赖氨酸对铜绿微囊藻细胞的抑制机理

在光照条件下赖氨酸可以有效地抑制铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的生长,为了探讨其抑制机理,研究了不同含量赖氨酸对铜绿微囊藻细胞的毒理效应.结果表明:赖氨酸对不同品系铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制效果为无毒藻株＞低毒藻株＞高毒藻株,抑制率为95.52%～49.69%.在抑制前期.赖氨酸对铜绿微囊藻细胞抗氧化系统(SOD、MDA)和细胞膜完整性都没有显著影响,但对细胞色素(叶绿素a和藻胆蛋白)以及细胞酯酶活性具有显著影响;在抑制后期,铜绿微囊藻细胞破碎死亡,各种指标都发生显著性变化.铜绿微囊藻对赖氨酸的响应并不产生细胞脂质过氧化等一般的毒理效应,它可能是一种有序变化的死亡过程.     

微藻在南美白对虾养殖废水中的生长及净化效果

为了解不同微藻对南美白对虾养殖尾水的净化作用,通过室内微藻培养试验,分析8株微藻在南美白对虾养殖尾水中的生长性能及不同时间内其对氮磷的去除效果.结果表明,8株藻均能在南美白对虾养殖尾水中生长,其中铜绿微囊藻、衣藻和蛋白核小球藻生长较好,平均相对生长速率分别为0.309 3、0.246 9和0.215 5.8种藻对总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的去除效果差异较大,其中铜绿微囊藻、衣藻和蛋白核小球藻对TN去除效果较好,培养结束时去除率分别达到74%、69%和60%;铜绿微囊藻和衣藻均具有较好的TP去除效果,去除率达60%以上,其次为蛋白核小球藻.不同藻类对不同形态氮的吸收存在较大差异,铜绿微囊藻和衣藻具有较好的硝态氮去除效果,去除率达到70%左右;衣藻对氨氮具有较快且持久的去除率,去除率高达100%,铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻稍慢,而斜生栅藻、针杆藻和舟形藻最慢,在培养16 d后,去除率均达到90%以上;隐藻和蛋白核小球藻对亚硝态氮具有较好的去除效果,培养至第8天时即达到80%的去除率,且隐藻去除效果较持久.本研究获得了不同藻类对对虾养殖尾水的吸收利用特点,可为南美白对虾养殖过程中藻相的定向培育及养殖尾水净化提供科学参考依据.     

蓝藻水华优势藻高效防控铜制剂的筛选

在对比络合铜、有机铜和无机铜3类5种典型铜制剂对蓝藻水华优势藻--铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和2种非靶标藻种--普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的96 h生长抑制效果的基础上,进一步开展了3类铜制剂抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的15 d延长效应研究.试验结果表明,质量分数为25%的络氨铜水剂、30%琥胶肥酸铜可湿性粉剂和20%乙酸铜可湿性粉剂对蓝藻水华优势种有较好的生长抑制效果,其对初始密度为2×105～4×105mL-1铜绿微囊藻的96 h半抑制浓度(以下均以有效成分的质量计)分别为0.03、0.06和0.05 mg·L-1,且初始藻密度对抑藻效果并无明显影响.试验质量浓度为0.25 mg·L-1的25%络氨铜水剂、0.30 mg·L-1的30%琥胶肥酸铜可湿性粉剂或0.20 mg·L-1的20%乙酸铜可湿性粉剂均能抑制铜绿微囊藻增长,且在0～15 d内都不会出现藻细胞再次复苏和增长.此外,由于铜制剂对铜绿微囊藻的96 h半抑制浓度远低于其对普通小球藻和斜生栅藻的96 h半抑制浓度,因此可在有效控制靶标藻种的同时不对非靶标藻种的生长造成严重威胁.络氨铜、琥胶肥酸铜、乙酸铜有望被开发成为高效、绿色的蓝藻水华控制剂.     

共培养条件下菖蒲和铜绿微囊藻之间的化感作用

采用共生培养方法研究菖蒲(Acorus calamus)和铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)之间的化感作用.结果表明,初始密度为1.0×107ind mL-1的铜绿微囊藻与20 g L-1菖蒲共生培养时,菖蒲对铜绿微囊藻在一定程度上产生了化感抑制,但是铜绿微囊藻的生长作用占优势,d 20抑制率仅为16%.而在培养过程中,菖蒲叶绿素a含量逐渐减少,d20叶绿素a含量仅为对照组的27%;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在d 12开始明显降低,d 20仅为对照组的46%;丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现逐渐增加趋势,d 20为对照组的172%;而生物量仅为对照组的62%.研究表明高密度铜绿微囊藻可以诱导菖蒲产生氧化胁迫,引起细胞结构严重损伤,从而强烈抑制菖蒲的生长.     

溶藻放线菌对铜绿微囊藻和小球藻竞争生长的影响

从土壤中分离获得l株对铜绿微囊藻有明显抑制作用的橄榄网状链霉菌SG-001（Streptomyces olivoreticuli SG-001）,研究其对铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）和小球藻（Chlorefla pyrenoidosa）竞争生长的影响。结果表明：SG-001菌株的活性物质主要存在于无菌滤液中,能够强烈抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,但对小球藻的生长具有明显的促进作用。当混藻中两种藻细胞初始接种浓度均为4.0×106 mL-1时,在BG11纯培养条件下,添加SG-001无菌滤液有利于小球藻生长,但对铜绿微囊藻抑制作用不明显;而SG-001无菌滤液对天然加富水样中的铜绿微囊藻具有明显抑制作用,在同时接种有铜绿微囊藻和小球藻的混合藻液中,添加SG-001无菌滤液能够明显提高小球藻的生长竞争能力,且水体中氨氮和可溶性总磷的去除率可分别达到85%和93.33%,而铜绿微囊藻在第8天时生长基本被小球藻抑制。     

荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的抑制效应及其机制

构建了荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)与以铜绿微囊藻为优势种的自然藻体共培养系统,分析系统中各藻种藻细胞密度、藻体叶绿素a含量、荇菜生长指标及水下[光]照度的变化;同时以荇菜种植水配置培养基,在适宜光照条件下培养铜绿微囊藻,分析藻类生长生理指标随时间的变化.结果表明:共培养系统中藻类总藻细胞密度显著下降(P<0.05),其中铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)藻细胞密度下降最为明显,40 d时比初始藻细胞密度减少了94.68%,而三角四角藻(Tetraedron minimum)数量逐渐增多,成为优势藻种,表明荇菜对铜绿微囊藻生长具有明显抑制作用.共培养系统中荇菜鲜重、水下20 cm深处光衰减率均与藻类叶绿素a含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),表明藻细胞光合能力的大小与荇菜植株的生长及其产生的遮光作用密切相关.随培养时间延长,添加荇菜种植水的培养基中铜绿微囊藻藻细胞光密度值(D650)下降明显;叶绿素a、藻胆蛋白(包括藻蓝蛋白、别藻蓝蛋白、藻红蛋白)相对含量均有不同程度的下降,培养9 d后4者相对含量分别降至5.27%、15.53%、21.11%和48.48%;藻细胞Ca2+Mg2+-ATP酶活性下降明显,表明荇菜种植水中存在着某种对铜绿微囊藻产生抑制作用的活性物质,通过对铜绿微囊藻光反应系统(PS Ⅰ和PS Ⅱ)的作用来阻碍藻细胞光合作用进程,抑制藻类生长,说明除了遮光效应外,分泌抑藻活性物质也是荇菜抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的重要机制.     

人工打捞对铜绿微囊藻生长影响的模拟试验

采用一次性培养的方式,在铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的对数期和稳定期进行人工打捞模拟试验,通过测定培养液中藻细胞密度,研究人工打捞对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响。结果表明:不同生长阶段的人工打捞对铜绿微囊藻的后续生长影响差异很大;在对数期进行人工打捞,铜绿微囊藻仍可以较好地生长,并且随着打捞强度的加大,微囊藻进入指数生长期的时间延长,所达到的种群最大密度呈升高趋势;而在稳定期进行人工打捞,铜绿微囊藻很快就进入稳定期,抑制了其后续生长。藻体内丙二醛(MDA)积累量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性测定结果表明,人工打捞消除了微囊藻生长过程中的密度制约,延缓了藻细胞的衰老。     

邻苯三酚和咖啡酸对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用及其机理

研究了邻苯三酚和咖啡酸对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的抑制效应,以及铜绿微囊藻抗氧化系统和细胞膜系统对两种酚类胁迫的响应.结果显示,邻苯三酚和咖啡酸对铜绿微囊藻具有明显的生长抑制效应,邻苯三酚对铜绿微囊藻生长96 h的EC50值为1.50 mg·l-1,咖啡酸则为3.49 mg·l-1,邻苯三酚的化感作用强于咖啡酸.等效应(EC50)混合试验表明,两种酚类联合作用介于独立作用和相加作用之间.研究还表明,两种酚类会引起铜绿微囊藻膜脂过氧化,干扰酯类代谢并抑制酯酶活性,同时降低膜的完整性,使细胞固缩,邻苯三酚还能显著抑制铜绿微囊藻的SOD酶活性,破坏细胞抗氧化防御系统.     

阿特拉津对铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻生长的影响

在实验室内利用MA培养液培养,通过测定藻生长量和叶绿素a含量,研究不同浓度下的阿特拉津对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)生长的影响,并以藻细胞数表示的最大比生长率为指标,评价2种藻对阿特拉津的敏感性.结果表明,在0.001～5.000 mg·L-1质量浓度范围内,阿特拉津对铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻的生长表现出低浓度刺激、高浓度抑制的效应,且阿特拉津对四尾栅藻的刺激效应明显大于铜绿微囊藻.     

对叔丁基邻苯二酚对铜绿微囊藻的化感抑制作用

利用藻种群竞争机制和藻间化感作用,筛选化感物质作为除藻功能材料是藻华控制技术近年来的研究热点.研究利用课题组前期工作成果,从藻滤液中甄别出化感物质对叔丁基邻苯二酚(TBC),在此基础上针对典型蓝藻铜绿微囊藻,进行了系列药剂抑藻实验.通过研究发现,与邻苯二酚及龙胆酸相比,TBC抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的效果更好.在初始藻密度为1×10~6cell·mL~(-1)条件下,TBC投加浓度为0.05 mg·L~(-1)时,短时间内可对铜绿微囊藻起到显著的抑制作用,0.1 mg·L~(-1)的投加浓度则可维持15 d不复发.当初始藻密度为5×105—5×106cell·mL~(-1)时,投加0.1 mg·L~(-1)TBC能在15 d达到90%以上的抑制率,且藻生物量9 d内不反弹.在pH 6.5—8.5范围,TBC具有较好且持久的抑藻效果.在25—35℃下,TBC对铜绿微囊藻都具有较好的抑制效果,其中25℃抑制效果好于35℃.     

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by eight strains of microalgae and their growth characteristics in Penaeus vannamei sewage北大核心CSCD

Microalgae are the most important primary productive forces in shrimp aquaculture systems. Microalgae not only provide oxygen and natural food for aquaculture objects, but they also absorb nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to reduce water eutrophication. However, there are great differences in N and P absorption among different strains of microalgae. To maintain the sustainable development of shrimp aquaculture, the growth performances of eight microalgal strains in Penaeus vannamei sewage and N and P removal rates were investigated under laboratory conditions. The results indicated that the eight microalgal strains could reduce the N and P content in P. vannamei sewage to some extent. Microcystis aeruginosa, Chlamydomonas sp., and Chlorella pyrenoidosa grew very well, with average growth rates of 0.309 3, 0.246 9, and 0.215 5, respectively. There were significant differences in the removal efficiency among the different strains. The removal rates of total N by M. aeruginosa, Chlamydomonas sp., and C. pyrenoidosa were 74%, 69%, and 60%, respectively, at the end of the experiment, which were higher than the other species. M. aeruginosa and Chlamydomonas sp. had better total P removal efficiency than those of the other microalgal strains and removal rates were greater than 60%, and the second highest total P removal efficiency was by C. pyrenoidosa. Different types of microalgal strains had different absorption rates of different morphological nitrogen. M. aeruginosa and Chlamydomonas sp. had the highest nitrate nitrogen removal rate (approximately 70%). Chlamydomonas sp. had a fast and persistent removal rate of ammonia nitrogen, with the removal rate being as high as 100%. The removal efficiency of M. aeruginosa and C. pyrenoidosa were a little slower, and those of Scenedesmus obliquus, Synedra sp., and Navicula graciloides were the slowest. After 16 d, the removal rate reached more than 90%. Cryptomonas obovate and C. pyrenoidosa displayed the best removal rate of nitrite nitrogen, and the removal rate reached 80% on day 8, and the removal rate of C. obovata was more persistent. These results can provide scientific reference for the orientation and use of microalgae to remove pollutants in tailings water from shrimp aquaculture systems. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

不同类型水生植物群落对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用

通过将不同类型水生植物群落种植水与藻类共同培养的方式研究了4种植物群落（群落A：梭鱼草Pontederia cordata＋黄菖蒲Iris pseudacorus-水罂粟Hydrocleys nymphoides;群落B：梭鱼草＋溪荪Iris sanguinea＋黄菖蒲;群落C：梭鱼草＋溪荪-大薸Pistia stratiotes;群落D：白花水龙Jussiaea repens-大薸＋水罂粟）对铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa生长的化感作用。研究结果表明：4种植物群落种植水对铜绿微囊藻均具有较强的抑制作用,且随着群落种植时间的延长,种植水对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用越强。4个植物群落对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用由大到小依次是：群落A,群落B,群落C,群落D。     

铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻和小环藻竞争实验培养基的选择

改变培养基的氮源形态和碳源浓度,研究铜绿微囊藻、小环藻和四尾栅藻的单藻增长行为,筛选适宜的培养基作为混藻竞争实验的共培养基。研究表明,铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻在氨氮培养基中的最大生物量K和最大比增长速率r均不及以硝态氮为氮源的培养基;添加高浓度HCO3-(NaHCO3 1.410 mmol/L)能够提高铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻藻细胞对氨氮的吸收能力;较低碳源浓度(NaCO3 0.0943 mmol/L)的培养基中,四尾栅藻的初始比增长速率及生物量远高于铜绿微囊藻,但其最大比增长速率r低于铜绿微囊藻,在实验的第10天左右铜绿微囊藻的生物量超过四尾栅藻;小环藻不能在较高浓度碳源(NaHCO3 1.504 mmol/L)下存活;铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻与小环藻均可在以氨氮(HA)或硝态氮(HN)为氮源的培养基中单独培养并达到实验所需生物量,因此,HN和HA可以作为实验室内这三种藻共培养适宜的培养基,为今后研究藻类种间资源竞争机制提供实验依据。     

Impact of total organic carbon and chlorine to ammonia ratio on nitrification in a bench-scale drinking water distribution system

Nitrification occurs in chloraminated drinking water systems and is affected by water quality parameters. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of total organic carbon and chlorine to ammonia ratio on nitrification potential in a simulated drinking water distribution system as during chloramination. The occurrence of nitrification and activity of nitrifying bacteria was primarily monitored using four rotating annular bioreactors (RAB) with different chlorine to ammonia ratios and total organic carbon (TOC) levels. The results indicated that nitrification occurred despite at a low influent concentration of ammonia, and a high concentration of nitrite nitrogen was detected in the effluent. The study illustrated that reactors 1(R1) and 3 (R3), with higher TOC levels, produced more nitrite nitrogen, which was consistent with the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) counts, and was linked to a relatively more rapid decay of chloramines in comparison to their counterparts (R2 and R4). The AOB and HPC counts were correlated during the biofilm formation with the establishment of nitrification. Biofilm AOB abundance was also higher in the high TOC reactors compared with the low TOC reactors. The chlorine to ammonia ratio did not have a significant impact on the occurrence of nitrification. Bulk water with a high TOC level supported the occurrence of nitrification, and AOB development occurred at all examined chlorine to ammonia dose ratios (3:1 or 5:1).     

水体扰动对铜绿微囊藻生长影响的规律及原因

在实验室条件下模拟不同扰动状态的水体,探讨铜绿微囊藻的生长与水体扰动之间的关系.结果表明,水体的扰动对铜绿微囊藻的生长同时存在促进和抑制作用.低速度扰动时,促进作用占主导地位;高速度扰动时,抑制作用占主导地位.实验发现中营养化条件下,当温度为25℃,光照为4000 lx,光暗比为12 h∶12 h时,300 r.min-1的扰动速度是铜绿微囊藻生长的临界速度.扰动过程可以为铜绿微囊藻的光合作用提供充足的二氧化碳是其能够促进铜绿微囊藻生长的潜在原因.     

冷排水中余氯对鱼类毒理效应和资源损失量估算方法的研究

在实验室条件下模拟某液化天然气(liquefied natural gas,简称LNG)工程冷排水中余氯排放,并通过毒理实验研究海洋中余氯对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)仔鱼和幼鱼的毒理效应.结果表明:在余氯浓度为0.14和0.20 mg·L-1时,仔鱼出现死亡现象,其他3个低浓度条件下仔鱼无死亡率;...     

Metabolic suppression in thecosomatous pteropods as an effect of low temperature and hypoxia in the eastern tropical North Pacific

Many pteropod species in the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean migrate vertically each day, transporting organic matter and respiratory carbon below the thermocline. These migrations take species into cold (15–10°?C) hypoxic water (<20?μmol O₂ kg^?1) at depth. We measured the vertical distribution, oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion for seven species of pteropod, some of which migrate and some which remain in oxygenated surface waters throughout the day. Within the upper 200?m of the water column, changes in water temperature result in a?~60–75?% reduction in respiration for most species. All three species tested under hypoxic conditions responded to low O₂ with an additional?~35–50?% reduction in respiratory rate. Combined, low temperature and hypoxia suppress the metabolic rate of pteropods by?~80–90?%. These results shed light on the ways in which expanding regions of hypoxia and surface ocean warming may impact pelagic ecology.     

低温下曝气生物滤池预处理污染河水的试验研究

采用两段曝气生物滤床串联工艺预处理入滇新运粮河河水,研究了其在冬天低温条件下对有机物和氨氮的去除效果,并考察了pH值的变化。结果表明,在进水流量为2.4 m3.d-1、水温为13-16℃、原水ρ（CODCr）为66.46-107.82 mg·L-1、ρ（氨氮）为22.15-30.68 mg·L-1的水质特征条件下,系统对CODCr和氨氮的去除率分别为36.08%-50.37%和76.98%-93.56%。其中,碳氧化段以去除有机物为主,硝化段以去除氨氮为主;系统中硝酸氮质量浓度明显升高,无亚硝氮的积累;装置对总氮的平均去除率为19.56%,可以认为总氮的去除是同步硝化反硝化的结果。系统中pH值有所变化但维持在7-8之间,其中碳氧化段pH值升高,硝化段pH值下降。系统对有机物和氨氮良好的去除效果为后续进一步的生物处理提供了条件。     

城市给水管网余氯的预测模型

选择余氯为研究对象,以南方某市给水管网水质监测的数据为基础,使用线性回归和非线性神经网络(ANN)方法建立模型,找到了一种利用在线监测数据和人工监测数据实时预测管网余氯的方法。通过建立给水管网水质模型,可以由监测系统动态回传的数据来实时的预测下一天人工点的水质。模拟的结果显示ANN模型比线性回归模型有更好的预测能力,预测的平均相对误差:ANN模型为14.9%,线性回归模型为25.8%。使用ANN模型可以实现实时预测。