基于缓释固体碳源的好氧反硝化复合菌NF21+FX32脱氮特性研究

从活性污泥中筛选两株好氧反硝化菌NF21和FX32,由16S r DNA基因序列分析,确定NF21为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),FX32为氏菌属(Bosea).以复合菌NF21+FX32为对象,通过测定菌株的生长状况和脱氮特性,研究了缓释固体碳源聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)、聚己内酯(PCL)和聚乳酸(PLA)对复合菌脱氮性能的影响.结果表明：PBS具有良好的释碳能力,60 h内的COD平均释放速率可达0.98 mg·L^-1·h^-1;复合菌NF21+FX32均可用缓释固体碳源PBS、PCL和PLA降解废水中的NO₃^--N,其中以PBS为缓释固体碳源时对NO₃^--N的去除效果最好,去除率大于85%;NF21+FX32混合培养对废水中NO₃^--N去除具有协同作用,脱氮效果好于单菌株;以PBS为缓释固体碳源时,复合菌NF21+FX32更适宜于低浓度NO₃^--N废水脱氮...     

ABS树脂废水有机物反硝化潜势及降解特性

为优化ABS树脂废水的生物脱氮工艺,测定了废水的反硝化潜势,分析了废水反硝化阶段有机物的降解特性. 结果表明,ABS树脂废水的反硝化碳源充足,并且含有易降解有机物和慢速降解有机物等具有不同反硝化速率的有机物. 在废水ρ(SCOD)(SCOD为溶解性化学需氧量)为755.4~1 043.3 mg/L,ρ(TN)为86.1~111.1 mg/L的情况下,总反硝化潜势为95.4~144.6 mg/L (以NO₃--N计),其中易降解有机物的反硝化速率为3.4~4.6 mg/(g·h) (以NO₃--N计),反硝化潜势为33.2~49.7 mg/L;2类慢速降解有机物的反硝化速率分别为2.2~3.2和0.4~0.9 mg/(g·h),反硝化潜势之和为62.2~94.9 mg/L. 反硝化过程中,废水SCOD的去除率为48.9%~62.8%,ON(有机氮)去除率为81.5%~95.7%. 腈类物质得到明显降解,并生成大量NH₄+-N,是反硝化碳源的重要组成部分. 三维荧光光谱表明,废水中的芳香族有机物苯环结构在反硝化条件下未得到有效降解,但在好氧条件下得到快速降解.      

硫自养反硝化饮用水脱氮：悬浮填料与硫源作用效果评估

针对饮用水硝酸盐污染和固定床硫自养反硝化脱氮负荷低等问题,开展流化床型硫自养反硝化脱氮研究,探究聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠-活性炭悬浮填料对硫自养反硝化的影响,并对比了不同硫源(升华硫、硫代硫酸钠和生物硫)对反硝化效果的影响.结果表明,悬浮填料可显著提升反硝化脱氮效果,升华硫与硫代硫酸钠效果优于生物硫.在最佳条件下,TN去除率可稳定保持在98.49%,TN脱氮负荷达2.84 g·L^-1·d^-1.机理分析表明,悬浮填料中海藻酸钠可作为异养反硝化的有机碳源,实现自养与异养反硝化相结合,减少了副产物NO₂^-和SO₄^2-的生成,并提供碱度,保持体系pH的稳定.加入悬浮填料后,反硝化微生物生长得到促进,优势菌属为Thauera(兼性自养反硝化菌)和Brachymonas(异养反硝化菌).     

聚己内酯复合固体碳源的制备及其深度脱氮性能研究

以聚己内酯（PCL）为骨架结合不同低成本碳源制备得到PCL复合碳源,静态释放试验筛选出适用于污水深度脱氮的复合碳源,批式试验研究其脱氮性能.并通过比较碳源表面特征、反硝化功能基因丰度与微生物群落结构特征分析其脱氮机理.结果表明,PCL/玉米淀粉连续30 d释碳性能稳定,氮、磷释放量均低于1.0 mg·L^-1,对水质影响较小,可用于生活污水深度脱氮.批式脱氮试验结果显示,PCL/玉米淀粉反硝化系统脱氮效果好,反硝化功能基因nirS、nirK拷贝数高,能够有效富集反硝化菌.此外,PCL/玉米淀粉系统中群落丰富度与多样性更高,系统抗逆性更强.因此,PCL/玉米淀粉能够实现生活污水长效稳定深度脱氮.     

低硫精矿自养反硝化脱氮除磷研究

氮和磷过度排放会破坏水生态环境,为此开发高效、廉价的废水脱氮除磷材料,对缓解水体富营养化具有重要意义.利用天然磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿和低硫精矿(Low sulfur concentrate简称LSC)构建铁硫矿物自养反硝化脱氮除磷体系,考察了不同铁硫矿物自养反硝化脱氮除磷性能,探究了黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿相互作用机理和反应前后微生物群落变化.结果表明,相较于黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿,LSC具有更高的平均脱氮速率(0.30mg·L^-1·h^-1)和磷去除率(89.8%),表明LSC具有优异的脱氮除磷性能;此外,在相同反应条件下,黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿混合体系脱氮性能高于单一矿物,显示黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿在自养反硝化过程存在协同作用;高通量测序结果表明,硫自养反硝化典型菌属为Thiobacillus和Sulfurimonas,在LSC体系中Sulfurimonas(硫磺菌属)丰度显著增加,推测LSC在长期存放过程中氧化生成单质硫可提高自养反硝化速率.     

铁型反硝化脱氮技术研究进展

传统反硝化工艺是非常有效的废水脱氮技术,具有反应快、效率高等优点,但受废水中有机碳源浓度影响较大.废水中碳源不足不能满足生物反硝化脱氮的需求且会导致总氮(TN)去除率偏低,而投加外源有机碳源会提高处理成本,极易造成二次污染,因而传统反硝化工艺对低碳氮比(C/N)废水脱氮处理具有一定局限性.铁型反硝化脱氮技术作为自养反硝...     

Diaphorobacter sp.PDB3菌好氧反硝化脱氮特性

研究了Diaphorobactersp.PDB3菌在发酵罐内好氧反硝化特性.经过分析比较确定柠檬酸钠是好氧反硝化最佳碳源,采用响应面法对影响好氧反硝化的条件（温度、pH值、发酵罐转速、碳氮比）进行优化,构建出好氧反硝化数学模型.本模型预测值与实测值相关性非常好,预测PDB3菌发酵罐内好氧反硝化最佳条件：pH值、碳氮比、温度、转速分别为7.3、8.1、30.1℃、299.9r/min,最佳好氧反硝化比速率为2.25h^-1.验证实验表明,PDB3菌在发酵罐内好氧反硝化比速率为2.12h^-1,误差仅为5.8%.通过氮平衡分析表明,29.0%的总氮去除量转化为胞内氮,氮损失占总氮去除量的67.3%,细胞主要通过好氧反硝化作用和细胞同化作用脱氮.荧光定量PCR分析测定好氧反硝化过程中脱氮基因（napA,nirS,cnorB,nosZ）的表达水平以进一步解释脱氮特征,为Diaphorobacter sp.PDB3菌的实际应用提供一定的理论依据.     

太湖湖西典型区水体硝酸盐含量对反硝化作用影响实验研究

以太湖湖西为例,采用流动培养同位素添加法,分别模拟了湖西北、湖西南地区不同温度及有机碳浓度下的底泥原位反硝化作用,结果表明只有水体硝酸盐含量高的湖西北地区底泥反硝化速率受温度和有机碳影响明显,水体硝酸盐含量低的湖西南地区底泥反硝化速率受水体温度、有机碳含量影响较小.研究结果表明,太湖湖西北地区22、27、32℃时反硝化速率分别为(77.62±5.23)、(156.01±12.01)、(309.36±20.31)μmol·m^-2·h^-1.湖西北区域上覆水有机碳含量为0、4、10 mg·L^-1时,沉积物平均反硝化速率分别为177.39、203.48、275.85μmol·m^-2·h^-1.根据皮尔逊相关性分析可知,太湖反硝化速率与水体硝酸盐含量呈显著相关,即水体氮素构成是影响底泥反硝化速率的最根本原因,只有硝酸盐供给充足,底泥反硝化速率才会随着温度及水体碳源的变化而变化.     

低碳氮比猪场废水短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化脱氮

针对低碳氮比猪场废水传统脱氮法碳源不足的问题,采用SBBR反应器进行短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化联合脱氮.实验表明,短程硝化反硝化预处理可为厌氧氨氧化创造良好的进水条件;经预处理的猪场废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果显著,氨氮、亚硝态氮和总氮的平均去除率分别为91.8%、 99.3%、 84.1%,废水中残留有机物未对厌氧氨氧化效果产生明显影响,氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮平均变化量之比为 1∶1.21∶0.24.色质联用分析结果显示,猪场废水中有机物成分在厌氧氨氧化反应前后未发生明显变化,主要化合物为酯类和烷烃类物质;特殊功能菌种检测结果表明,实验条件下的微生物系统是一个厌氧氨氧化菌与硝化菌、亚硝化菌和反硝化菌共存的系统,厌氧氨氧化菌是该系统主要脱氮功能菌.     

薯渣缓释碳源强化反硝化滤池生物脱氮效果

为解决城市污水深度处理碳源不足导致脱氮效果不佳的问题,该文制备了具有缓慢释碳功能的薯渣固体缓释碳源SCPR。释碳试验与强化反硝化生物滤池(DNBF)脱氮试验表明,SCPR最大有机物释放量为129.87 mg/(L·g),碳源释放过程满足二级动力学,在水力负荷为0.1 m³/(m²·h)、SCPR与陶粒配比为1∶6、进水NO₃^--N平均浓度为50.09 mg/L时,DNBF中NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N与TN去除率分别为75.53%、86.21%与74.98%,出水 COD平均浓度为 25.24 mg/L,SCPR作用下DNBF反硝化反应级数介于零级与一级之间。SCPR具有良好的释碳与强化DNBF脱氮效果的能力,可作为污水深度脱氮处理的碳源。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.