巢湖不同富营养化区域甲烷排放通量与途径

为了更好的认识不同富营养化区域甲烷（CH₄）排放通量及途径的时空异质性,本文以我国典型富营养化浅水湖泊-巢湖为研究对象,设置西北湖湾、西湖心和中湖心3个研究点位,采用漂浮通量箱和经验模型分析等方法对其水-气界面CH₄排放通量与途径进行季节性研究.结果表明水体与沉积物中CH₄溶存浓度、水-气界面CH₄排放通量同水体营养盐水平及叶绿素a含量的空间变化相一致,且均表现为西北湖湾最高,其水体CH₄溶存浓度为（0.178 ±0.002）~（1.123 ±0.026）μmol/L、表层沉积物中CH₄含量为（70.5 ±30.7）~（189 ±97.0）μmol/L、CH₄总排放通量为（50.1 ±2.93）~（1232 ±28.6）μmol/（m²·h）;3个点位的CH₄扩散通量占总排放量的7.3%~42.9%,冒泡通量占57.1%~92.7%,富营养化程度最高的西北湖湾冒泡通量占比最高;CH₄排放通量大小与途径同时受季节变化影响,夏季CH₄冒泡与总排放通量均最高,其中冒泡对总通量的贡献高达98.1%.     

植物净化富营养水体过程中温室气体变化及影响因素初探

本文通过人为添加氮磷模拟水体富营养化,选用常见水生植物设置5个植物净化处理,研究水生植物在净化富营养化水体的过程中,温室气体(CO₂、CH₄、N₂O)的排放特征以及影响因素.结果表明:5个处理的水-气界面CO₂排放通量在19.12～395.19mg/(m²·h)之间,呈现先降后升的变化趋势.5个处理的水-气界面CH₄、N₂O排放通量在0.009～0.96mg/(m²·h)、0.024～6.48mg/(m²·h)之间,均呈现先升后降再升的变化趋势.多元逐步回归方程结果表明,底泥溶解性有机碳(DOC)、底泥氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)、水体pH值、水体溶解氧(DO)、水体叶绿素a(Chl.a)共同影响着水-气界面CO₂、CH₄、N₂O排放通量,其中底泥溶解性有机碳(DOC)对水-气界面CO     

养殖塘CH4冒泡通量观测研究

为研究安徽省养殖塘CH₄冒泡通量的排放特征，作者采用倒置漏斗法对2个养殖塘CH₄冒泡通量进行了为期2年的观测研究。结果表明，CH₄冒泡通量有显著的季节变化特征，表现为夏季(233.90 mg/(m²·d))>春季(87.22 mg/(m²·d))>秋季(56.65 mg/(m²·d))>冬季(0.09 mg/(m²·d))。且CH₄冒泡通量存在空间差异，中间区域的CH₄冒泡通量显著高于岸边区域。在日尺度和季节尺度上，CH₄冒泡通量与20 cm水温显著正相关，与气压显著负相关，但季节尺度上的相关性较日尺度更好。虽然养殖塘面积较湖泊小很多，但其CH₄冒泡通量较湖泊高一个数量级以上。     

崇明东滩芦苇湿地温室气体排放通量及其影响因素

通过静态箱-气相色谱法对崇明东滩芦苇群落在生长周期内的3种温室气体——CH₄、N₂O和CO₂的排放、吸收特征进行研究. 结果表明:芦苇群落湿地CH₄排放通量受温度影响较大,夏季排放通量明显高于其他季节,年均排放通量为74.46μg/(m2·h);N₂O年均排放通量为2.22μg/(m2·h),冬季排放通量最大;CO₂的吸收率季节变化明显,年均排放通量为-101.93mg/(m2·h). 温度、芦苇植株光合作用及呼吸作用是影响CH₄产生和排放的主要因素;而沉积物氮素不足和限制,则是促使芦苇群落表现出对N₂O吸收的原因;芦苇的光合作用及土壤呼吸作用随温度和季节的变化是控制芦苇湿地CO₂的排放和吸收的主要因素. 芦苇植株发达的通气组织是CH₄和N₂O由大气向沉积物扩散的通道,同时分子扩散过程也是沉积物产生的CH₄、N₂O和CO₂扩散到大气中的途径和方式.      

上海城市河流温室气体排放特征及其影响因素

为研究城区和郊区河流3种温室气体(N₂O、CH₄和CO₂)排放通量的差异,分别于春季(2013年4月)、夏季(2013年7月)、秋季(2013年10月)和冬季(2014年1月),利用浮箱法和扩散模型法对上海市城区河流(苏州河)和郊区河流(淀浦河)的温室气体排放通量进行了观测;并探讨了人类活动干扰下环境因子对温室气体排放的影响. 结果表明:研究区内2条河流是温室气体的排放源,城区河流N₂O和CH₄的扩散排放通量和浮箱排放通量年均值均比郊区河流大1~2个量级, CO₂两种排放通量在城郊区2条河流的年均值相当. 苏州河N₂O、CO₂和CH₄扩散排放通量年均值分别为15.88、6 748.27和84.98 μmol/(m2·h);淀浦河分别为0.61、2 978.98和9.61 μmol/(m2·h). 苏州河N₂O、CO₂和CH₄浮箱排放通量年均值为15.77、4 041.61和6 721.08 μmol/(m2·h);淀浦河为0.60、1 214.77和59.58 μmol/(m2·h). 城市河流呈现出高氮负荷及缺氧的特征,是影响中心城区河流N₂O、CO₂和CH₄扩散排放通量偏高的重要因素. CH₄浮箱排放通量和扩散排放通量的差异显示,城市河流中的富碳氮缺氧环境条件有利于随机气泡排放的发生,增强了温室气体的排放.      

太湖藻型湖区CH4冒泡通量

冒泡是甲烷排放的主要途径之一,为量化太湖藻型湖区CH₄冒泡通量及其占总通量的比例,本研究采用静态箱-便携式温室气体自动分析仪方法对春、夏季太湖梅梁湾进行了多日连续观测.结果表明,太湖藻型湖区春、夏季CH₄冒泡通量均存在白天高于夜间的日变化特征.春、夏季CH₄冒泡通量分别为1.843、104.497nmol/（m²·s）,占总通量的比例分别为31.2%和68.6%,即冒泡是夏季CH₄排放的主要方式,而春季CH₄排放则以扩散为主.在小时及日尺度上,CH₄冒泡通量与温度（气温、表面水温和底泥温度）和气压显著相关,且随着温度升高、气压降低,CH₄冒泡排放分别呈指数增加和线性增加趋势.本研究可为准确估算太湖流域CH₄总排放量及明确我国湖泊对全球碳循环的贡献提供重要的基础数据.     

鄱阳湖平原直播稻CH4通量及其与CO2通量的综合温室效应

稻田是一个既排放CH₄又吸收CO₂的复杂生态系统,在全球水碳循环和碳收支中发挥着重要作用.利用涡度相关法得到2020年鄱阳湖平原双季直播稻田的CH₄和CO₂通量,定量揭示了稻田碳通量变化特征、累积量和2种温室气体的综合温室效应.结果表明,双季直播稻田为CH₄排放源,全生育期排放量为52.6 g·m^-2,日均排放0.208 g·(m²·d)^-1. CH₄通量具有明显的季节变化特征,强排放期(排放峰)集中在早稻生长中期和晚稻生长前期,早稻85.5%和晚稻92.1%的CH₄在强排放期被释放,日尺度峰值分别为0.638 g·(m²·d)^-1和1.282 g·(m²·d)^-1.CH₄通量日变化呈显著单峰型、不显著单峰型和无规律型,强排放期主要为单峰型,该型式下早稻季峰值0...     

大兴安岭地区岛状林沼泽CH4和N2O排放及其影响因子

沼泽湿地CH₄、N₂O的排放,尤其是高纬度沼泽湿地,对于评估北半球温室气体排放具有重要意义。在2011 年生长季利用野外静态箱-气相色谱法对大兴安岭地区两种典型湿地岛状林沼泽（白桦和兴安落叶松岛状林沼泽）CH₄、N₂O排放通量进行了研究,分析CH₄、N₂O排放通量的季节特征,并探讨温度、水位主控因子对CH₄、N₂O排放通量的影响。结果表明：①生长季白桦（Betula platyphylla）和兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii）岛状林沼泽CH₄通量除春季白桦岛状林沼泽出现排放峰值外,两样地CH₄都处于弱吸收现象;N₂O排放高峰期分别在初夏、春两季。白桦和兴安落叶松岛状林沼泽CH₄、N₂O 排放通量依次为-60.61、-93.21 μg·m^-2 ·h^-1 和82.92、 45.06 μg·m^-2 ·h^-1。②兴安落叶松岛状林沼泽生长季CH₄、N₂O 排放通量分别与10~40 cm 和 15~40 cm土壤温度呈显著负相关性;而白桦岛状林沼泽CH₄排放通量仅与40 cm土壤温度呈显著负相关,两种类型沼泽均与土壤含水率未呈显著相关性。③白桦和兴安落叶松岛状林沼泽生长季CH₄、N₂O总通量分别为-2.21、-2.74 kg·hm^-2和2.74、0.93 kg·hm^-2;表现为大气CH₄弱吸收的汇,N₂O弱排放的源。     

中国淡水生态系统甲烷排放基本特征及研究进展

本文基于中国境内的湖泊、水库、河流等淡水系统CH₄排放研究的相关成果,对203个湖泊（595个样点）、46个水库（221个样点）、112条河流（441个样点）,总计1257个样点的CH₄通量数据进行统计分析,探讨了中国淡水系统（湖泊、水库、河流）CH₄排放的一般特征,总结了当前研究进展,并进一步估算和评估了中国淡水系统CH₄排放总量水平.结果表明：1）中国湖泊CH₄排放通量平均为（1.17±1.87） mg/（m²·h）,蒙新湖区（（3.84±0.57） mg/（m²·h））和东北湖区（（2.62±3.54） mg/（m²·h））较高,青藏湖区（（1.94±4.13） mg/（m²·h））次之,东部湖区（（0.81±0.90） mg/（m²·h））较低,云贵湖区（（0.19±0.26） mg/（m²·h））最低;湖泊CH₄排放通量呈显著的纬度模式,高纬度地区湖泊CH₄排放高于低纬度地区;2）水库CH₄排放通量（（1.25±1.78） mg/（m²·h））与湖泊相似,水库消落带较高的排放通量（（4.34±4.45）mg/（m²·h））对水库CH₄排放具有重要贡献;3）河流CH₄排放（（0.82±1.14） mg/（m²·h））略低于湖库,长江水系CH₄排放通量（（0.98±2.38） mg/（m²·h））和黄河水系（（0.85±0.75） mg/（m²·h））相近,高于海河水系（（0.54±0.93） mg/（m²·h））,辽河、珠江水系研究较少,数据变异性极大;4）受降水、温度、径流稀释等影响,淡水系统CH₄排放呈显著的季节变化,其中湖库排放夏季高于秋季,冬春季较低,而河流则春秋季高于夏冬季;5）基于外推法估算全国湖泊、水库、河流CH₄排放总量分别约为0.96,0.29,0.76Tg/a,相当于全国湿地系统排放的75%.由于较大的时空变异性以及监测数据分布的不均匀性,目前估算存在较大的不确定性,但淡水系统CH₄排放在全球气候变化中的贡献仍不容小觑.     

地下水位和土壤温度对若尔盖泥炭地CH4排放的影响

为了深入分析环境因子对湿地CH₄排放产生的影响,利用中型试验生态系对若尔盖典型泥炭地开展地下水位和土壤温度控制试验,比较不同条件下泥炭地2012年生长季(5—10月)CH₄排放通量的月变化情况. 结果表明:高水位(土壤表面0 cm)下CH₄排放通量最高,中水位(地表以下10 cm)下次之,低水位(地表以下20 cm)下最低;其中,10月CH₄排放通量变化不明显,不同地下水位下泥炭地的CH₄排放通量均在7月达到最大值,并且均呈明显的单峰曲线,高、中、低地下水位下CH₄排放通量平均值分别为6.263 3、4.754 4和3.949 8 mg/(m2·h). 而且,在一定温度范围内,不同地下水位条件下CH₄排放通量随土壤温度的升高均呈指数式增长. 其中,高水位下CH₄排放通量对土壤温度变化最为敏感,中水位下次之,低水位下相对最不敏感. 研究显示,若尔盖泥炭地CH₄排放通量表现出明显的季节性变化差异,并且季节性升温和涨水均会促进CH₄排放通量的增加.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.