tributaries in Serbia, the Sava and Tisa rivers. The calibration is done by altering the Strickler’s coefficient using three different approaches, assigning a constant value of the coefficient in a cross section, setting the coefficient as a function of discharge and, finally, connecting the Strickler’s coefficient to local depth. The verification is conducted by comparing the computed results, for all three of the considered methods, with measurements for the time interval from January 1st to December 31st of the year 2006. Careful examination of the obtained results helped to select the most suitable calibration method for future reference. The selected approach gave better agreement of computed and measured values, has a clear physical explanation and enables faster and easier calibration.     

Fluorescence immunoassay using an optical fiber for determination of Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f1)

Immunoassay methods are generally used for measuring of allergenic substances. However, they need special facilities, skilled handling, and time-consuming procedure. In this work, a fiber-optic immunoassay system which could measure allergen by fluorescent intensities of immune complexes formed by allergens and fluorescently labeled antibodies was established. Immune complexes absorbed on the optical fiber probe surface, and excitation light was injected into the probe, then evanescent field is created in the proximity of the probe. The fluorophores were excited by the evanescent light, and fluorescence was detected by a photo diode. The target allergen detected by our system was Der f1 derived from Dermatophagoides farinae that is one of the house dust mite and major source of inhaled allergens. The fluorophore used labeling on detecting antibody was cyanine 5. The system enabled to detect and quantitatively determine of Der f1. The measurement range was from 0.24 to 250?ng/ml, and the result competes with ELISA. The measurement time was 16?min/sample. The immunoassay system was applied to measurement of Der f1 from actual dust samples. Calculated values of Der f1 showed good correlations between the fiber-optic fluoroimmunoassay and ELISA.     

灰色系统模型GM（1,1）的参数估计方法

提出了灰色系统模型ＧＭ（１,１）参数优化估计的一种新方法－－加速遗传算法,分析了该算法控制参数的优化特性,总结了这些参数的简便设置技术,并给出了它的几个应用实例,该方法也可用于其它环境工程优化计算中。     

Cytogenetic evaluation and the association with polymorphisms of the CPY1A1 and NR1I3 genes in individuals exposed to BTEX

The gas station attendants are exposed daily to chemical agents that compose gasoline, such as BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), and the exposure to these agents can cause a variety of effects on the human health. Among the various possible cell alterations associated with these exposures are the formation of micronuclei and of binucleated cells which are used as indicators of clastogenic action. Benzene, the main carcinogenic agent, is metabolized to more soluble forms and easily excreted by isoenzymes of cytochrome P450, such as CYP1A1. The CYP1A1 gene is highly polymorphic and one of its allele variations can be detected by the use of restriction endonucleasis MspI and is originated by the transition of a thymine by a cytosine (3798T>C), resulting in the polymorphic allele CYP1A1*2A. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytogenetic damage induced by the exposure to BTEX and to associate it with the polymorphisms of the CYP1A1 and NR1I3 genes. Samples of exfoliated cells from the oral mucosa of 27 gas station attendants and from a control group were collected. The results found show that the group exposed to BTEX presents significantly higher alterations than those in the control group for micronuclei (MN; 6.85?±?1.33 vs. 2.96?±?1.91, P?<?0.001) and for the total of nuclear alterations observed (MN + binucleated cells (BNC); 9.59?±?4.73 vs. 5.07?±?2.21, P?<?0.001). When comparing the cytological alterations and the genotypes among the exposed individuals for the polymorphism 3798T>C of the CYP1A1 gene, homozygotes TT present MN + BNC significantly higher than carriers of the allele C (10.88?±?5.36 vs. 5.33?±?2.52, P?=?0.028). No association was observed in the control group or for the NR1I3 gene. These results show that molecular and cytogenetic data can be used in the future as tools to monitor individuals exposed to such compounds.     

Assessment of phenol infiltration resilience in soil media by HYDRUS-1D transport model for a waste discharge site

The movement of contaminants through soil imparts a variety of geo-environmental problem inclusive of lithospheric pollution. Near-surface aquifers are often vulnerable to contamination from surface source if overlying soil possesses poor resilience or contaminant attenuation capacity. The prediction of contaminant transport through soil is urged to protect groundwater from sources of pollutants. Using field simulation through column experiments and mathematical modeling like HYDRUS-1D, assessment of soil resilience and movement of contaminants through the subsurface to reach aquifers can be predicted. An outfall site of effluents of a coke oven plant comprising of alarming concentration of phenol (4–12.2 mg/L) have been considered for studying groundwater condition and quality, in situ soil characterization, and effluent characterization. Hydrogeological feature suggests the presence of near-surface aquifers at the effluent discharge site. Analysis of groundwater of nearby locality reveals the phenol concentration (0.11–0.75 mg/L) exceeded the prescribed limit of WHO specification (0.002 mg/L). The in situ soil, used in column experiment, possess higher saturated hydraulic conductivity (K _S ?=?5.25?×?10^?4 cm/s). The soil containing 47 % silt, 11 % clay, and 1.54 % organic carbon content was found to be a poor absorber of phenol (24 mg/kg). The linear phenol adsorption isotherm model showed the best fit (R ²?=?0.977, RMSE?=?1.057) to the test results. Column experiments revealed that the phenol removal percent and the length of the mass transfer zone increased with increasing bed heights. The overall phenol adsorption efficiency was found to be 42–49 %. Breakthrough curves (BTCs) predicted by HYDRUS-1D model appears to be close fitting with the BTCs derived from the column experiments. The phenol BTC predicted by the HYDRUS-1D model for 1.2 m depth subsurface soil, i.e., up to the depth of groundwater in the study area, showed that the exhaustion point was reached within 12 days of elapsed time. This clearly demonstrated poor attenuation capacity of the soil to retard migration of phenol to the groundwater from the surface outfall site. Suitable liner, based on these data, may be designed to inhibit subsurface transport of phenol and thereby to protect precious groundwater from contamination.     

Performance evaluation of 1-D numerical model HEC-RAS towards modeling sediment depositions and sediment flushing operations for the reservoirs

Sediment inflow to the reservoir is a key factor to calculate life of the reservoir. Flushing is a very useful technique in order to enhance the life of reservoir. From the literature review, 14 reservoirs were considered where flushing has already been practiced and only 6 reservoirs were found successful in flushing. The others were found partially flushed. In this research, data of three successfully flushed reservoirs namely Baira reservoir (India), Gebidem reservoir (Switzerland), and Gmund reservoir (Austria) were used to run 1-D numerical model HEC-RAS. In the first phase, the longitudinal profiles of delta were modeled and calibrated with observed sediment depositions. In the presence of available data of discharges and respective reservoir levels, the modeled deltas were used for flushing the deltas. With the help of modeled delta and corresponding flushing discharges, sediment deposition and flushing durations were computed. The simulated flushed durations were 31, 102, and 180 h for Baira, Gebidem, and Gmund reservoirs, respectively. The simulated flushed durations were found close to observed durations. Hence, the use of 1-D numerical model HEC-RAS is encouraged for modeling of sediment deposits and flushing operations.     

Brown trout as a sentinel organism for organic pollution in the field using catalytic and immunochemical assays of cytochrome P-450 1A

The measurement in some living organisms of adequate biomarkers (e.g. cytochrome P-450) to assess the organic pollution in freshwater ecosystems is well established. However, the sensitivity of this approach depends on the analytical measurement method employed and on the chosen living organism for the biomonitoring. Three analytical methods were compared for measuring cytochrome P-450 1A levels in wild brown trout (Salmo trutta): a catalytic one, based on measurement of the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, and two immunochemical methods, namely, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting. The P-450 1A levels in those animals from a river located in an industrialized area (Trubia River, Northern Spain) and also from individuals living in a low-contamination reference area have been studied. Significant differences (Mann-Whitney U-test, P < 0.01) between rivers were found (ELISA and EROD assays), with the values for Trubia river being similar to those observed in laboratory experiments with well known P-450 1A inducers. However, no significant differences were observed in terms of sex and age. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of a single band of 56 kDa (corresponding with P-450 1 A protein) in microsomes of fish caught in the Trubia river. On the other hand, and associated with the chemical analysis of PAHs in the waters of both rivers by SPME-GC-MS, high levels of naphthalene (P-450 1A inducer) in the contaminated river were found. In brief, a wide difference between basal levels and P-450 1A induction levels could be detected in trout living in natural field conditions using both EROD activity assay and immunochemical methods. Therefore, brown trout could constitute a good sentinel organism to biomonitor the exposure to PAHs in rivers using P-450 1A measurements.     

PAN-S树脂富集钴的分光光度法测定研究

研究了PAN—S浸渍树脂对Co^2＋的吸附性能。Co^2＋吸附pH值范围为4．7—9．2,最佳pH值为5．4;达到最大吸附容量需25min,树脂对Co^2＋平衡吸附容量是98mg／g干树脂,达到最大吸附容量平衡时用0．1mol／L的HNO,洗脱,洗脱率达98％。该方法建立了PAN—S-树脂富集一分离钴离子的分光光度测定方法,结果令人满意。     

基于环境一号卫星的气溶胶光学厚度反演技术研究

基于环境一号卫星(HJ-1)遥感观测数据,采用改进的暗目标算法和深蓝算法分别对暗像元、亮像元地表的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)进行反演,并将其结果与MOD04产品对比。结果表明:二者反演的AOD空间变化特征较一致,相关系数达0.874,HJ-1星反演结果有更高的空间分辨率。当AOD值0.2时,HJ-1星反演结果可靠性较低;当AOD值在0.2~0.8之间时,HJ-1星CCD相机反演气溶胶的结果与MOD04产品最相近,二者相对误差10%;当AOD值在0.8~1.5之间时,HJ-1星反演结果相对MOD04产品显著偏高;当AOD值1.5时,HJ-1星反演结果相对MOD04产品偏低。     

Characteristics of ambient 1-min PM2.5 variation in Beijing

One-minute PM_2.5 concentration was obtained with LD-5C pocket microcomputer laser dust instrument from Dec. 15th, 2005 to Jan. 16th, 2006 and Mar. 17th to Apr. 28th, 2006 in Beijing. The concentration of SO₂, NO₂, O₃, CO, and PM₁₀ from Jan. 1st, 2001 to Dec. 31st, 2004 were obtained from the conversion of air pollution index. Results showed that all the pollutants showed cyclic characteristics. The longer yearly cycles was shown from SO₂, NO₂, O₃, CO, and PM₁₀, as the sampling time was 4-year long and daily collected. The shorter hourly and daily cycle was shown from 1-min PM_2.5, as the sampling time was about 1-month long and one collected at 1 min. The spectral density analysis confirmed this from the periodogram graphs. The longer yearly cycle (365, 180 days), the seasonal cycle (120, 60–90 days), and monthly cycle (21, 23, 27 days) of SO₂, NO₂, CO, O₃, and PM₁₀ were obviously shown. In addition, the shorter weekly cycle of 5–7 days is obviously shown, too. The shorter hourly cycle (8–12, 4–6, 3, 1–2 h, 20 min) of 1-min PM_2.5 was also indicated from spectral density analysis. Two major factors contribute the 1-min PM_2.5 cycles, i.e., the meteorological factors and source effects. Both the relative humidity and dew point showed consistent variation with PM_2.5, but the wind speed showed inverse variations with PM_2.5. Furthermore, the spectral density analysis of the meteorological factors (4–5, 2–2.5, 1–1.5 days, 12, 6–8, 3 h) may partially explain the cycles of PM_2.5. As for the sources effects, it can be shown from the strong dust storm of April 16–18th, 2006. PM_2.5 constantly increased tens and even hundreds of times high concentration within a few minutes due to the intensity of the dust sources.     

LS-1型快速监测仪测定水中硫化物的研究

提出并建立了用硼氢化钾发生氢气作载气 ,用吸附层析柱浓缩硫化氢显色比长的快速现场监测方法 ,该方法取被测水样 50 ml,定性检出浓度为 0 0 5mg L,定量检测最低浓度为 0 1 mg L,在 0 1～ 2 0 mg L范围内显色比长线性良好 ,相对误差 (变异系数 ) 3 8% ;加标回收率 96 %～ 1 1 2 % ,研制的 LS 1型快速监测仪结构简单 ,经济费用低 ,进行水中硫化物监测只需 1 0 min,适用于现场的快速、应急监测。