脉冲磨料射流的基本理论与试验

脉冲磨料射流是在脉冲射流和磨料射流基础上发展起来的新型射流型式。磨料速度受脉冲频率和幅度影响很大,磨料在脉冲射流状态下的能量交换和加速效果优于普通磨料射流,磨粒速度可超过前喷嘴喷出的射流的速度。本文讨论了脉冲磨料射流的结构和工作原理,初步建立了磨料在脉冲射流中的运动模型,分析了主要参数对磨粒加速效果的影响。理论与试验研究表明,脉冲磨料射流的切割效果优于普通磨料射流。本研究有望开发出新型射流型式和装置,推动新一代切割及加工技术的产生。该成果可用于坚硬物料的切割和特种加工、石油钻井、大洋采矿、难采矿体的开采、坚硬岩石巷道（隧道）掘进、表面清洗等领域。     

前混合式磨料射流及其切割特性

本文讨论了前混合式磨料射流发生装置的工作特性，给出了一种新型供料系统，能实现磨料可靠均匀地供给，并可以方便、准确地调节磨料浓度。在此基础上研究了压力，喷嘴直径、靶距等多种参数对前混合式磨料射流切割特性的影响，给出了这些参数的选取范围及评价方法。试验中使用的切割材料有石灰岩、钢材、铝材以及五种强度的混凝土试块。     

自激振荡偏转水射流的特性研究

自激振荡偏转射流的喷嘴、振荡腔、圆弧碰撞壁、下游喷嘴和进气装置等部分组成。自激振荡偏转水射流是一种新型的射流形式,射流在脉冲振荡的同时自行横向偏转摆动。本文理论分析了自激振荡偏转射流的产生机理。实验研究表明,自激振荡偏转射流的偏转角可达９．５３°,其振荡脉冲峰值比一般自激振荡脉冲射流更加强烈、更具规律性。因此,自激振荡偏转射流大大降低了射流的水垫效应,增大了脉动效果,提高了射流的切割和破碎能力。     

前混合磨料射流切割系统的研究

磨料射流切割系统具有很多独特的优点并有广阔的应用前景。通过对几种前混合磨料射流切割系统的分析探讨，提出了在工业应用前必须解决的三个问题：喷嘴磨损、磨料浓度的调节控制和磨料输入，以及解决这些问题的一些方法。     

用射流装置消除大型泵机组的汽蚀振动

一大型石化工程中乙烯乙二醇装置用碳酸盐泵投料运行后,泵机组和进出口管线就发生异常的噪声与振动现象,严重影响到生产安全和作业环境。笔者分析了异常噪声、振动的原因,认为是由于泵发生汽蚀所致;提出了在泵进口管线增设射流装置的措施,将泵自身出口的一部分高压液体引入到射流装置,并与来自储罐的液体混合,增加液体压头后提供给泵进口,以提高装置的有效汽蚀余量,消除大型泵机组由于汽蚀引起的噪声、振动;研讨了射流装置的设计参数和结构设计。通过增设射流装置的技术的措施,有效地解决了泵机组及进出口管线的异常噪声、振动问题,消除了化工系统的安全生产隐患。该技术措施还可以用于电厂等有类似问题的其他装置,有广泛的实用价值。     

中伸式喷嘴同轴圆湍射流近场区流场的数值模拟

中伸式同轴射流喷管应用于脉冲袋式除尘器可以增大脉冲射流的卷吸气量[1]。运用Fluent软件中的大涡模拟(LES)方法模拟了传统同轴射流和3种中伸式喷嘴同轴射流的近场区流场特性,中伸式喷嘴的长度L分别为2.5Di、5Di、7.5Di,Di为中心射流管管径,中心射流的Re为4 470。结果表明:中心射流管中伸长度在2.5Di的工况下,中心射流的核心长度与传统同轴喷管中心射流的核心长度相差不大;随中心射流管中伸长度增加,射流的核心长度变短,径向速度衰减更快,并且湍动能分布更加不稳定;随中心射流管中伸长度增加,轴线上距中心射流管喷嘴相同距离处的监测点的速度功率频谱波峰值增大,且波峰值所对应的频率减小;在相同中伸长度工况下,随距中心射流管喷嘴距离增加,监测点的速度功率频谱的波峰值增加,波峰值对应的频率没有变化。     

自激振荡磨料射流的基本理论与初步试验

自激振荡磨料射流是在自激振荡脉冲射流和前混合磨料射流基础上,提出的新型射流。为此,重点讨论了自激振荡磨料射流喷嘴的结构和工作原理,分析了脉冲频率和幅值等参数对磨粒加速效果的影响。根据初步研究表明,磨粒速度受脉冲频率和幅度影响很大,磨粒速度可超过前混合磨料射流中磨粒的速度,最大钻孔速度比前混合磨料射流提高４１％ 。这一成果有望用于坚硬物料的切割和特种加工、石油钻井、大洋采矿、难采矿体的开采、坚硬岩石巷道（遂道）掘进、表面清洗等领域。     

一种冷轧带钢吹吸式粉尘治理新技术研究

提出一种新的压缩气体吹吸式尘源控制技术,利用喷嘴产生的气体射流将带钢上下表面松动的氧化铁皮粉尘清除,经吸气罩排走。针对喷嘴不同的安装角度,对流场进行数值计算。结果表明,此技术方案对尘源的控制效果良好,具有可行性。     

磨料特性对磨料气体射流破煤影响的实验研究

针对磨料气体射流,基于气固两相流理论分析影响磨料速度的因素,在一定喷嘴结构基础上,通过实验研究磨料特性对破煤效果的影响。通过理论分析发现,影响磨料速度的主要因素有磨料密度和磨料粒径。实验结果表明:在射流压力一定条件下,石英砂、石榴石和棕刚玉3种磨料中棕刚玉破煤深度最大,在80,120,200和280目4种不同目数磨料中,120目磨料破煤效果最优。通过分析磨料特性的影响,得出磨料硬度对破煤的影响最大,其次是磨料密度。开展磨料气体射流破煤实验,确定了磨料气体射流中最优射流靶距为70 mm,最佳破煤磨料为120目的棕刚玉磨料。     

前混合式磨料射流喷嘴的基础研究

本文对前混合式磨料射流喷嘴进行了较为系统的研究。利用液固两相流的理论进行了磨料射流喷嘴内的流动分析，采用无量纲分析法，列出磨料粒子在喷嘴内的质量方程、运动方程和能量方程，编写了计算程序，通过计算机进行数值求解，发观了喷嘴收缩段锥角、磨料浓度对磨料粒子的加速、压力损失以及能量传递效率的影响，确定出了最优参数。根据理论分析，对几种不同几何形状、不同几何参数的喷嘴，通过改变压力、磨料浓度等参数进行寿命磨损试验，定期测量其磨损，观察喷嘴内部的磨损状况，研究了喷嘴材料、几何参数及动力参数对喷嘴磨损的影响，发现了一些新现象，通过对试验数据的分析，得出了一些有价值的结论。     

CFD simulation of shortstopping runaway reactions in vessels agitated with impellers and jets

Runaway reactions are continuing to be a problem in the chemical industry. A recent study showed that 26% of our major chemical plant accidents are due to runaways. The consequences of runaway reactions are usually mitigated with (a) reliefs and containment systems or (b) shortstopping (reaction inhibition). This study covers the concept of shortstopping.

One of the major reasons for runaways is power failure. In the advent of a power failure, mixing an inhibiting agent with the reactor contents is challenging. However, jets or impellers driven by a small generator can be used for mixing. This study compares shortstopping results in vessels agitated with jets and impellers using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A commercial CFD code, Fluent is used.

For shortstopping systems relying on jet mixing, angle and diameter of jet nozzle and jet velocity are the key design/operating parameters. For the systems with impellers, type, size and RPM of impeller are the key parameters. In this work, mixing with a jet mixer is first investigated for three nozzle diameters and two angles of injection. The best jet mixer configuration on the basis of mixing time is used for shortstopping studies. The simulated shortstopping results with the jet mixer are then compared with those obtained with impeller (Rushton and pitched blade turbine) stirred vessels. Our results identify the conditions for effective shortstopping; i.e., agitation requirements, locations for adding the inhibitor, and the quantity of inhibitor.

The distribution of excess inhibitor is shown to be an important and essential design criterion for effective shortstopping when using impeller stirred vessels. The comparative study with a single jet shows that jet mixer is ineffective when used for shortstopping. Efforts such as adding excess inhibitor and inhibition with higher reaction rates at the same power, proved to be ineffective when using jet mixer compared to the results with impellers.     

控制排气放空噪声的消声器之研究与应用

排气放空噪声是工业上常遇到的噪声源。本文介绍了根据喷注噪声发射理论研制成的小孔喷注与节流降压相复合的新型消声器，适用于高压气源排放，取得了较好的消声效果。鉴于喷注发射噪声的强度取决于喷注的驻压与喷口直径等参量，对节流降压层的设计与控制小孔喷注层的驻压大小，提出了新的见解，可供设计研究喷注消声器参考使用。     

用于煤矿安全切割的前混合磨料射流加速机理研究

前混合磨料射流具有切割各种材料无火花、所需设备压力低以及操作简单等优点,具有广泛应用井下安全切割的功能。笔者根据建立的磨料粒子运动方程,推导出具有普遍意义的匀速流场内粒子路程函数以及用数值分析法求解出粒子在喷嘴内的速度;通过理论分析和具体的数值计算,磨料最主要的加速过程是在收缩段内完成,磨料粒子从喷嘴喷出时已能高达水流速度的95 %以上,磨料粒子在离开喷嘴在射流的核心段内仍将继续得到加速;同时发现,在条件允许的情况下,喷嘴的收缩段应适当长些,喷嘴圆柱段长度为喷嘴出口直径的2 .5～3.0倍最合适。     

Self-ignition and explosion during discharge of high-pressure hydrogen

The phenomenon of self-ignition and explosion during discharge of high-pressure hydrogen was investigated. To clarify the ignition conditions of high-pressure hydrogen jets, rapid discharge of the high-pressure hydrogen was examined experimentally. A diaphragm was used to allow rapid discharge of the high-pressure hydrogen. The burst pressure was varied from 4 to 30 MPa. The downstream geometry of the diaphragm was a flange and extension pipes, with the pipe length varying from 3 to 300 mm. The diameter of the nozzle was 5 or 10 mm. When short pipes were used, the hydrogen jet did not ignite. However, the hydrogen jet showed an increasing tendency to ignite in the pipe as the length of the pipe became longer. At higher burst pressures, a diffusion jet flame was formed from the pipe. The blast wave from the fireball formed on self-ignition of the hydrogen jet resulted in an extremely rapid pressure rise.     

超高压水射流系统压力稳定性研究

超高压水射流系统压力的稳定是系统提高切割性能的关键,稳压器容积的大小、方向阀转换时间、喷嘴直径是影响系统压力稳定的主要因素。分析了系统压力稳定过程,并对三种不同容积的稳压器分别进行了试验研究,所得结论对系统压力稳定性的提高具有指导意义。     

提高射流效率充分利用其能量的几种方法

介绍几种提高射流效率、充分利用其能量的方法，其中包括：等能量多次切割，流量（或流速）的脉动调制，有效利用淹没射流的空化段，研制开发优质喷嘴。     

Wire-mesh inhibition of jet fire induced by explosion venting

Explosion venting is widely applied in industrial explosion-proof designs due to the convenient, economical and practical features of this method. Natural gas is usually stored in storage tanks. If the gas in the vessel is mixed with air and encounters an ignition source, explosion venting might occur, producing jet fire, generating new secondary derivative accidents and causing casualties and property losses. In this paper, a set of test platforms including wire-mesh suppression devices is established to study the inhibition of jet fire induced by explosion venting by wire mesh. The experimental research shows that a wire mesh significantly inhibits the jet fire induced by explosion venting. The flame propagation velocity and pressure clearly decrease with increasing numbers of wire-mesh layers. The wire-mesh structure significantly affects the flame propagation, and the more layers of mesh there are, the better the suppression effect is. The flame temperature gradually decreases with the addition of the wire mesh. The mesh size significantly affects the pressure propagation of explosion venting. The explosion pressure gradually decreases with the addition of the wire mesh. With increasing distance between the wire mesh and the explosion vent, the maximum temperature first increases and then decreases, and the maximum explosion pressure first decreases and then increases. In the case of single gas cloud, the flame suppression effect is the most obvious when the wire mesh is 0.2 m away from the explosion vent. In the case of double gas clouds, the flame suppression effect is the most significant when the distance between the wire mesh and the first gas cloud is 0.4 m.