建筑施工过程的中毒事故原因分析

为预防施工作业人员的职业中毒危害,采用行为安全“2-4”模型,分析50起建筑施工中毒事故的原因,得到涉及事故的因素235项,并对其中发生频次最高的因素和具有共性特征的因素进行了详细的原因分析。研究结果表明：发生在一线作业施工人员的职业中毒事故中,不安全动作的未佩戴符合标准的防护用品或无防护措施、不安全物态的作业空间受限、安全知识中不知道作业前需隐患排查、安全意识中未意识到按规章行动的重要性、安全习惯日常检查流于表面是各层次中导致职业中毒最主要的原因。     

Prioritizing prevention opportunities in the Washington State construction industry, 2003-2007

Objective

This study compares construction industry groups in Washington State by injury severity and cost, and ranks industry groups according to potential for prevention.

Methods

All Washington State workers' compensation compensable claims with date of injury between 2003 and 2007 were classified into North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) industry groups. Claims were then aggregated by injury type and industry groups were ranked according to a prevention index (PI). The PI is the average of the rank orders of the claim count and the claim incidence rate. A lower PI indicates a higher need for prevention activities. The severity rate was calculated as the number of days of time loss per 10,000 full-time equivalents (FTEs).

Results

For all injury types, construction industry groups occupy 7 of the top 15 PI ranks in Washington State. The severity rate among construction industry groups was twice that for non-construction groups for all injury types. Foundation, structure, and building exterior contractors (NAICS 2381) ranked highest in prevention potential and severity among construction industry groups for most common injury types including falls from elevation, fall on same level, struck by/against, and musculo-skeletal disorders of the neck, back, and upper extremity (WMSDs). Median claim costs by injury type were generally higher among construction industry groups.

Conclusions

The construction industry in Washington State has a high severity rate and potential for prevention. The methods used for characterizing these industry groups can be adapted for comparison within and between other industries and states.

Impact on Industry

These data can be used by industry groups and employers to identify higher cost and higher severity injury types. Knowledge about the relative frequencies and costs associated with different injury types will help employers and construction industry associations make better informed decisions about where prevention efforts are most needed and may have the greatest impact. The results of this study can also be used by industry stakeholders to cooperatively focus on high cost and high severity injuries and explore best practices, interventions, and solutions as demonstrated by efforts to prevent musculoskeletal disorders in masonry (Entzel, Albers, & Welch, 2007). Initiating construction industry groups to focus on high cost and high severity injuries may also help prevent other types of injuries.     

2000～2008年武钢安全生产事故统计与分析

1 安全生产统计数据分析武钢集团本部现有从业人员7.3万余人,涉及矿山开采、钢铁冶炼、危险化学品生产经营、工业建筑、生产检修、运输、能源供应等众多行业.现有5座矿山,锅炉199台,压力容器3 600余台,起重设备3 000多台套,炸药库5处,尾矿库5座,重大危险源59个,A级危险源125个,危险化学品生产经营单位7个,生产现场复杂,危险因素较多.     

Occupational accidents with ladders in Spain: Risk factors

Introduction

Occupational accidents suffered by workers in Spain when using ladders were analyzed over a six year period from 2003-2008, during which the total of notified ladder-related accidents amounted to 21,725. Method: Different accident-related factors were identified for the purpose of developing a pattern of those factors that had the greatest influence on the seriousness and the fatality of such accidents. Thus, a series of variables were examined such as age and length of service of the injured worker, firm size, the work sector, the injury suffered, and the part of the body that was injured. Since falls is the most frequent and most serious of ladder related occupational accidents, a special analysis of falls was performed. Results: The findings showed that the seriousness of ladder-related accidents increased with the age of the injured worker. Likewise, accidents at places other than the usual workplace were more serious and registered higher fatalities than those that occurred at the usual place of work. Conclusions: The analysis of falls from ladders established that accidents in smaller-sized firms were of greater seriousness and involved more fatalities than those in larger-sized firms. The investigation also underlined the need for stricter compliance with preliminary safety assessments when working with ladders.     

2003年我国事故与灾害状况综述

对我国2003年的安全生产事故及自然灾害情况进行了总结和评述.包括火灾(城乡火灾、森林火灾、草原火灾)、沙尘天气、水旱灾害(干旱、暴雨洪涝、夏季高温)、农业自然灾害(干旱、洪涝、风雹、低温冻害)、海洋灾害(风暴潮、赤潮、海浪、海冰、溢油)、地质灾害(地震、泥石流)等.     

基于ISM的建筑施工高处坠落事故致因分析

高处坠落是建筑工程事故统计中发生频率最高的一类事故,会造成极大的人员伤害和经济损失。通过分析123例典型高处坠落事故调查报告,采用关键词检索抽取出19种导致该类事故发生的致因要素;针对一般事故和较大事故分别对致因要素发生频率进行了统计,得出一般事故中人的因素更关键,较大事故中物的因素更关键。采用ISM模型进一步分析致因要素间的作用关系,构建了7个层级的高处坠落致因要素解释结构模型;对不同层级要素进行分析,发现其与频率度量有良好的一致性,最后得出行政监管和违法承发包两个致因要素是事故发生的深层原因。     

建设工程重特大事故防范问题与对策

近年来,湖北省一大批重点工程陆续开工建设,但由于安全监管不到位等原因,2007年连续发生了“8·5”宜万铁路野三关隧道透水致10人死亡和“11·20”宜万铁路高阳寨隧道口岩石坍塌致35人死亡的重、特大生产安全事故。但自2008年以来,     

Analysis of work related accidents in the Spanish mining sector from 1982-2006

Introduction

The rate for work related accidents in the Spanish mining sector is notably higher than in other countries such as the United States. It produces a very negative impact on the mining industry. This paper is the report of a study on serious and fatal accidents in Spanish mining from 1982-2006. It is based on the reports of 212 accidents (serious or fatal) carried out by the General Management of Energy and Mining of Catalonia (Spain). Method: The high work-related accident rate in the Spanish mining sector makes it necessary to carry out an analysis and research that can shed light on the causes of this high rate; this is the only way that a solution can be found. The study is based on Feyer and Williamson's analysis of accident causes, as they apply to 212 accidents. The types and causes of the accidents are coded according to the coding system used by the Spanish National Institute for Safety and Hygiene in the Workplace, which allows us to identify a series of direct causes and contributing factors in different accidents. Results If all the causes and factors that are present in the accidents are known, we are able to look for appropriate solutions to reduce them as much as possible. In short, we are able to come up with a series of conclusions that expose the weak links in the management of accident prevention in companies. This is helpful in the struggle to reduce work injuries in the Spanish mining sector.     

重庆市建筑业高处坠落事故调查分析

本文以通过重庆市安全生产监督管理局收集的建筑业事故调查表为基础,对其中43起建筑业高空坠落事故发生的部位、工种、伤亡人员情况以及事故原因进行了调查统计分析。通过调查分析发现,建筑业高处坠落事故主要发生在“四口、五临边”和脚手架操作平台;伤亡人员以30~40岁之间的农民工居多,大都从事普工作业;在事故原因方面,安全管理、安全教育等间接原因略高于直接原因。这说明目前建筑业在对农民工的安全管理、安全教育等方面还存在一定的问题。     

Developing the understanding of underlying causes of construction fatal accidents

A study of a small sample of construction fatal accidents was used to pilot a potential method of analysis for the UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Construction Division. The work was conducted in the context of a Governmental Inquiry into construction fatalities in 2009, but has been developed further since. The sample of 26 accidents (28 fatalities) was drawn from the 211 fatal accidents in the years ending 2006–2008, to be broadly illustrative of the range of accident characteristics. The accidents were analysed on the basis of available inspectorate reports and structured interviews with the investigating inspectors. A standard method of classification on four levels was developed, based on the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) classification of errors and task level factors, with additional categories covering the organisational and regulatory/market levels of the system. The results showed a concentration of underlying factors associated with inadequacies in planning and risk assessment, competence assurance, hardware design, purchase and installation, and contracting strategy. These findings were partially validated by comparing them with another sample of 50 accidents analysed earlier by the HSE. This paper describes the development and testing of the investigation and classification method and how it is being further developed since the initial study. It also provides a summary of the findings relating to underlying causes.     

2008年3-4月国内安全生产事故统计分析

统计了2008年3-4月国内发生的各种安全生产事故311起,包括矿业事故、交通事故、爆炸事故、火灾、毒物泄露和中毒及其他事故.统计表明,在这些事故中,其他事故最多,占39.23%,其次是交通事故(35.37%)、矿业事故(13.18%)、爆炸事故(6.75%)、毒物泄露和中毒(2.89%)、火灾(2.57%).311起事故共死亡1 054人,伤1 286人,死亡人数的百分比分别为交通事故49.81%、其他事故20.21%、矿业事故17.46%、爆炸事故6.83%、泄露中毒3.04%、火灾2.66%;受伤人数的百分比分别为交通事故74.11%、爆炸事故8.79%、矿业事故7.08%、其他事故5.21%、泄露中毒3.03%、火灾1.79%.     

2008年5-6月国内安全生产事故统计分析

统计了2008年5-6月国内发生的各种安全生产事故354起,包括矿业事故、交通事故、爆炸事故、火灾、毒物泄露和中毒及其他事故.统计表明,在这些事故中,交通事故最多,占38.14%,其次是其他事故(38.14%)、矿业事故(12.15%)、爆炸事故(4.52%)、毒物泄露和中毒(4.24%)、火灾(2.82%).354起事故共死亡1 055人,伤883人,死亡人数的百分比分别为交通事故49.57%、其他事故23.98%、矿业事故14.88%、泄露中毒4.27%、火灾3.70%、爆炸事故3.60%;受伤人数的百分比分别为交通事故47.11%、矿业事故16.19%、其他事故13.14%、爆炸事故12.46%、泄露中毒8.52%、火灾2.60%.     

2008年7—8月国内安全生产事故统计分析

统计了2008年7-8月国内发生的各种安全生产事故260起,包括矿业事故、交通事故、爆炸事故、火灾、毒物泄露和中毒及其他事故.统计表明,在这些事故中,交通事故最多,占56.54%,其次是矿业事故(18.08%)、其他事故(10.77%)、爆炸事故(7.31%)、火灾(4.23%)、毒物泄露和中毒(3.08%).260起事故共死亡1 059人,伤984人,死亡人数的百分比分别为交通事故55.43%、矿业事故25.78%、其他事故8.50%、爆炸事故5.38%、火灾3.12%、泄露中毒1.79%; 受伤人数的百分比分别为交通事故64.63%、其他事故11.89%、爆炸事故11.48%、矿业事故8.94%、火灾2.64%、泄露中毒0.41%.     

Fatal accidents in nighttime vs. daytime highway construction work zones

INTRODUCTION: Awareness about worker safety in nighttime construction has been a major concern because it is believed that nighttime construction creates hazardous work conditions. However, only a few studies provide valuable comparative information about accident characteristics of nighttime and daytime highway construction activities. METHOD: This study investigates fatal accidents that occurred in Illinois highway work zones in the period 1996-2001 in order to determine the safety differences between nighttime and daytime highway construction. The lighting and weather conditions were included into the study as control parameters to see their effects on the frequency of fatal accidents occurring in work zones. RESULTS: According to this study, there is evidence that nighttime construction is more hazardous than daytime construction. The inclusion of a weather parameter into the analysis has limited effect on this finding. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The study justifies establishing an efficient work zone accident reporting system and taking all necessary measures to enhance safety in nighttime work zones.     

2008年9-10月国内安全生产事故统计分析

统计了2008年9-10月国内发生的各种安全生产事故247起,包括矿业事故、交通事故、爆炸事故、火灾、毒物泄露和中毒及其他事故.统计表明,在这些事故中,交通事故最多,占55.47%,其次是矿业事故(19.43%)、其他事故(10.93%)、爆炸事故(6.48%)、火灾(4.45%)、毒物泄露和中毒(3.24%).247起事故共死亡1345人,伤1126人,死亡人数的百分比分别为矿业事故43.94%、交通事故41.41%、其他事故7.21%、火灾4.54%、爆炸事故1.64%、泄露中毒1.26%;受伤人数的百分比分别为交通事故45.65%、矿业事故14.56%、泄露中毒13.59%、爆炸事故10.83%、火灾8.70%、其他事故6.66%.     

2008年11-12月国内安全生产事故统计分析

统计了2008年11-12月国内发生的各种安全生产事故287起,包括矿业事故、交通事故、爆炸事故、火灾、毒物泄露和中毒及其他事故.统计表明,在这些事故中,交通事故最多,占47.39%,其次是矿业事故(11.85%)、火灾(11.85%)、其他事故(11.85%)、爆炸事故(11.15%)、毒物泄露和中毒(5.92%).287起事故共死亡981人,伤1 062人,死亡人数的百分比分别为交通事故54.33%、矿业事故12.84%、其他事故12.03%、火灾8.56%、爆炸事故7.24%、泄露中毒4.99%;受伤人数的百分比分别为交通事故47.08%、泄露中毒18.36%、其他事故13.37%、爆炸事故10.83%、矿业事故6.69%、火灾3.67%.     

Epidemiology of subway-related fatalities in New York City, 1990-2003

Problem

Subway transit is a relatively safe mode of transportation, yet compared to all other forms of mass transit in the United States (U.S.), subways have the highest fatality rate. The aim of this paper is to characterize subway-related fatalities in order to identify opportunities for risk reduction.

Method

Medical examiner records for all New York City (NYC) subway-related deaths (1990-2003) were reviewed. Data were abstracted on decedents' demographics and autopsy findings, including laboratory findings.

Results

There were 668 subway-related fatalities, of these, 10 (1.5%) were homicides, 343 (51.3%) were determined to be suicides, and 315 (47.2%) were accidental. Although decedent characteristics varied between fatality categories, they were not particularly informative with regard to prevention.

Conclusion

Prevention strategies that focus on structural controls are likely to be most efficacious in improving the overall safety of the NYC subway systems.

Impact on industry

These findings suggest that structural rather than individual-level interventions would be most successful in preventing subway fatalities.