沸石联合生物吸附再生工艺可行性研究

对沸石联合生物吸附再生工艺用于城市污水脱氮的可行性进行了系统的研究。研究结果表明,对于城市污水,在3h的水力停留时间下,当沸石投加量为120mg/L时,平均出水氨氮为3.18mg/L,总氮为16.3mg/L,COD为29.2mg/L。在硝化细菌的作用下沸石粉能够得到有效的生物再生,试验中再生率达到了80%。     

直接过滤-臭氧-生物活性炭工艺用于城市污水二级处理出水深度处理的研究

采用砂滤-臭氧-生物活性炭工艺在北京市某污水处理厂开展了以污水再生回用为目的的城市污水深度处理中试研究。在臭氧消耗量5mg／L，接触时间20min，生物活性炭空床停留时间（EBCT）为20min的条件下，出水浊度为1．5NTU左右，色度接近0，UV254从0．162cm^-1降低到0．08cm^-1，DOC和CODMn分别从10．1mg／L和12．8mg／L降低到6mg／L左右。由于对生物活性炭柱进行了曝气供氧，NH4^- N从40mg／L降低到5mg／L左右。     

低温下ZCS工艺和改进式ZCS工艺脱氮效率研究及微生物特性分析

考察冬季低温下沸石联合生物吸附再生工艺和改进式沸石联合生物吸附再生工艺对城市污水的脱氮效率,结果表明在HRT为3.5 h下,ZCS工艺出水氨氮为11.65 mg/L,总氮高于20 mg/L.而相同条件下MZCS工艺氨氮出水为5.45 mg/L,总氮去除率比原ZCS工艺提高了11%,均值为16.8 mg/L.通过聚合酶链式技术,变性梯度凝胶电泳和电镜扫描技术发现两工艺微生物多样性、丰度高于传统活性污泥法,兼具活性污泥法和生物膜法的微生物特性.     

水解-好氧生物法处理城市污水试验研究

采用水解-好氧工艺的原理，设计了将污水与污泥处理合二为一的高效组合水解池-三相生物流化床流程，在广州经济技术开发区进行了处理量为100L／h的城市污水处理试验。试验结果表明：在平均进水CODCr为492．3mg／L，BOD5为240．9mg／L，SS为552．3mg／L，NH4-N为18．8mg／L，TP为2．0ms／L条件下，平均出水CODCr为47．3mg／L，BOD，为22．1mg／L，SS为13．9mg／L，NH4-N为5．2mg／L，TP为1．4mg／L，并进行了该工艺中污泥循环的初步分析，为该工艺处理城市污水工业化提供了技术参考。     

城市污水处理厂出水低浓度污染物的生物降解研究

由于城市污水处理厂出水中含有的低浓度污染物的性能稳定而不易被去除,为探索一种快速、直接的低浓度污染物的深度处理方法,通过采用富二价阳离子斜发沸石作载体的生物沸石曝气滤池对某城市污水厂二级处理出水中的低浓度污染物的去除进行了实验研究,研究结果表明,当污水厂二级处理出水水质年平均指标NH3-N、COD、BOD5、TP及浊度分别为27.4 mg/L、57.2 mg/L、20.4 mg/L、1.7 mg/L和16 NTU时,采用两级生物沸石曝气滤池串联工艺,在第一级生物沸石曝气滤池装填3 m生物沸石,水力停留时间1 h,气水比为2∶1;第二级生物沸石曝气滤池装填2 m生物沸石,水力停留时间为0.5 h,气水比为1∶1,最终出水年平均指标NH3-N 0.13 mg/L、COD 7.55 mg/L(CODMn)、BOD50.78 mg/L、TP0.6 mg/L、浊度为0.13 NTU,出水水质可满足热力发电厂循环冷却补充水的水质要求.此种方法为污水处理厂的出水提供了经济有效的回用途径。     

A2／O-MBR工艺处理低负荷污水并回用

将A2／O生物处理单元与MBR相结合构建了的处理能力为2000m3／d的A2／O—MBR工艺,并应用于缺水地区校园生活污水的处理与回用。该系统运行稳定,运行阶段的实验结果表明,在进水COD为100-200mg／L、NH4＋-N为19～33mg／L、TN为25-43mg／L、TP为35mg／L和低碳氮比的情况下,出水水质优于《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》（GB／T18920-2002）的要求,且全部用于杂用及校园绿化等。经分析该工艺运行成本为0．96元／m3,每年可节省自来水73万t,获得较好的环境效益与经济效益。     

沸石曝气生物滤池去除氨氮性能及生物学特征分析

天然沸石具有较大的孔隙率和比表面积，对氨氮有较强的选择性离子交换能力。运用天然沸石曝气生物滤池处理城市污水厂二级生化出水，结果表明，曝气生物滤池有良好的去除效果。在气水比为3：1，水力负荷为1m／h，温度＞20℃情况下，沸石曝气生物滤池对城市污水厂二级生化出水COD去除率为12．7％，NH3-N去除率为96．6％；试验系统沿程微生物活性和微生物量呈现逐渐下降趋势，而单位生物量的生物活性沿程分布则与此相反；曝气生物滤池对水中污染物的去除主要集中在底部进水端部分，当水流达到距进水端上方105cm时，曝气生物滤池对水中NH3-N的去除率已达86．8％（占氨氮总去除率的90％），COD的去除率为13．3％（占COD总去除率的67％）。     

A2O-MBR工艺处理城市污Z作农业灌溉用水中试研究

为开发一种污水再生利用于农田灌溉领域的新型技术,本实验以城市污水为研究对象,采用A2O—MBR工艺进行中试研究,并将系统出水水质与《农田灌溉水质标准（GB5084—2005）》的主要水质指标进行对比分析。结果表明,系统COD和BOD,出水浓度范围分别为3．2～59．6mg／L、1．0～7．6mg／L,系统出水pH为7．16～7．54,悬浮物浓度几乎为0,上述指标均符合标准;TP、TN和氨氮的出水范围分别为0．03～0．79mg／L、1．6～17．7mg／L和0．8～10．3mg／L。《农田灌溉水质标准》没有对上述3个指标提出具体要求,且少量的氮磷是植物生长的营养元素。该系统出水的主要水质指标符合标准兽求．     

利用13X沸石分子筛净化含NH+4-N废水的实验研究

研究了13X沸石分子筛在静态和动态条件下对中低浓度含NH4^＋-N废水的吸附性能,包括影响吸附的主要因素、沸石对NH4^＋-N的吸附效果和沸石的再生等。静态实验结果表明,pH值为6．5～7．5,吸附时间35rain,吸附温度20～30℃的条件下,沸石对50mL NH4^＋-N初始浓度（C0）为80mg／L的废水吸附效果最佳,吸附过程符合Langmuir型吸附等温式,饱和吸附量为8．61mg／g。动态条件下,随水力停留时间增加,沸石对NH4^＋-N的吸附量上升,最大饱和吸附量可达24．20mg／g,吸附过程符合Thomas吸附模型。直接焙烧法对吸附后的沸石进行再生活化处理效果良好。实验证明,利用13X沸石净化中低浓度含NH4^＋-N废水具有良好的工业化应用前景。     

城市污水纳米材料混凝强化一级处理研究

对nano-SiO2与PAC复配使用强化混凝处理城市污水进行了实验研究。探讨了nano-SiO2在水中的分散效果、nano-SiO2强化混凝的工艺条件及强化效果。实验表明，与常规PAC强化混凝相比，nano-SiO2强化混凝能有效提高城市污水的除污效果、改善矾花沉降性能、缩短沉淀时间、提高城市污水化学絮凝强化一级处理工艺的抗冲击能力。同时投加nano-SiO2（25mg／L）与PAC（75mg／L）后，先快速搅拌（250r／min）2min，然后慢速搅拌（60r／mln）8min，再沉淀3min，出水COD、TP及浊度去除率分别为50．47％、79．84％和90．93％，较单独投加PAC（75mg／L）分别提高28．43％、39．94％和62．18％。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> L.), cogongrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Imperata cylindrica</Emphasis> L.) and carabaograss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum conjugatum</Emphasis> L.)

Background, Aims and Scope The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg⁻¹ (37.5 kg ha⁻¹) and 150 mg kg⁻¹ (75 kg ha⁻¹) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85–39.39 Mg ha⁻¹). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5.72 Mg ha⁻¹ from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg⁻¹, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg⁻¹). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg⁻¹) and carabaograss with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg⁻¹. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) to the soil. Discussion Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants’ total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals; particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)