杭州市灰霾天气基本特征及成因分析

根据浙江省近50年的灰霾天气统计数据,总结了浙江省灰霾天气特征。以杭州市为例,从杭州市地形地貌、气候因素和污染物排放因素3方面分析了杭州市灰霾天气成因,介绍了杭州市大气颗粒物污染特征及源解析。结果表明,杭州市灰霾天气频率显著升高,污染物排放是导致灰霾天气发生频率升高的直接原因,杭州市大气颗粒物中以细微颗粒物为主,大气污染类型已从煤烟型污染转变成复合型污染。结合杭州市大气污染现状,初步提出了灰霾天气防控对策。     

杭州市大气颗粒物消光特性与贡献因子研究

2013年12月至2014年12月采集杭州市PM_(2.5)样品,同步观测大气散射系数、吸收系数及气象因子,分析杭州市大气颗粒物消光特性及灰霾天气污染特征。结果表明:观测期间,杭州市大气颗粒物消光系数平均值为566 Mm~(-1),呈现出夏季低冬季高的季节特征。利用修正的IMPROVE公式估算PM_(2.5)中对消光系数有主要贡献的化学组成,得出消光系数的主要贡献者为NH_4NO_3、(NH_4)_2SO_4、颗粒有机物,对消光系数的贡献率分别为31.6%、25.6%、28.9%。灰霾天气下,NH_4NO_3与(NH_4)_2SO_4的消光贡献分别为清洁天气的14.1、10.2倍,说明硝酸盐和硫酸盐可能是杭州市灰霾天气中导致大气能见度下降的主要物质。     

灰霾的健康效应

灰霾是颗粒物和气体污染物导致的可察觉到的能见度降低的污染天气现象.近年来,随着城市化进程的快速发展,城市大气污染加剧,灰霾天气也随之增多.总结了灰霾这一污染型天气的特征,介绍了灰霾的化学成分、污染机制等,并从影响机制和流行病学角度出发,对国内外灰霾对人体的健康效应研究成果进行了综合评述,提出目前急需解决的科学问题和今后的研究方向.     

重庆主城区大气重污染形势的激光雷达探测与分析

2013年1月12日-26日,利用大气超级站ALS300型激光雷达对重庆主城区大气进行了连续探测,分析了重污染形势期间的大气扩散条件及大气颗粒物时空分布等探测结果。分析表明,大气层结持续稳定,扩散条件差使得大气颗粒物浓度居高不下,大气能见度持续恶化;大气重污染期间PBL高度较低,平均为320～350m;大气颗粒物污染带处于100～400m高度范围;全国范围内异常的大气环流形势和重庆主城区独特的地形、气候特征是造成持续大气重污染形势的原因。     

北京春节期间大气颗粒物污染及影响

利用2006年春节期间的大气颗粒物浓度及粒径谱分布资料,结合大气能见度及NO2监测数据,分析了北京市鞭炮燃放禁改限后大气颗粒物污染的变化规律,以及对大气消光作用的影响.结果表明:春节期间特别是除夕夜大量鞭炮的集中燃放导致了大气颗粒物浓度的急剧升高,主要以细粒子为主;颗粒物浓度的升高致使大气能见度明显降低,鞭炮燃放最集中的时段,能见度低于2 km;燃放鞭炮产生的颗粒物是造成大气消光作用的主要因素.估算了北京市鞭炮燃放的颗粒物排放量,2006年除夕0:00～1:00市区排放了大约3.0×104kg PM10,官园监测点PM10小时最高质量浓度超过了800 μg/m3.元宵节夜间燃放鞭炮产生的颗粒物半衰期为2.4 h.     

绵阳重污染天气机动车限行对空气质量的影响研究

为应对2017年底绵阳出现的一次重污染天气,绵阳政府于2017年12月25日0时至29日12时首次实行了机动车尾号限行措施。利用2017年12月20日至2018年1月2日绵阳4个国控环境质量监测站点的CO、NO_2、SO_2、O_3、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的数据分析限行前后的污染物浓度变化特征,并结合气象数据进行污染成因分析。结果表明,大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)是此次重污染天气的首要污染物,机动车尾号限行措施对PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)有一定的减排效果。机动车尾号限行措施对NO_2、SO_2、O_3具有明显的减排效果,而对CO几乎没有减排效果。限行前和限行期大气颗粒物主要来源于化学转化形成的二次颗粒物,而限行后则转为沙尘、扬尘等一次颗粒物。江油对绵阳大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)影响很大,气流轨迹出现频率高,大气颗粒物浓度也高,有必要考虑进行区域联防联控。     

温州市灰霾污染的特征与成因分析

利用高时空分辨率的监测数据,结合混合受体模式,运用统计学分析方法,研究温州市2013—2014年大气污染物时间变化特征,并对2013年12月初严重灰霾污染事件进行案例分析。结果表明:春、冬季PM2.5平均值明显高于夏、秋季。本地PM2.5浓度受二次细颗粒物的形成、区域传输以及气象条件的影响,交通运输源是重要来源。春季PM2.5/CO(质量比)最高(尤其在凌晨和下午两个时段),此时二次细颗粒物的贡献较大。案例分析发现,安徽省及长三角地区的工业化发达区域(特别是上海市、宁波市等沿海城市)是温州市严重灰霾污染的主要潜在源区;沈阳市也是重要潜在源区,传输路径为海上通道。     

静稳气象条件下的细颗粒物垂直结构特征研究

基于Mie散射激光雷达探测数据及地面细颗粒物(PM2.5)观测资料和常规气象观测资料,利用logistic曲线计算了混合层顶高度,进一步分析了边界层内混合层以上区域大气消光系数廓线在静稳气象条件下的垂直结构。结果表明:(1)通过高斯误差函数构造数学模型可以将边界层内混合层以上区域进一步细分;(2)成都在轻度污染、中度污染、重度污染和严重污染4类静稳气象条件下大气消光系数廓线自下而上一致呈现出混合层、缓降层、过渡层和自由大气的垂直结构特征;(3)分析一次典型灰霾过程发现,PM2.5对混合层顶高度有显著影响,两者之间存在显著的负相关关系,而对缓降层顶高度和过渡层顶高度影响不大。     

同位素示踪法在大气颗粒物重金属污染溯源中的应用进展

近年来,大气颗粒物污染问题备受关注。大气中重金属等污染物与颗粒物结合在一起,随其进行迁移,危害生态系统和人类健康。对大气颗粒物重金属来源进行解析是治理的必要前提。概述了大气颗粒物重金属来源分析方法,重点综述了当前同位素示踪法在大气颗粒物重金属溯源中的应用现状,并对该领域的研究前景进行了展望。     

重庆主城区近年一次典型空气重污染过程分析

对2013—2015年重庆主城区空气重污染情况进行统计,并结合地面和高空探测手段,分析了一次典型重污染过程的污染特征。结果表明:重庆主城区秋冬季节的空气污染,以受不利气象条件影响的本地细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))累积污染为主,PM_(2.5)占PM_(10)的平均比例为72%左右;大气能见度与颗粒物浓度、相对湿度均呈现明显的负相关性。典型污染期间的近地层颗粒物污染带主要在0~400 m的高度范围,AOD值高达2.0~2.4,α指数在1.0左右。二次粒子、机动车尾气、扬尘是污染期间重庆主城区PM_(2.5)的主要来源。     

Analysis of atmospheric conditions during air pollution episodes in Ankara, Turkey

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the meteorological conditions that are associated with strong air pollution episodes in Ankara, Turkey. Based on climatological and air quality data [SO2 and TSP (total suspended particulates)] obtained for the winter months during 1989-1994, the analysis showed that the presence of weak atmospheric pressure gradients and warm air advection were the most important factors leading to high SO2 and TSP concentrations. In addition, the onset of the high air pollution episodes was generally associated with a trend toward negative vorticity at the 850-hPa level.     

上海市霾污染判别指标体系初步研究

随着全球变暖及工业污染排放的蔓延式发展,由空气污染带来的区域能见度恶化越来越成为中国东部经济发达地区所面临的严重区域性问题,常出现大范围的雾霾天气,造成区域空气质量的恶化及能见度水平的下降.基于对能见度及相对湿度、颗粒物浓度和组分的观测分析及影响能见度的相对湿度和空气污染因子的理论分析,提出了环保范畴内的霾污染概念,并制定了包括能见度、颗粒物浓度及其组分的上海市霾污染判别指标体系,基于颗粒物组分观测数据,对相对湿度因子进行了参数化.根据所提出的指标体系,通过上海市某点位一年观测数据的跟踪分析发现,根据霾污染判别指标体系计算得到的霾污染天数与气象学意义上的霾天数具有很好的对应关系,且新的判别指标体系能很好地区分霾污染和浮尘过程.     

Lung cancer mortality and exposure to atmospheric aerosol particles in Guangzhou,China

In recent years, China and other emerging countries have been experiencing severe air pollution problems with high concentrations of atmospheric aerosol particles. Satellite measurements indicate that the aerosol loading of the atmosphere in highly populated regions of China is about 10 times higher than, for example, in Europe and in the Eastern United States. The exposure to extremely high aerosol concentrations might lead to important human health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases as well as lung cancers. Here, we analyze 52-year historical surface measurements of haze data in the Chinese city of Guangzhou, and show that the dramatic increase in the occurrence of air pollution events between 1954 and 2006 has been followed by a large enhancement in the incidence of lung cancer.     

Solar Radiation Measurements Augment Air Pollution Studies

For several years an ongoing project at the U. S. Water Conservation Laboratory has dealt with the measurement and analysis of solar radiation. Generally, this study has been directed toward fulfilling the needs of agriculture. As a byproduct, however, much has also been learned about the particulate matter content of the air, since the work involved has all been carried out within the metropolitan Phoenix, Ariz. area. In this paper, the results of several years of research on the atmospheric transmission of solar radiation in this area are presented. These results are considered in light of concurrent meteorological conditions, and inferences are drawn with respect to spatial and temporal variations in airborne particulates. It is demonstrated that solar radiation measurements can greatly enhance our knowledge of air pollution dynamics.     

Significant Relationships Concerning Exponential Transmission or Penetration

This paper reviews the statistical evidence linking human mortality with air pollution due to sulfur oxides and particulates. Three types of analyses are discussed: episodic increases in mortality coincident with high pollution, perturbations in mortality in a given city as a time-series in relation to perturbations in air quality, and comparisons of geographic differentials in both pollution and mortality rates. The paper concludes that there are no reliable statistical associations between SO _x and mortality, but that particulates are in some cases associated with excess mortality. Establishing whether the association is in fact causal would require elimination of potential confounding effects such as occupational exposures.     

Impact of haze and air pollution-related hazards on hospital admissions in Guangzhou,China

Guangzhou is a metropolitan in south China with unique pollutants and geographic location. Unlike those in western countries and the rest of China, the appearance of haze in Guangzhou is often (about 278 days per year on average of 4 years). Little is known about the influence of these hazes on health. In this study, we investigated whether short-term exposures to haze and air pollution are associated with hospital admissions in Guangzhou. The relationships between haze, air pollution, and daily hospital admissions during 2008–2011 were assessed using generalized additive model. Studies were categorized by gender, age, season, lag, and disease category. In haze episodes, an increase in air pollutant emissions corresponded to 3.46 (95 % CI, 1.67, 5.27) increase in excessive risk (ER) of total hospital admissions at lag 1, 11.42 (95 % CI, 4.32, 18.99) and 11.57 (95 % CI, 4.38, 19.26) increases in ERs of cardiovascular illnesses at lags 2 and 4 days, respectively. As to total hospital admissions, an increase in NO₂ was associated with a 0.73 (95 % CI, 0.11, 1.35) and a 0.28 (95 % CI, 0.11, 0.46) increases in ERs at lag 5 and lag 05, respectively. For respiratory illnesses, increases in NO₂ was associated with a 1.94 (95 % CI, 0.50, 3.40) increase in ER at lag 0, especially among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Haze (at lag1) and air pollution (for NO₂ at lag 5 and for SO₂ at lag3) both presented more drastic effects on the 19 to 64 years old and in the females. Together, we demonstrated that haze pollution was associated with total and cardiovascular illnesses. NO₂ was the sole pollutant with the largest risk of hospital admissions for total and respiratory diseases in both single- and multi-pollutant models.     

Fiscal decentralization,government innovation preference,and haze pollution

Local governments are the dominant players in haze pollution control; furthermore, financial power reconstruction affects the effectiveness of haze control. Government innovation preference achieves win-win results for environmental protection and economic development by increasing innovation support. Therefore, a moderating variable for government innovation preference was added to the fiscal decentralization effect on haze pollution, and their interactive effect on haze pollution was studied. This study was conducted in 30 provincial regions. Thus, the severity of regional haze pollution differs because of temporal heterogeneity and asynchronous development. Furthermore, we analyzed the impact on haze pollution from the perspectives of the temporal and spatial differences in different regions of China. The results indicate that (1) fiscal decentralization increases haze pollution, while government innovation preferences control it. (2) In a local evaluation model with a diversified background, fiscal decentralization restrains haze pollution, and pollution source complexity reduces government innovation preference’s control pollution function. The interaction term revealed that government innovation preferences had a significant moderating effect. (3) Fiscal decentralization and government innovation preferences control the heterogeneity of haze pollution in different regions.

     

Can transportation infrastructure reduce haze pollution in China?

Traffic emission is one of the main sources of haze pollution, but few studies have evaluated the dynamic impact and mechanism of transportation infrastructure on haze pollution based on a spatial perspective. This study selects the annual data of 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2017 and uses a dynamic spatial Durbin model to study the dynamic impact of transportation infrastructure on haze pollution. The results show that transportation infrastructure has a significant spatial spillover effect on haze pollution, and the spatial spillover effect has regional heterogeneity. Specifically, whether long term or short term, highway traffic has a boosting effect on haze pollution, while railway traffic has an inhibitory effect on haze pollution. In addition, transportation infrastructure can affect haze pollution through three paths: expanding economic scale, promoting transformation of industrial structure, and promoting technological progress. At the regional level, the improvement of highway traffic density in eastern, central, and western regions will significantly increase haze pollution. The enhancement of railway traffic density has a significant inhibitory and boosting effect on haze pollution in central and western regions, respectively. For the eastern region, railway traffic construction can only restrain local haze pollution, but cannot exert the spatial spillover effect of railway traffic to reduce haze. The conclusions of this paper provide policy inspirations for giving full play to the haze reduction effect of transportation infrastructure and the development of green transportation.

     

The influence of meteorological conditions and stringent emission control on high TSP episodes in istanbul

Istanbul has faced serious air pollution problems since the mid-80s. This is mainly due to particulate air pollution coming from poor quality lignite in areas, which are heavily populated and industrialized. As a consequence of severe air pollution problems, stringent control on the emissions in the city started in the year of 1994. In this work, in order to study the relationship between emissions and meteorological conditions, an assessment of air pollution episodes and air pollution potential in the city is presented for the terms at the changed emission schedule as the influence of an emission reduction strategy. The influence of meteorological conditions on the TSP (total suspended particulates) levels is considered for two consecutive winter periods. On this occasion, the city has faced different TSP levels and episode characteristics depending on stringent emission reductions covering the banned, poor-quality lignite and fuel switching. For this purpose, climatological conditions and air quality analyses were performed.     

Determination of atmospheric nitrate particulate size distribution and dry deposition velocity for three distinct areas

In this study, both atmospheric particulates and dry deposited particulates were collected at a highway intersection, coastal location and suburban area in Taichung, Taiwan for the characterization of nitrate containing particulates (NCPs) in size distribution and dynamic properties. Collected particulates were placed in contact with nitron (C20H16N4) to form distinctive products of NCPs, which were examined by a SEM. For total atmospheric particulates, the sum of NCP and non-nitrate containing particulate (NNCP), the average shape factor values are 1.69, 1.49, and 1.36 for the highway intersection, coastal area and suburban area, respectively. The calculated shape factors show no significant differences with sizes. Dry deposition fluxes and atmospheric concentrations at various size ranges were estimated. The mass distributed in fine particle range (相似文献