PCB138在土壤中的吸附特征及土壤特性对其吸附的影响

为研究六氯联苯PCB138在土壤组分中的吸附特征及土壤特性对其吸附的影响,选取红壤和有机质含量较高的黑土作为供试土壤,提取土壤有机质组分中的胡敏酸和胡敏素,采用振荡平衡法研究了PCB138在原供试土壤、胡敏酸和胡敏素中的吸附特征。结果表明,PCB138在两种土壤组分中的吸附是一个快速吸附过程,240 min即可达到吸附平衡。PCB138在土壤组分中吸附速率和吸附量表现为:胡敏酸﹥原土壤﹥胡敏素,准一级动力学方程能更好地描述其吸附过程。PCB138在黑土中的吸附速率和吸附量略大于其在红壤中的相应数值。PCB138在两种土壤中的吸附过程可用Freundlich吸附等温方程描述。Pearson相关性分析结果表明,PCB138在两种土壤组分中的吸附量与土壤中有机质量分数和2μm粒径质量分数呈显著相关(P0.05)。吸附速率与土壤中有机质质量分数呈极显著相关(P0.01)。实验条件下,土壤中有机质质量分数和2μm粒径质量分数可能是影响PCB138在土壤组分中的吸附行为的主要土壤特性因素。本研究可为揭示PCBs的环境行为与污染控制提供依据。     

二氯苯在土壤中的迁移行为和生物降解

主要从挥发、吸附与解吸、渗滤三个方面介绍了二氯苯在土壤中的迁移行为以及生物降解过程。探讨了二氯苯的物化性质、三种同分异构体的构型、土壤特性、外界环境条件等因素对二氯苯迁移行为的影响,以及迁移行为与生物降解的相互关系;同时介绍了可降解二氯苯的微生物种类、二氯苯好氧生物降解机理、共代谢现象,以及实验室研究方法。这些研究对于受二氯苯污染的土壤的修复具有理论指导意义。     

杀虫双农药在土壤中行为的研究

本文研究了杀虫双的降解、吸附和田间淋溶情况。结果表明:杀虫双在pH3—9范围内的水解反应极为缓慢,杀虫双在土壤中的降解主要是微生物作用下的生物降解过程,杀虫双和沙蚕毒素在太阳光下的降解作用很快。土壤对杀虫双的吸附量很少,而沙蚕毒素较易被土壤所吸附。田间试验结果证实了杀虫双具有很大的淋溶趋势,应对该农药的地下水污染予以重视。     

白腐菌去除氯化酚动力学研究

使用Volterra模型描述2,4-二氯酚体系中白腐菌生长动力学,建立氯代酚去除部分偶联型动力学方程,描述了生物降解体系中降解菌与目标化合物的反应历程,利用动力学方法初步探讨批次反应时生物吸附在氯休酚去除过程中的作用。     

白腐菌去除氯代酚动力学研究

使用Volterra模型描述 2 ,4-二氯酚体系中白腐菌生长动力学 ,建立氯代酚去除部分偶联型动力学方程 ,描述了生物降解体系中降解菌与目标化合物的反应历程 ,利用动力学方法初步探讨批次反应时生物吸附在氯代酚去除过程中的作用     

五氯酚生物降解机理与外生菌根真菌对五氯酚可降解性

五氯酚是氯酚族中最具毒性和最难降解的有机污染物。不同种类的微生物由于其降解污染物的生化机制不同,使得五氯酚的降解途径多样化。文章通过综述好氧与厌氧微生物降解五氯酚的降解菌和降解途径,认为五氯酚首先通过脱氯转化为低氯代化合物后再开环,因此脱氯就成为五氯酚降解的关键步骤。参与脱氯的关键酶系主要包括过氧化物酶和酚氧化酶。外生菌根真菌可降解多种难降解有机污染物,并具有生成过氧化物酶和酚氧化酶的机制,因此外生菌根真菌具有降解五氯酚的潜力与优势。这些信息将为进一步开展五氯酚生物降解机理研究,应用微生物—植物复合系统修复污染土壤提供基础。     

柴油污染土壤生物修复对土壤酶活性的影响

在柴油污染土壤的生物修复过程中,分析了土壤中柴油降解菌数量和3种土壤酶活性(过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和脂酶)等生物活性指标与土壤中柴油去除率的相关性.结果表明,土壤受到柴油污染后的一段时间后过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和脂酶的活性上升,而后随着土壤中石油烃的降解,脂酶又不断降低.进一步分析表明脂酶活性与柴油降解率及柴油降解菌数量都具有很好的正相关性,可以采用土壤脂酶活性来指示柴油生物降解成效.     

辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚好氧生物降解产物的GC-MS测定

从上海闵行区污水处理厂曝气池中的污泥和上海孙桥农业园区农田表层土壤样品中分离得到两株好氧降解菌株：B16-2（曝气池）和N1（农田）,都能够不同程度地降解辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚（OPEOn）.利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对其好氧生物降解产物进行了表征和鉴别.结果表明,两株菌对OPEOn的好氧生物降解都产生了环境雌激素活性物质--辛基酚,从曝气池中分离出的B16-2好氧降解产生了丁基酚聚氧乙烯醚,从仙人掌土壤分离出的N1菌株降解以羟基端EO链的逐渐断裂为主要途径.     

阿循拉津在土壤中的降解途径及其对持留性的影响

通过田间和实验室试验，研究了作草剂阿特拉津在土壤中的降解代谢规律及其与土壤特性的关系。试验表明，阿特拉津施用后，在作物生长期内可降解９０％以上，土壤酸碱度对阿特拉津在土壤中的代谢有显著影响。在碱性土 阿特拉津主要经过微生物代谢而被降解；在酸性土壤中化学水解占地位。     

Bt作物杀虫蛋白在农田土壤中残留动态的研究进展

综述了转Bt作物释放的杀虫蛋白在农田土壤中的残留动态．重点阐述了：①土壤中Bt毒素蛋白的检测方法；②Bt毒素在土壤中残留、富集与降解动态；③Bt毒素蛋白与土壤中具有表面活性颗粒的吸附结合规律；④土壤中Bt毒素的杀虫活性．国内外研究结果表明，转基因植物释放到土壤中的Bt毒素蛋白迅速与土壤中具有表面活性的颗粒吸附并紧密结合，降低生物降解，但结合后的Bt毒素结构没有改变，致使毒素蛋白在土壤中长期滞留并保持其杀虫活性，可能会对土壤中非靶标生物造成不良影响．因此深入、系统地研究和评价转Bt作物释放的Bt毒素对土壤生态系统的风险迫在眉睫．参50     

毒草胺在环境中的降解特性研究

毒草胺是一种被广泛应用的农药,其在环境中的降解特性备受关注。文章采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了毒草胺的光解、水解及土壤降解特性。研究结果表明,毒草胺在光强为2 370l x、紫外强度为13.5μW.cm-2的人工光源氙灯条件下,光解半衰期为2.5 h,较易光解。25℃时在pH值为5.0、7.0和9.0的缓冲水溶液中,降解半衰期分别为147.5、173.3和239.0 d;50℃时半衰期分别为15.2、27.0和42.3 d,结果显示温度对其降解速率影响较大,温度增加,水解速率明显加快,水解半衰期降低约6~10倍。该药在江西红壤中降解半衰期为46.5 d,在太湖水稻土、东北黑土中降解半衰期分别为6.4和7.9 d,比较容易降解,主要为微生物降解。结果表明毒草胺在水体中具有一定的稳定性,尤其在避光条件下难以降解。但在土壤中,比较容易被微生物降解。     

哒嗪硫磷水解与土壤降解研究

采用室内模拟方法,研究了哒嗪硫磷在东北黑土、江西红壤和南京黄棕壤3种不同类型土壤中的降解特性及pH、温度和表面活性剂（SDS）浓度对水解的影响。结果表明,哒嗪硫磷水解速率随pH值与温度的升高而显著加快,在15℃、pH 5缓冲溶液中水解半衰期为216.56 d,在35℃、pH 9缓冲溶液中半衰期为3.47 d,平均温度效应系数为2.98。SDS能显著抑制哒嗪硫磷水解,且随着浓度的增大抑制作用增强。哒嗪硫磷在3种土壤中的降解速率依次为南京黄棕壤〉东北黑土〉江西红壤,半衰期分别为10.27、78.75、105.00 d,降解速率随土壤pH值的增大而增大。灭菌处理下,哒嗪硫磷在3种土壤中半衰期显著延长,其中在南京黄棕壤中半衰期延长近10倍,哒嗪硫磷在土壤中降解主要为微生物降解。     

Effect of rhizosphere on soil microbial community and pyrene biodegradation

To access the influence of a vegetation on soil microorganisms toward organic pollutant biogegration, this study examined the rhizospheric effects of four plant species (sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa, and fescue) on the soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene (PYR) biodegradation. The results indicated that the spiked PYR levels in soils decreased substantially compared to the control soil without planting. With equal planted densities, the efficiencies of PYR degradation in rhizosphere with sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa and fescue were 34.0%, 28.4%, 27.7%, and 9.9%, respectively. However, on the basis of equal root biomass the efficiencies were in order of white clover >> alfalfa > sudan > fescue. The increased PYR biodegradation was attributed to the enhanced bacterial population and activity induced by plant roots in the rhizosphere. Soil microbial species and biomasses were elucidated in terms of microbial phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant changes in PLFA pattern in planted and non-planted soils spiked with PYR. Total PLFAs in planted soils were all higher than those in non-planted soils. PLFA assemblages indicated that bacteria were the primary PYR degrading microorganisms, and that Gram-positive bacteria exhibited higher tolerance to PYR than Gram-negative bacteria did.     

Reliability of solid phase microextraction in estimating bioavailability of pyrene in soil

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography was employed to estimate bioavailability of pyrene in soils with different properties of textures, organic matter contents (SOM) and aging periods. Experimental results indicated that biodegradation rates increased from 0.10 (sandy loam) to 0.15 (silty loam) microg g-1 hr1. By contrast, biodegradation rate decreased from 0.10(1.3% SOM) to 0.04 (7.6% SOM) microg g-1hr1. The amounts of pyrene biodegraded decreased 27% when SOM was modified from 1.3 to 7.6%, indicating that distributions of pyrene in soils at biodegradation end points were affected by the SOM. Sequestration as measured by sonication extraction had evidently occurred in aged soil samples. SPME measurements slightly overestimated the amount of pyrene degraded by indigenous and seeded microorganisms, in soils with the different properties (correlation coefficient, R2= 0.74). The present study demonstrates that the SPME method can not replace biodegradation tests commonly used for predicting bioremediation efficacy.     

Effect of rhizosphere on soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene biodegradation

To access the influence of a vegetation on soil microorganisms toward organic pollutant biogegration, this study examined the rhizospheric effects of four plant species (sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa, and fescue) on the soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene (PYR) biodegradation. The results indicated that the spiked PYR levels in soils decreased substantially compared to the control soil without planting. With equal planted densities, the efficiencies of PYR degradation in rhizosphere with sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa and fescue were 34.0%, 28.4%, 27.7%, and 9.9%, respectively. However, on the basis of equal root biomass the efficiencies were in order of white clover >> alfalfa > sudan > fescue. The increased PYR biodegradation was attributed to the enhanced bacterial population and activity induced by plant roots in the rhizosphere. Soil microbial species and biomasses were elucidated in terms of microbial phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant changes in PLFA pattern in planted and non-planted soils spiked with PYR. Total PLFAs in planted soils were all higher than those in non-planted soils. PLFA assemblages indicated that bacteria were the primary PYR degrading microorganisms, and that Gram-positive bacteria exhibited higher tolerance to PYR than Gram-negative bacteria did.     

坡地赤红壤物理退化及其机理研究──Ⅲ.土壤物理退化机理分析

主要通过相关统计和综合分析,探讨坡地赤红壤物理退化的内部和外部环境的影响因素．指出养分贫瘠化,尤其是贫有机质化是坡地赤红壤物理性状退化的主要内部原因,植被破坏则是坡地赤红壤物理性状退化的外部因素、而人类活动的影响对坡地赤红壤的物理退化有重要作用。     

Degradation rates of aged petroleum hydrocarbons are likely to be mass transfer dependent in the field

Evidence for on site biodegradation may be difficult to provide at heterogeneous sites without additional experiments in controlled laboratory conditions. In this study, microbial activities measured as CO₂ and CH₄ production were compared in situ, in intact soil cores and in bottle microcosms containing sieved soils. In addition, biodegradation rates were determined by measuring the decrease in petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations at 7°C in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Elevated concentrations of CO₂ and CH₄ in the soil gas phase indicated that both the aerobic and anaerobic microbial activity potentials were high at the contaminated site. Aerobic and anaerobic microbial degradation rates in laboratory experiments of petroleum hydrocarbons were highest in soils from the most contaminated point and degradation in the aerobic and anaerobic microcosms was linear throughout the incubation, indicating mass-transfer-dependent degradation. Different results for microbial activity measurements were obtained in laboratory studies depending on pretreatment and size of the sample, even when the environmental conditions were mimicked. These differences may be related to differences in the gas exchange rates as well as in changes in the bioavailability of the contaminant in different analyses. When predicting by modeling the behavior of an aged contaminant it is relevant to adapt the models in use to correspond to conditions relevant at the contaminated sites. The variables used in the models should be based on data from the site and on experiments performed using the original aged contaminant without any additions.     

土壤中4-溴苯胺降解动力学及其生态毒性追踪

秀谷隆是一种被广泛应用的取代脲类除草剂,其主要降解产物为４－溴苯胺（４－ＢＡ）,研究４－溴苯胺在不同土壤中的降解动力学规律,并用土壤环境指示动物弹尾目跳虫Ｃｏｌｌｅｍｂｏｌａ（Ｆｏｌｓｏｍｉａ ｃａｎｄｉｄａ）跟踪指示该化合物在进一步降解过程中的毒性,结果表明：４－溴苯胺在土壤中的降解行为可用一级反应动力学方程来较好地描述,其生态毒性明显高于母体化合物秀谷隆,该化合物在粘土中的残留量低于砂土,但毒     

生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对PCBs污染土壤的修复作用研究

利用生物表面活性鼠李糖脂（RL）洗脱土壤,再通过紫外光预照射与生物降解协同去除洗脱液中的PCBs的组合方法对多氯联苯（PCBs）污染土壤进行修复,旨在研究RL在修复PCBs污染土壤中的作用及其机理。结果表明,RL对PCBs的洗脱具有显著的促进作用,PCBs的总洗脱率与RL的质量浓度呈正相关。当洗脱液中加入2 000 mg.L-1的RL,在3次批洗脱后,人工污染土样和陈化土样的PCBs总洗脱率分别达到了90.1%和47.1%。PCBs降解菌P.LB400在以RL或联苯为碳源的驯化培养基中均能够快速生长。当土壤洗脱液中的PCBs被P.LB400的生长细胞菌液降解时,RL对PCBs的生物降解具有显著的促进作用;而在P.LB400的休眠细胞降解体系中,RL对PCBs的生物降解有一定的抑制作用。紫外光预照射对土壤洗脱液中PCBs的生物降解有一定的促进作用。紫外光预照射和生物降解的耦合有利于提高PCBs的降解速率。